Ukuhlukaniswa nokuqokwa kwamafutha emoto, inkomba ye-viscosity

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamafutha emoto anamapharamitha ahlukene, abethelwe ngezimpawu. Ukuze ukhethe uwoyela ofanele wenjini, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini efihliwe ngemuva kwesethi ye-alphanumeric, isiphi isigaba esisetshenziswayo nokuthi yiziphi izici la mafutha anazo.

Kodwa sizoqonda konke ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

Ithini indima kawoyela emotweni

Umsebenzi wasekuqaleni kawoyela wenjini kwakuwukugcoba amajenali e-crankshaft, ukususa izinto ezigugayo, kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi ngokubalekela uketshezi ku-sump injini.

Embonini yesimanje yezimoto, imisebenzi yoketshezi lwezimoto iye yaba banzi ngokuphawulekayo futhi ukwakheka kushintshile ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi emisha.

Imisebenzi eyisisekelo yamafutha enjini:

• ukuvikelwa kwezingxenye kanye nezindawo zokusebenza ekungqubuzaneni ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwefilimu encane ezinzile kuzo;
• ukuvimbela ukugqwala;
• ukupholisa injini ngokukhipha uketshezi olusebenzayo ku-sump etholakala phansi impela enjini;
• ukususwa kwemfucumfucu yemishini ezindaweni ezikhungethwe ukungqubuzana;
• ukususwa kwemikhiqizo yokushiswa kwengxube kaphethiloli, njenge-soot, soot nabanye.

IQINISO NGAMAFUTHA Ingxenye 1. Izimfihlo zabakhiqizi bakawoyela.

Izithasiselo ezihlukahlukene zengezwa engxenyeni eyinhloko yamafutha enjini, engasusa ukungcola, igcine ifilimu yakheka ezingxenyeni zokuhlikihla, futhi yenze neminye imisebenzi.

Ahlukaniswa kanjani amafutha ezimoto

Abathuthukisi benjini bakhetha amafutha enjini kanye nezidingo zabo, kuye ngezici zokuklama nezimo zokusebenza.

Ungakwazi ukugcwalisa uketshezi lwezimoto okungezona olwangempela, kodwa ucabangela isigaba sekhwalithi namaqembu wekhwalithi, izincomo zomkhiqizi. Uwoyela okhethwe kahle ongewona owoqobo ohlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomkhiqizi akusona isisekelo sokwenqaba ukulungiswa kwewaranti uma kwenzeka injini ihluleka.

QAPHELA

Isigaba esaziwayo emhlabeni wonke samafutha enjini yi-SAE - i-viscosity gradation kuye ngezinga lokushisa elizungezile injini esebenza ngayo.

Ngokushintsha kwamazinga okushisa angaphandle, i-viscosity yoketshezi olusebenzayo iyashintsha; emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukuze injini isebenze kahle, uwoyela kufanele uhlale uketshezi ngokwanele, futhi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ugqinsile ngokwanele ukuvikela injini.

Ngokwezindinganiso ze-SAE, amafutha enjini ahlukaniswe amakilasi ayishumi nesikhombisa ukusuka ku-0W kuya ku-60W.

Phakathi kwazo kukhona eziyisishiyagalombili zasebusika (izinombolo zokuqala zingu-0; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 15; 20; 25) neziyisishiyagalolunye ezisetshenziswa ehlobo (2; 5; 7,5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50 ; 60).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwazo zombili izinombolo zika-W kukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwesimo sezulu sonke soketshezi lwezinjini.

Izinkomba ezivame kakhulu ze-viscosity eRussia zokuqalisa injini ebandayo (amadijithi okuqala izinga lokushisa) yilezi:

• 0W ngaphansi -35°C;
• 5W ukuya ku-30°C;
• 10W ukuya ku-25°C;
• 15W ukuya ku-20°C;
• 20W ukuya ku-15°C.

