Umthethosisekelo wase-US Nokucutshungulwa Kolwazi - Impilo Engavamile Ka-Herman Hollerith

Inkinga yonke yaqala ngo-1787 ePhiladelphia, lapho amakoloni angaphambili aseBrithani ayevukela ezama ukwakha uMthethosisekelo wase-US. Kube nezinkinga ngalokhu - ezinye izifundazwe zazizikhudlwana, ezinye ezincane, futhi kwakumayelana nokusungula imithetho ephusile yokumelwa kwazo. NgoJulayi (ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuhilizisana) kwafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni, esibizwa ngokuthi “Ukuvumelana Okukhulu”. Esinye sezigatshana zalesi sivumelwano kwakuyilungiselelo lokuthi njalo eminyakeni eyi-10 kuzo zonke izifundazwe zase-US kuzokwenziwa ukubalwa kwabantu okuningiliziwe, ngesisekelo okwakuzonqunywa ukuthi isibalo sezifundazwe ezimele izinhlaka zikahulumeni zazizonqunywa.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungabonakali kuyinselele enkulu. Ukubalwa kwabantu kokuqala okunjalo ngo-1790 kwakunezakhamuzi ezingu-3, futhi uhlu lwabantu luqukethe imibuzo embalwa kuphela - kwakungekho zinkinga ngokucubungula izibalo zemiphumela. Izibali zazibhekana nalokhu kalula.

Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi kokubili isiqalo esihle nesibi. Inani labantu base-US likhule ngokushesha: ukusuka ekubalweni kwabantu kuya ekubalweni kwabantu cishe ngama-35%. Ngo-1860, kwabalwa izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-31 - futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ifomu laqala ukukhukhuma kangangokuthi uKhongolose kwadingeka ukhawule inani lemibuzo evunyelwe ukuthi ibuzwe ku-100 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlu lwemibuzo lungasetshenzwa. uhlu lwedatha etholiwe. Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka-1880 kwaba nzima njengephupho elibi: umthethosivivinywa wedlula izigidi ezingama-50, futhi kwathatha iminyaka eyi-7 ukufingqa imiphumela. Uhlu olulandelayo, olubekelwe i-1890, lwaluvele lungenakwenzeka ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Umthethosisekelo wase-US, umbhalo ongcwele wabantu baseMelika, usengozini enkulu.

Inkinga yaqashelwa ngaphambili futhi kwenziwa nemizamo yokuyixazulula cishe emuva ngo-1870, lapho uColonel Seaton othile egunyaza umshini owenze kube nokwenzeka ukusheshisa kancane umsebenzi wokubala ngokwenza ucezu oluncane lwaso ngomshini. Naphezu komphumela omncane kakhulu - u-Seaton uthole u-$ 25 kuCongress ngomshini wakhe, ngaleso sikhathi owawumkhulu kakhulu.

Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngemva kokusungulwa kukaSeaton, wathweswa iziqu e-Columbia University, insizwa eyayilangazelela impumelelo, indodana yofuduki wase-Austria owafudukela e-United States ogama lakhe linguHerman Hollerith, owazalwa ngo-1860. wayeneholo elimangalisayo - ngosizo lwenhlolovo yezibalo ehlukahlukene. Wabe eseqala ukusebenza esikhungweni esidumile saseMassachusetts Institute of Technology njengomfundisi kwezobunjiniyela bemishini, wabe esethatha umsebenzi ehhovisi likahulumeni lobunikazi. Lapha waqala ukucabanga ngokuthuthukisa umsebenzi wababala abantu, ngokungangabazeki washukunyiswa izimo ezimbili: ubukhulu be-premium ye-Seaton kanye neqiniso lokuthi kwamenyezelwa umncintiswano wokubalwa kwabantu kwe-1890 okuzayo. Owinile kulo mqhudelwano angaba nenhlanhla enkulu.

Zdj. 1 Herman Hollerith

Imibono ka-Hollerith yayimisha, ngakho-ke, yashaya i-proverbial bullseye. Okokuqala, wanquma ukuqala ugesi, okwakungakaze kucatshangwe muntu ngaphambi kwakhe. Umbono wesibili wawuwukuthola itheyiphu yephepha enezimbobo ngokukhethekile, okwakudingeka isongwe phakathi koxhumana nabo bomshini futhi ngaleyo ndlela ifinyezwe lapho kudingekile ukuthumela i-pulse yokubala kwenye idivayisi. Umbono wokugcina ekuqaleni wavela ukuthi-ke. Kwakungelula ukudabula i-tape, i-tape ngokwayo "ithandwa" ukudabula, ingabe ukunyakaza kwayo kwakudingeka kube bushelelezi ngokwedlulele?

