Ukuphela Nokudlula: Ukwehla Kwesayensi. Ingabe lokhu ukuphela komgwaqo noma ukuphela komgwaqo?

Higgs boson? Lena ithiyori yama-60s, manje eqinisekiswa ngokuhlola kuphela. Amagagasi adonsela phansi? Lona umqondo ka-Albert Einstein wekhulunyaka ubudala. Ukuphawula okunjalo kwenziwa uJohn Horgan encwadini yakhe ethi The End of Science.

Incwadi kaHorgan akuyona eyokuqala futhi akuyona yodwa. Kuningi okubhaliwe mayelana "nokuphela kwesayensi". Ngokwemibono evame ukutholakala kubo, namuhla sicwenga kuphela futhi siqinisekisa izinkolelo-mbono ezindala kuphela. Asitholi lutho olubalulekile noma olusha enkathini yethu.

izithiyo zolwazi

Iminyaka eminingi, isazi semvelo sasePoland kanye nesazi sefiziksi sasizibuza ngemingcele yokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, uphrof. UMichal Tempcik. Ezincwadini nasezihlokweni ezinyatheliswa emaphephandabeni esayensi, ubuza umbuzo - ingabe sizofinyelela esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ulwazi oluphelele kangangokuthi ulwazi olwengeziwe aludingeki? Lokhu kubhekisela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuHorgan, kodwa i-Pole ayiphethanga kakhulu mayelana nokuphela kwesayensi, kodwa mayelana ukubhujiswa kwama-paradigms endabuko.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umbono wokuphela kwesayensi wawufana nje, noma wawungandile, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ikakhulukazi izici kwakungamazwi ezazi zefiziksi ukuthi intuthuko eyengeziwe ingalindelwa kuphela ngendlela yokulungiswa kwezindawo zamadesimali ezilandelanayo ngamanani aziwayo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalezi zitatimende kwafika u-Einstein kanye ne-relativistic physics, uguquko olusesimweni se-Planck's quantum hypothesis kanye nomsebenzi ka-Niels Bohr. Ngokusho kukaProf. Tempcik, isimo sanamuhla empeleni asehlukile kulokho esasiyikho ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ama-paradigms amaningi asebenze amashumi eminyaka abhekene nezingqinamba zentuthuko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, imiphumela eminingi yokuhlola ivela ngokungalindelekile futhi asikwazi ukuyichaza ngokugcwele.

I-Cosmology yokuhlobana okukhethekile beka imigoqo endleleni yolwazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okuvamile ukuthi, imiphumela esingeke sikwazi ukuyihlola ngokunembile. Ngokusho kwama-theorists, izingxenye eziningi zingafihlwa kwisixazululo se-equation ye-Einstein, okuyingxenye encane kuphela eyaziwa kithi, isibonelo, leso sikhala sigobile eduze nobuningi, ukuphambuka kokukhanya okudlula eduze neLanga. bukhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunalokhu okulandelayo okuvela embonweni kaNewton, noma iqiniso lokuthi isikhathi sinwetshwa endaweni yamandla adonsela phansi kanye neqiniso lokuthi isikhathi sasemkhathini sigotshwe izinto zesisindo esihambisanayo.

U-Niels Bohr no-Albert Einstein

Isimangalo sokuthi singabona kuphela u-5% wendawo yonke ngoba okunye kungamandla amnyama kanye nesisindo esimnyama sibhekwa njengososayensi abaningi njengehlazo. Kwabanye, lokhu kuyinselelo enkulu - kokubili kulabo abafuna izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola, kanye nemibono.

Izinkinga ezibhekene nezibalo zesimanje ziba nzima kangangokuthi, ngaphandle uma singabangcweti bezindlela zokufundisa ezikhethekile noma sakha ama-metatheries amasha, okulula ukuyiqonda, kuyodingeka sikholelwe ukuthi izibalo zikhona, futhi zikhona. , ephawulwe emaphethelweni ale ncwadi ngo-1637, yafakazelwa ngo-1996 kuphela emakhasini angu-120 (!), kusetshenziswa ama-computer ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi yokukhipha imali enengqondo, futhi yaqinisekiswa ngomyalo we-International Union ochwepheshe bezibalo abahlanu abakhethiwe emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuvumelana kwabo, ubufakazi buqinisile. Izazi zezibalo ziya ngokuya zithi izinkinga ezinkulu emkhakheni wazo azikwazi ukuxazululwa ngaphandle kwamandla amakhulu okucubungula ama-supercomputers, angekho ngisho namanje.

Esimeni somoya ophansi, kuyafundisa umlando wokutholwa nguMax Planck. Ngaphambi kokwethula i-quantum hypothesis, wazama ukuhlanganisa amagatsha amabili: i-thermodynamics kanye nemisebe ye-electromagnetic, esukela kuzibalo zikaMaxwell. Wakwenza kahle kakhulu. Amafomula anikezwe i-Planck ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1900 achaza kahle kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa okuphawuliwe kokuqina kwemisebe kuye ngobude bayo begagasi. Kodwa-ke, ngo-Okthoba XNUMX, idatha yokuhlola yavela eyayihluke ngandlela-thile ku-Planck's thermodynamic-electromagnetic theory. U-Planck akabange esayivikela indlela yakhe yendabuko futhi wakhetha ithiyori entsha okwakufanele ayisungule ubukhona bengxenye yamandla (quantum). Lokhu kwaba ukuqala kwe-physics entsha, nakuba u-Planck ngokwakhe engazange ayamukele imiphumela yenguquko ayeyiqalile.