Izinombolo zesibili ezivame kakhulu zama-indices eRussia ezibonisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu langaphandle yilezi:

• 30 +25°C;
• 40 kusuka +30 ° C kuya +45 ° C (kuye ngokuthi izinombolo zokuqala - ku-0W +30 ° C, ku-5W +35 ° C, ku-10W +35 ° C, ku-15W no-20W +45 ° C).

Ebusika obubandayo obuphakathi futhi hhayi ehlobo elishisayo, kunconywa ukuthi ugcwalise amafutha angu-10W, njengoba ekhona yonke indawo, afanele izimoto eziningi. Ebusika obubanda kakhulu, uketshezi olusebenzayo olunenkomba engu-0W noma engu-5W kufanele lugcwaliswe.

Izinjini zanamuhla ezine-mileage engekho ngaphezu kwe-50% yezinsiza ezihleliwe zidinga uwoyela nge-viscosity ephansi.

API

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-API kusho ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi olusebenzayo lube izigaba ezimbili - "S" yezinjini zikaphethiloli kanye "C" yezinjini zikadizili. Kuwoyela wezimoto ofanele izinjini zikaphethiloli nezidizili, ukumaka kabili ngengxenyana kusetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo, SF / CH.

Okulandelayo kuza ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinga lokusebenza (uhlamvu lwesibili). Ngokuqhubeka nohlamvu lwesibili ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu, amafutha enjini angcono aqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenjini futhi anciphise ukusetshenziswa koketshezi ekumosheni.

Izigaba zamafutha omshini wezinjini zikaphethiloli ngekhwalithi kuye ngonyaka wokukhiqiza:

• I-SN yezinjini zezimoto zesimanje ezinezinga eliphezulu lezemvelo nokonga amandla;
• SM kusukela ngo-2004;
• SL kusukela ngo-2000;
• SJ с 1996 г.в .;
• SH kusukela ngo-1993

Amafutha ekilasi le-SN anconywa ukuthi athathe indawo yangaphambili.

Amakilasi oketshezi lwezimoto ezinjini zikadizili ngekhwalithi kuye ngonyaka wokukhiqiza:

• CJ kusukela ngo-2006, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okuphezulu kwendawo ezungezile ekukhishweni okuyingozi okuya emkhathini;
• I-CL kusukela ngo-2002, kucatshangelwa amazinga emvelo ka-2002, futhi ekupheleni kwe-PLUS eyethulwa ngo-2004 ngezidingo ezikhulayo zemvelo ngo-2004;
• CH kusukela ngo-1998, ukusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu, kucatshangelwa amazinga emvelo ka-1998;
• I-CG kusukela ngo-1995, ngezimo zokusebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo eyengeziwe kanye nezindlela zesivinini esikhulu;
• CF-2 izinjini hhayi ngomjovo oqondile kusukela 1994 kuya phambili, CF-4 kusukela 1990 kuya phambili. izinjini ezisebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu;
• CE kusukela ngo-1993 ngezimo zokusebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu.

Inombolo 2 noma 4 ngokusebenzisa ikhonco ikhombisa injini enama-stroke amabili noma amane. Zonke izimoto zesimanje zinenjini enamasondo amane.

Uketshezi lwezimoto lwamakilasi i-SM ne-SN lufanele izinjini ezine-turbocharged.

I-ACEA

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-ACEA yi-analogue yaseYurophu ye-API.

Ohlelweni lwakamuva lwango-2012, amafutha enjini ahlukaniswe izigaba:

• I-A/B yezinjini zikaphethiloli (A) nezikadizili (B);
• C yezinjini zikadizili nekaphethiloli ezinezinga elikhulayo lezemvelo kanye nokuba khona kwezihlungi zezinhlayiya neziguquli ze-catalytic;
• E yezinjini zikadizili zezimoto ezinzima.

