Ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo, i.e. ukukhululeka kokwethulwa nokushayela ukunethezeka kokukodwa!

Kuyini ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo?

Izimoto ezinomshini oshintshwayo zidinga umsebenzi wakho ukuthi ushintshe igiya ngenkathi ushayela - kufanele ucindezele isibambo ngobumnene siye lapho ofisa ukuya ngakhona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi umshini ozishintshayo obuye ubizwe nge-automatic uyazishintsha uma ushayela. Akudingekile ukuthi umshayeli enze lokhu, okwenza kube lula ukugxila kulokho okwenzeka emgwaqeni. Lokhu-ke kuthinta ngqo ukuphepha kanye namandla okushayela.  

Amazwi ambalwa ngomlando ka-gearbox 

I-gearbox yokuqala, engakabi othomathikhi, kodwa manual, yadalwa umklami French Rene Panhard ngo-1891. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyi-gearbox engu-3-speed, eyayifakwe ku-1,2-litre V-twin injini. Yayinamashafu angu-2 anamagiya anamazinyo aqondile anobubanzi obuhlukene. Ukushintsha kwegiya ngalinye kusetshenziswa umshini omusha wemoto kwakwenziwa ngamagiya ahamba eduze kwe-eksisi ye-shaft futhi exhunywe ngesondo elifakwe ku-shaft eseduze. I-drive yona idluliswa nge-chain drive emasondweni angemuva. Umshayeli bekumele akhombise ikhono elihle lokushintsha amagiya, konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ugearbox wakuqala ubungenawo ama-synchronizer.

Umgwaqo oya ekupheleleni, noma ukuthi ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kwadalwa kanjani

Ukuthunyelwa kokuqala okuzenzakalelayo kwadalwa ngo-1904 eBoston, eU.SA, ku-workshop yabazalwane baseSturtevant. Abaklami bayihlomise ngamagiya amabili aya phambili futhi basebenzisa amandla e-centrifugal ukuze isebenze. Ukushintsha ukusuka emagiyeni aphansi kuye phezulu kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo njengoba isivinini senjini sikhula. Lapho la ma-revolutions ehla, umshini ozishintshayo wavele wehlela egiyeni eliphansi. Idizayini yokuqala yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo yaphenduka ingaphelele futhi ivame ukuhluleka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi ekwakhiweni kwayo.

Umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwama-othomathikhi ezimotweni wenziwa nguHenry Ford, owakha imoto yeModel T futhi, ngendlela, waklama ibhokisi leplanethi elihamba phambili elinamagiya amabili aya phambili nangemuva. Ukuphatha kwayo ngeke kubizwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngoba... umshayeli wayelawula amagiya ngamaphedali, kodwa kwaba lula ngaleyondlela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhanjiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwenziwa lula futhi kufaka phakathi i-hydraulic clutch kanye negiya leplanethi.

I-semi-automatic sequential transmission, eyayisebenzisa i-clutch evamile kanye negiya leplanethi eliqhutshwa ngamanzi, yasungulwa ngabakwaGeneral Motors kanye ne-REO phakathi nenkathi yezimpi. Ngokulandelayo, uhlobo lwe-Chrysler lwakha idizayini esebenzisa i-othomathikhi ye-hydraulic clutch kanye nokudlulisa ngesandla. Elinye lamaphedali likhishiwe emotweni, kodwa i-gear shift lever yasala. Ama-gearbox e-Selespeed noma e-Tiptronic asekelwe kuzixazululo ezizenzakalelayo.

IHydra-matic, i-hydraulic automatic transmission yokuqala

Eyokuqala eya ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi kwakuyi-automatic hydraulic transmission - iHydra-matic.. Babehlome ngezimoto zabagibeli. Ibihlukile ngoba inamagiya amane futhi ihlehla. Ngokwesakhiwo, ibino-gearbox weplanethi kanye ne-fluid coupling, ngakho besingekho isidingo sokuyinqamula. 

Ngo-May 1939, ngaphambi nje kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II, iGeneral Motors yethula i-Hydra-matic automatic transmission enkampanini ye-Oldsmobile ngonyaka wemodeli ka-1940, okwaba yinto yokuzikhethela ezimotweni zabagibeli zeCadillac ngonyaka olandelayo. Kwavela ukuthi amakhasimende ayefuna ngempela ukuthenga izimoto ezishintshashintshayo, ngakho-ke i-GM yaqala ukunikeza amalayisense ama-hydraulic transmissions. Yathengwa yimikhiqizo efana neRolls Royce, Lincoln, Bentley kanye neNash. Ngemuva kwempi ka-1948, iHydra-matic yaba inketho kumamodeli wePontiac. 