Amamodeli ahleliwe, yini elandelayo?

UHorgan, encwadini yakhe, waxoxisana nabameleli benhlangano yokuqala yomhlaba wesayensi, abantu abanjengoStephen Hawking, uRoger Penrose, uRichard Feynman, uFrancis Crick, uRichard Dawkins noFrancis Fukuyama. Uhlu lwemibono evezwe kulezi zingxoxo lwalubanzi, kodwa - okubalulekile - akekho noyedwa wabakhulumeli owabheka umbuzo wokuphela kwesayensi njengento engenamsebenzi.

Kukhona abafana no-Sheldon Glashow, owine uMklomelo KaNobel emkhakheni wezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kanye nomsunguli ohlangene walokho okubizwa. Imodeli Ejwayelekile Yezinhlayiya Eziyisisekeloabangakhulumi ngokuphela kokufunda, kodwa ngokufunda njengomnikelo wempumelelo yomuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyoba nzima izazi zefiziksi ukuphinda ngokushesha impumelelo efana "nokuhlela" Model. Ekufuneni okuthile okusha nokujabulisayo, izazi zefiziksi zasetiyetha zazinikela othandweni string theory. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lokhu kungenakuqinisekiswa, ngemuva kwegagasi lomdlandla, ukungabi nathemba kuqala ukubakhungathekisa.

Imodeli ejwayelekile njengeCube kaRubik

UDennis Overbye, umsakazi owaziwayo wesayensi, wethula encwadini yakhe isingathekiso esihlekisayo sikaNkulunkulu njengomculi we-rock we-cosmic akha indawo yonke ngokudlala isiginci sakhe esinezintambo ezinkulu eziyi-XNUMX. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ingabe uNkulunkulu uyawuthuthukisa noma uyawudlala umculo, kubuza umbhali.

echaza ukwakheka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-Universe, nayo ineyakho, inikeza incazelo eyanelisa ngokuphelele ngokunemba kwezingxenyana ezimbalwa zomzuzwana ukusuka kulokho. uhlobo lwesiqalo. Nokho, ingabe sinalo ithuba lokufinyelela izimbangela zokugcina neziyinhloko zemvelaphi yoMkhathi wethu futhi sichaze izimo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi? Kulapha lapho i-cosmology ihlangana khona nesimo esimnyama lapho kuzwakala khona ukuduma kwetiyori yochungechunge olunamandla. Futhi-ke, iqala futhi ukuthola umlingiswa "wenkolo". Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili edlule noma ngaphezulu, imiqondo embalwa yasekuqaleni iye yavela mayelana nezikhathi zakuqala, imiqondo ehlobene nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. i-quantum cosmology. Nokho, le mibono iwukuqagela nje. Ochwepheshe bendawo yonke abaningi abanathemba mayelana nokwenzeka kokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwale mibono futhi babone imikhawulo ethile emandleni ethu okuqonda.

Ngokusho kwesazi sefiziksi u-Howard Georgi, kufanele kakade siqaphele i-cosmology njengesayensi kuhlaka lwayo olujwayelekile, njengemodeli evamile yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo nama-quarks. Ubheka umsebenzi we-quantum cosmology, kanye nama-wormholes ayo, ama-universe asanda kuzalwa kanye nezinsana, njengokungathi uyamangalisa. inganekwane yesayensikuhle njenganoma iyiphi enye inganekwane yendalo. Umbono ohlukile ubanjwe yilabo abakholelwa ngokuqinile encazelweni yokusebenza kwe-quantum cosmology futhi basebenzise konke ukuhlakanipha kwabo okunamandla kulokhu.

Ikharavani iyaqhubeka.

Mhlawumbe isimo “sokuphela kwesayensi” siwumphumela wamathemba aphezulu kakhulu esiwabeke kuwo. Izwe lanamuhla lifuna "inguquko", "impumelelo" kanye nezimpendulo eziqondile zemibuzo emikhulu. Sikholelwa ukuthi isayensi yethu ithuthukiswe ngokwanele ukuze ekugcineni silindele izimpendulo ezinjalo. Nokho, isayensi ayikaze inikeze umqondo wokugcina. Naphezu kwalokhu, sekungamakhulu eminyaka iqhubekisela isintu phambili futhi ihlale ikhiqiza ulwazi olusha ngayo yonke into. Sasebenzisa futhi sajabulela imiphumela engokoqobo yokuthuthuka kwayo, sishayela izimoto, sindiza izindiza, sisebenzisa i-inthanethi. Ezindabeni ezimbalwa ezedlule sibhale ku-"MT" mayelana ne-physics, okuthi, ngokusho kwabanye, isifinyelele ekugcineni. Kungenzeka, nokho, ukuthi asikho kakhulu "ekupheleni kwesayensi" njengasekupheleni kwesiphithiphithi. Uma kunjalo, kuzodingeka ubuyele emuva kancane futhi wehle ngomunye umgwaqo.