Amakilasi nezici ezibalulekile ngokuya ngohlelo lwakamuva:

•  I-A1/B1 yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kuphethiloli kanye nezinjini zikadizili zezimoto zabagibeli, izikhawu ezinwetshiwe zokudonsa amanzi, i-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana;
• I-A3/B3 yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezinjinini zikaphethiloli ezishesha kakhulu nezikadizili zezimoto zabagibeli, izikhawu ezinwetshiwe zokudonsa amanzi, izimo zokusebenza ezinzima, isimo sezulu sonke;
• I-A3/B4 yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezinjinini zikaphethiloli ezisheshisa kakhulu nezikadizili, ukonga uphethiloli;
• I-A5/B5 yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezinjinini zikaphethiloli ezigcwele kakhulu nezikadizili zezimoto zabagibeli, izikhawu zokushintshwa ezinwetshiwe;
• I-C1 ne-C2 ithululelwa ezinjini zedizili nekaphethiloli ezisheshisa kakhulu zezimoto zabagibeli, ezifakwe izihlungi zezinhlayiya kanye neziguquli zezindlela ezintathu, i-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana, ukonga uphethiloli kanye nokwelula impilo yezihlungi zezinhlayiya kanye nama-catalysts, ziyahlukahluka kokuqukethwe kwezithasiselo ezahlukahlukene. ;
• I-C3 ne-C4 zenzelwe izinjini ezisheshisa kakhulu zikadizili kanye nezinjini zikaphethiloli zezimoto zabagibeli, ezifakwe izihlungi ze-particle kanye neziguquli zezindlela ezintathu, zandise impilo yesihlungi se-particle kanye ne-catalyst, ihluke ngenani lezithasiselo;
• I-E6 yenzelwe izinjini zedizili ezisindayo zamaloli, afakwe izihlungi zezinhlayiya neziguquli, isikhawu sokushintsha esinwetshiwe;
• I-E7 yenzelwe izinjini zikadizili zamaloli asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu, afakwe izinhlelo zokuphinda zijikeleze ngeziguquli, ngaphandle kwezihlungi zezinhlayiya, isikhawu sokushintsha esandisiwe;
• I-E9 yenzelwe izinjini zikadizili zesimanjemanje ezinomthwalo owengeziwe kanye nezidingo zemvelo eziqinile, zombili ezinezihlungi zezinhlayiya nangaphandle kwazo, izikhawu zokushintshwa ezinwetshiwe.

I-ILSAC

Isigaba sikawoyela wenjini ye-ILSAC senzelwe ukuqinisekisa kanye nelayisense uketshezi olusebenzayo ezinjinini zezimoto zabagibeli ezikhiqizwa e-USA naseJapan.

Izici zoketshezi lomshini ngokuya ngezigaba ze-ILSAC:

• ukonga amandla;
• ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli;
• i-viscosity ephansi;
• ukumelana namagwebu;
• ukuguquguquka okuphansi;
• ukuvikela ekuvinjweni kweziguquli ze-catalytic ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-phosphorus.

Amakilasi ekhwalithi kanye nonyaka wokwethulwa:

• I-GF-1 ibanga elingasasebenzi, elihambisana ne-API SH, ngokwenkomba ye-viscosity SAE 0W, 5W, 10W ngezinombolo zesibili 30, 40, 50, 60;
• I-GF-2 kusukela ngo-1996, ihambisana ne-API SJ, ngokusho kwe-viscosity index SAE 0W, 5W, 10W enezinombolo zesibili 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• I-GF-3 kusukela ngo-2001, ihambisana ne-API SL, umehluko osuka ku-GF-2 ne-API SJ uthuthukisiwe wokulwa nokugqokwa nokusebenza kwe-anti-oxidation kanye nemingcele yokonga amandla;
• I-GF-4 kusukela ngo-2004 ihambisana ne-API SM ngokusebenza okuwonga amandla kanye nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlanza kanye ne-antioxidant, ngokuvumelana nezinkomba ze-SAE - 0W-20, 0W-30, 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, ezihambisana neziguquli ze-catalytic;
• I-GF-5 kusukela ngo-2010 ihlukile ku-GF-4 ekwengezeni ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nezakhiwo eziphikisana nokugqokwa nokuhambisana nawo wonke amasistimu okuvikela imvelo.