Umsunguli, naphezu kwezithiyo zokuqala, akazange ayeke. Washintsha iribhoni wafaka amakhadi aminyene ephepha ayeke asetshenziswa ekwalukeni, futhi lokho kwaba umnyombo wendaba.

Imephu yombono wakhe? izilinganiso ezinengqondo ngempela 13,7 by 7,5 cm? ekuqaleni yayinamaphuzu okubhoboza angama-204. Inhlanganisela efanele yalezi zimbobo ezinekhodi izimpendulo zemibuzo esefomini lokubalwa kwabantu; lokhu kwaqinisekisa ukuxhumana: ikhadi elilodwa - uhlu lwemibuzo lokubalwa kwabantu olulodwa. U-Hollerith wabuye wasungula—noma eqinisweni wathuthukiswa kakhulu—umshini wokubhoboza okungenaphutha wekhadi elinjalo, futhi ngokushesha wathuthukisa ikhadi ngokwalo, wandisa inani lezimbobo lafinyelela ku-240. Nokho, umklamo wawo obaluleke kakhulu wawusebenza ngogesi? • Obecubungula imininingwane efundwe ekubhobozeni futhi ngaphezu kwalokho yahlela amakhadi eqiwe abe amaphakethe anezici ezivamile. Ngakho-ke, ngokukhetha, isibonelo, lezo eziphathelene namadoda kuwo wonke amakhadi, kamuva zingahlelwa ngokwemibandela enjengokuthi, ukusho, umsebenzi, imfundo, njll.

Ukusungulwa - yonke inkimbinkimbi yemishini, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi "ukubala nokuhlaziya" - yayilungile ngo-1884. Ukuze abenze bangabi ephepheni kuphela, uHollerith waboleka u-$2500, wamenzela ikhithi yokuhlola, kwathi ngoSepthemba 23 walowo nyaka wakhiqiza isicelo selungelo lobunikazi esasidinga ukuba enze umuntu ocebile futhi omunye wabantu abadume kakhulu emhlabeni. . Kusukela ngo-1887, imishini yathola umsebenzi wabo wokuqala: baqala ukusetshenziswa enkonzweni yezempi yase-US ukuze kugcinwe izibalo zezempilo zabasebenzi base-US Army. Konke lokhu ndawonye ekuqaleni kwalethela umsunguli imali engenangqondo engaba ngu-$1000 ngonyaka?

Isithombe 2 Hollerith ikhadi elichithiwe

Nokho, unjiniyela osemusha wayelokhu ecabanga ngokusungula izinto. Yiqiniso, ukubalwa kwenani lezinto ezidingekayo ekuqaleni akuzange kukhange: kwakuzodingeka amathani angaphezu kuka-450 amakhadi ewodwa ukuze kubalwe abantu.

Umncintiswano omenyezelwe yiCensus Bureau ubungelula futhi ube nesiteji esisebenzayo. Abahlanganyeli bayo kwadingeka bacubungule kumadivayisi wabo inani elikhulu ledatha esele liqoqwe phakathi nokubalwa kwabantu okwedlule, futhi bafakazele ukuthi bazothola imiphumela engaguquki ngokushesha okukhulu kunabanduleli babo. Amapharamitha amabili kwakufanele anqume: isikhathi sokubala nokunemba.

Umncintiswano wawungewona neze umkhuba. UWilliam S. Hunt noCharles F. Pidgeon bema eduze kukaHollerith emdlalweni wokunquma. Bobabili basebenzise amasistimu angaphansi ayinqaba, kodwa isisekelo sabo kwakuyizibali ezenziwe ngezandla.

Imishini kaHollerith yawuqeda ngokoqobo umncintiswano. Baphenduke izikhathi ezingu-8-10 ngokushesha futhi izikhathi eziningana ezinembe kakhulu. I-Census Bureau iyalele umsunguli ukuthi aqashe amakhithi angama-56 kuye ngesamba esingu-$56 ngonyaka. Kwakungakabi yinhlanhla enkulu, kodwa inani lalivumela uHollerith ukuthi asebenze ngokuthula.

Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka-1890 kwafika. Impumelelo yamakhithi kaHollerith yayimangalisa: amasonto ayisithupha (!) ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu abacishe babe ngu-50 000 ababebuza imibuzo, kwase kwaziwa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingu-62 979 766 zazihlala e-United States. Ngenxa yokuwa kombuso, umthethosisekelo wasindiswa.

Izinzuzo zokugcina zikamakhi ngemva kokuphela kokubalwa kwabantu zaba yisamba "esifanele" sika-$750. Ngaphezu kwenhlanhla yakhe, le mpumelelo yaletha uHollerith udumo olukhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wanikezela udaba lonke kuye, ememezela ukuqala kwenkathi entsha ye-computing: inkathi kagesi. I-Columbia University yathatha iphepha lakhe lomshini njengelilingana nencwadi yakhe yokucwaninga futhi yamklomelisa nge-Ph.D.

Isithombe 3 Sokuhlunga

Futhi-ke uHollerith, kakade enama-oda athakazelisayo angaphandle kuphothifoliyo yakhe, wasungula ifemu encane ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tabulating Machine Company (TM Co.); kubonakala sengathi waze wakhohlwa ukuyibhalisa ngokusemthethweni, okwakungadingeki nokho ngaleso sikhathi. Inkampani kwadingeka nje ihlanganise amasethi emishini ehlinzekwe ngosonkontileka abancane futhi iyilungiselele ukudayiswa noma ukuqashwa.

Izitshalo zikaHollerith zasheshe zasebenza emazweni amaningana. Okokuqala, e-Austria, owabona umuntu wakubo kumsunguli futhi waqala ukukhiqiza amadivaysi akhe; ngaphandle kokuthi lapha, esebenzisa izintuba zomthetho ezingcolile, wenqatshelwa ilungelo lobunikazi, ukuze iholo lakhe libe lincane kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelekile. Ngo-1892 imishini kaHollerith yenza ukubalwa kwabantu eCanada, ngo-1893 ukubalwa kwabantu okukhethekile kwezolimo e-United States, base baya eNorway, e-Italy futhi ekugcineni baya eRussia, lapho ngo-1895 benza ukubalwa kwabantu bokuqala nokugcina emlandweni ngaphansi kukahulumeni we-tsarist. iziphathimandla: elandelayo yenziwa amaBolshevik kuphela ngo-1926.

Isithombe 4 Isethi yomshini we-Hollerith, isihlungi kwesokudla

Iholo lomsunguli lakhula naphezu kokukopisha nokudlula amalungelo akhe obunikazi ukuze athole amandla - kodwa nezindleko zakhe zakhula, njengoba anikela cishe yonke ingcebo yakhe emkhiqizweni omusha. Ngakho wayephila ngokuzithoba kakhulu, ngaphandle kobukhazikhazi. Wayesebenza kanzima futhi engenandaba nempilo yakhe; odokotela bamyalela ukuthi anciphise kakhulu imisebenzi yakhe. Kulesi simo, uthengise inkampani kwaTM Co futhi wathola u-$ 1,2 million wamasheya akhe. Wayengusozigidi futhi inkampani yahlanganiswa nabanye abane ukuze babe yi-CTR - uHollerith waba yilungu lebhodi kanye nomeluleki wezobuchwepheshe ngemali engu-$20 yonyaka; Washiya ibhodi yabaqondisi ngo-000 futhi wayishiya inkampani eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva. Ngo-June 1914, 14, ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, inkampani yakhe yaphinde yashintsha igama layo - kuleyo eyaziwa ngayo kabanzi kuze kube yilolu suku kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Igama: Imishini Yebhizinisi Lamazwe Ngamazwe. IBM.

Maphakathi no-November 1929, uHerman Hollerith wangenwa umkhuhlane futhi ngoNovemba 17, ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, washonela endaweni ayehlala kuyo eWashington. Ukufa kwakhe kukhulunywe kafushane nje emaphephandabeni. Omunye wabo uxube igama elithi IBM. Namuhla, ngemva kwephutha elinjalo, nakanjani umhleli oyinhloko uzolahlekelwa umsebenzi wakhe.