Ezinye izixazululo ezisetshenziswa kuma-othomathikhi 

I-Chevrolet ne-Buick ayizange isebenzise ilayisense ye-GM kodwa yazakhela eyabo imizimba. U-Buick udale i-Dynaflow ngesiguquli se-torque esikhundleni se-hydraulic clutch. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iChevrolet isebenzise umklamo we-Powerglide esebenzisa isiguquli se-torque esinamagiya amabili kanye nebhokisi leplanethi elisebenza ngogesi.

Ngemuva kwezingxoxo zokuqala nabakwaStudebaker mayelana nokwenzeka kokuthola ilayisense ye-DG automatic transmission, iFord idale iFord-O-Matic yayo enelayisensi enamagiya angu-3 aya phambili kanye negiya elilodwa elibuyela emuva, elisebenzisa i-torque converter edidiyelwe kanye nebhokisi leplanethi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokuthunyelwa kwemishini okuzenzakalelayo kwashesha ngeminyaka yawo-1980s sibonga uHarry Webster Wemikhiqizo Yezimoto, owaqhamuka nombono wokusebenzisa i-dual clutch. I-DSG dual-clutch transmission iqeda isiguquli se-torque esisetshenziswa ekudluliseni okuzenzakalelayo kweplanethi. Izixazululo ezisebenzisa i-dual multi-plate wet wet transmissions ziyatholakala okwamanje. Izinguqulo nalokhu okubizwa ibamba elomile. Imoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza eno-gearbox we-DSG yiVolkswagen Golf Mk4 R32 ka-2003.

Isebenza kanjani i-automatic transmission?

Namuhla, ama-automatic transmissions abizwa ngokuthi ama-automatic transmissions afakwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimoto futhi azishintshela amagiya. Umshayeli akudingeki akwenze lokhu ngesandla, ngakho-ke uyakwazi ukushayela imoto kahle ngaphandle kokulawula isilinganiso segiya kuye ngesivinini senjini okwamanje.

Izimoto ezizihambelayo zinamaphedali amabili kuphela - ibhuleki ne-accelerator. Ayikho i-clutch edingekayo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesisombululo se-hydrokinetic, esiqhutshwa iyunithi ezenzakalelayo.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukungasebenzi kahle kanye nesidingo sokulungiswa kokudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo? 

Ngokulandela imithetho embalwa eyisisekelo yokusebenzisa umshini, uzogwema ukuphuka okuvamile. Ukuze uvimbele ukulungiswa kokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo ekudingeni:

• ungawashintshi amagiya ngokushesha futhi kungazelelwe;
• Ngaphambi kokubandakanya ukuhlehla, yimisa imoto ngokuphelele bese ukhetha u-R (reverse). Ukudluliswa kuzobandakanya ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ungacindezela i-gas pedal ukwenza imoto ihlehle;
• misa imoto uma ukhetha enye indawo yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo - P (Imodi yokupaka), okuhloswe ngayo ukupaka imoto ngemva kokuma endaweni yokupaka, noma isikhundla N (Neutral) ngenkathi ushayela.

Uma ucindezela i-accelerator pedal kanzima ngenkathi ushayela noma uqala usuka esitobhini, uzolimaza umshini wakho ozishintshayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni ugearbox uguge ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ushintsho lwamafutha ekudlulisweni okuzenzakalelayo

Uma usebenzisa i-othomathikhi, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola izinga likawoyela njalo. Uwoyela ozishintshayo kufanele ushintshwe phakathi nesikhathi esinikeziwe futhi esishiwo umenzi wemoto. Kungani lokhu kubaluleke kangaka? Hhayi-ke, uma ushiya uwoyela osetshenzisiwe isikhathi eside kakhulu noma izinga liphansi ngokuyingozi, kungabangela izingxenye zokudlulisela ukubamba futhi zehluleke. Ukulungisa umshini ozishintshayo esimweni esinjalo cishe kuzokuchaya ezindlekweni eziphezulu.

Khumbula ukukhetha amafutha ozishintshayo alungile. 

Ungakugwema kanjani ukulimala ku-gearbox lapho udonsa umshini?

Enye inkinga ingadalwa wukudonsa imoto ngegiya elingafanele. Udinga ukwazi ukuthi ngisho sesimweni N, i.e. ingathathi hlangothi, ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kusasebenza, kodwa uhlelo lwayo lokugcoba seluvele luvaliwe. Njengoba kungenzeka uqagele, lokhu kuholela ekushiseni ngokweqile kwezingxenye ze-gearbox kanye nokwehluleka kwazo. Ngaphambi kokudonsa imoto ezenzakalelayo, hlola imanuwali yayo ukuze ufunde ukuthi uyenza kanjani kahle. Ukudonsa umshini kungenzeka, kodwa kuphela amabanga amafushane futhi ngesivinini esingekho ngaphezu kuka-50 km/h.