GOST

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha enjini ngokusho kweGOST 17479.1 ekuqaleni kwamukelwa e-USSR ngo-1985, kodwa kucatshangelwa izinguquko embonini yezimoto kanye nezidingo zemvelo, ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwaba ngo-2015.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha omshini ngokuya nge-GOST ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomhlaba wonke

Ngokuya ngomkhakha wokufaka isicelo, uwoyela womshini uhlukaniswa ngamaqembu ukusuka ku-A kuye ku-E.

Indlela yokukhetha uwoyela wenjini ofanele

Abakhiqizi bezimoto bakhombisa amafutha enjini anconyiwe kanye nokubekezelelwa kwawo emiyalweni yokusebenza. Kungenzeka ukukhetha uwoyela ngokwemibandela efanayo, ngenkathi uhlala ngaphansi kwewaranti. Ngendlela enekhono ekukhethweni kwamafutha, izici zamafutha angewona owangempela ngeke zibe ngaphansi kweyokuqala, futhi kwezinye izimo zidlule.

Indlela yokukhetha uwoyela wenjini ofanele

Amafutha kufanele akhethwe ngokuya ngezigaba ze-SAE (viscosity) kanye ne-API (ngohlobo lwenjini nonyaka wokukhiqiza). Ukubekezelela okunconyiwe kwalezi zigaba kufanele kucaciswe emiyalweni.

Izincomo zokukhethwa kwamafutha emoto nge-viscosity:

• ngemayela lemoto elingekho ngaphezu kuka-25% wensiza ethenjisiwe (injini entsha), kuyadingeka ukuthi ugcwalise uwoyela wezimoto i-SAE 10W-40 noma 5W-40, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isizini;
• enjini yobuchwepheshe ezwakalayo (i-mileage 26-74% yensiza ethenjisiwe), kunconywa ukuthi ugcwalise amafutha emoto nge-viscosity ye-10W-40, 15W-40 - ngenkathi efudumele, nge-viscosity ye-5W-30; 10W-30 - ngenkathi ebandayo, kungakhathaliseki inkathi - 5W-40;
• enjini endala (mileage engaphezu kuka-76% yesisetshenziswa esibanjiwe), kubalulekile ukugcwalisa amafutha motor nge viscosity 15W-40, 20W-40 - ngenkathi efudumele, futhi 5W-40, 10W-40 - ebusika, kungakhathaliseki isizini - 5W-40.

Ngokwesigaba se-API, uketshezi lwezimoto kufanele kukhethwe ekilasini i-SM noma i-SN yezinjini zesimanje zikaphethiloli, ezinjinini zikadizili ezingekho ngaphansi kwe-CL-4 PLUS noma i-CJ-4 yezimoto ezine-EURO-4 kanye ne-EURO-5 yamakilasi emvelo.

Yini ethinta ukukhetha okungalungile kwamafutha enjini

Uwoyela wenjini okhethwe ngokungalungile kwezinye izimo ubungozi obuholela enkingeni enkulu yenjini.

Uwoyela wenjini womgunyathi noma wekhwalithi ephansi angaholela, okubi kakhulu, ekushaqweni kwenjini, futhi okungcono kakhulu, ekwenyukeni okubonakalayo kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela kanye nobumnyama bawo ngebanga eliphansi lemayela, ekwakhekeni kwamadiphozi enjini kanye nokunciphisa imayela elihleliwe lenjini. .

Uma ugcwalisa injini ngamafutha nge-viscosity ephansi kunalokho okunconywa umenzi, lokhu kungaholela ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamafutha enjini, ngenxa yokuthi izohlala ezindongeni futhi ikhulise imfucuza. Uma i-viscosity yamafutha iphakeme kunokunconywa ngumkhiqizi, khona-ke ukugqoka izindandatho ze-oil scraper kuzokwanda ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwefilimu eqinile ezindaweni zokusebenza.

Ukukhetha kahle kanye nokuthengwa kwamafutha enjini esezingeni eliphezulu kuzovumela injini ukuthi iphume okungenani kunensiza ebekwe abakhiqizi.