Injini valve. Inhloso, idivayisi, ukwakheka

Ukuze injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yomlilo esebenze ngamanhlangothi amane yanoma iyiphi imoto isebenze, idivayisi yayo ifaka izingxenye eziningi nezinqubo ezivumelanisiwe. Phakathi kwalezi zinqubo isikhathi. Umsebenzi wawo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngesikhathi esifanele kwe-valve. Lokho okuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe lapha.

Ngamafuphi, indlela yokusabalalisa igesi ivula i-valve yokufaka / yokukhipha ngesikhathi esifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi senziwa nini lapho kwenziwa unhlangothi oluthile kusilinda. Kokunye, kuyadingeka ukuthi zombili izimbobo zivaliwe, kwesinye, eyodwa noma zombili zivulekile.

Ake sibhekisise imininingwane eyodwa ekuvumela ukuthi uzinze le nqubo. Le yi-valve. Yini ekhethekile ngokwakhiwa kwayo futhi isebenza kanjani?

Yini i-valve yenjini

I-valve yingxenye yensimbi efakwe ekhanda lesilinda. Kuyingxenye yendlela yokusabalalisa igesi futhi kuqhutshwa yi-camshaft.

Ngokuya ngokuguqulwa kwemoto, injini izoba nesikhathi esiphansi noma esiphezulu. Inketho yokuqala isatholakala kokunye ukuguqulwa okudala kwamayunithi kagesi. Iningi labakhiqizi selokhu lashintshela ohlotsheni lwesibili lwezindlela zokusabalalisa igesi.

Isizathu salokhu ukuthi imoto enjalo kulula ukuyishuni nokulungisa. Ukuze ulungise ama-valve, kwanele ukususa ikhava ye-valve futhi akudingekile ukuqaqa yonke iyunithi.

Inhloso nezici zedivayisi

I-valve iyinto elayishwa entwasahlobo. Ngesimo esizolile, uvale imbobo ngokuqinile. Lapho i-camshaft iphenduka, i-cam etholakala kuyo icindezela i-valve phansi, yehlise. Lokhu kuvula imbobo. Ukuhlelwa kwe-camshaft kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ku- okunye ukubuyekeza.

Ingxenye ngayinye idlala umsebenzi wayo, okuyinto engenakwenzeka ukwakheka kwento efanayo eseduze. Kukhona okungenani ama-valve amabili isilinda ngasinye. Kumamodeli abiza kakhulu, zine zazo. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zinto ziba ngazimbili, futhi zivula amaqembu ahlukene emigodi: amanye angena, kanti amanye ayindawo.

Ama-valves okudla abhekele ukufakwa kwengxenye entsha yenhlanganisela kaphethiloli womoya oyisilinda, nasezinjini ezinomjovo oqondile (uhlobo lohlelo lokujova uphethiloli, kuchazwa lapha) - ivolumu yomoya omusha. Le nqubo yenzeka okwamanje lapho i-piston yenza isifo sokudla (kusuka esikhungweni esiphezulu esifile ngemuva kokukhipha i-exhaust, iya phansi).

Ama-valve wokukhipha anenqubo efanayo yokuvula, kuphela anomsebenzi ohlukile. Bavula imbobo yokususa imikhiqizo yomlilo ezinqwabeni eziningi ze-exhaust.

Idizayini ye-valve yenjini

Izingxenye okukhulunywa ngazo zifakiwe eqenjini le-valve lomshini wokusabalalisa igesi. Ngokubambisana neminye imininingwane, banikeza ushintsho ngesikhathi esifanele kuma-valve timing.

Cabanga ngezici zokuklanywa kwama-valve nezingxenye ezihlobene, lapho ukusebenza kwazo ngempumelelo kuncike khona.

Amaphayiphu

Ama-valve asesimweni senduku, kolunye uhlangothi kunekhanda noma i-poppet element, kolunye uhlangothi, isithende noma ukuphela. Ingxenye eyisicaba yakhelwe ukubekwa uphawu okuqinile kokuvuleka ekhanda lesilinda. Ushintsho olubushelelezi lwenziwa phakathi kwesimbali nenduku, hhayi isinyathelo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi i-valve ihleleke kalula ukuze ingakhi ukumelana nokunyakaza koketshezi.

Emotweni efanayo, amaphayiphu okuphuza nawokukhipha azohluka kancane. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zokuqala zezingxenye zizoba nepuleti ebanzi kuneyesibili. Isizathu salokhu ukushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela okuphezulu lapho imikhiqizo yomlilo isuswa endaweni yokuphuma kwegesi.

Ukwenza izingxenye zishibhile, ama-valve asezingxenyeni ezimbili. Zihlukile ekubunjweni. Lezi zingxenye ezimbili zihlanganiswe ngokushisela. I-chamfer esebenzayo yediski ye-valve yokukhipha nayo iyinto ehlukile. Ifakwa kusuka enhlotsheni ehlukile yensimbi, enezinto ezingamelana nokushisa, kanye nokumelana nokucindezela kwemishini. Ngaphezu kwalezi zakhiwo, ubuso bokugcina bamaphayiphu okukhipha akungeni kalula ekwakhekeni kokugqwala. Kuyiqiniso, le ngxenye kuma-valve amaningi yenziwe ngento efana nensimbi okwenziwe ngayo ipuleti.

Amakhanda ezinto zokungena ngokuvamile ayizicaba. Lo mklamo unobulukhuni obudingekayo nobulula bokubulawa. Izinjini ezivuselelwe zingafakwa ama-concave disc valves. Lo mklamo ulula kancane kunomlingani ojwayelekile, ngaleyo ndlela unciphisa amandla e-inertia.

Ngokuqondene nozakwabo bokukhipha, ukuma kwekhanda labo kungaba yisicaba noma i-convex. Inketho yesibili isebenza kahle kakhulu, ngoba ihlinzeka ngokususwa okungcono kwamagesi egumbini lokushisa ngenxa yomklamo owenziwe kahle. Futhi ipuleti le-convex lihlala isikhathi eside ngokuqhathaniswa nozakwabo oyisicaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, into enjalo inzima, ngenxa yokuthi i-inertia yayo ihlupheka. Lezi zinhlobo zezingxenye zizodinga iziphethu eziqinile.

Futhi, ukwakheka kwesiqu kwalolu hlobo lwama-valve kuhluke kancane ezingxenyeni zokudla. Ukuhlinzeka ngokushiswa okungcono kokushisa okuvela entweni, ibha iyajiya. Lokhu kwandisa ukumelana nokushisa okuqinile kwengxenye. Kodwa-ke, lesi sixazululo sinokubi - kudala ukumelana okukhulu namagesi asusiwe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, abenzi basasebenzisa lo mklamo, ngoba igesi yokukhipha ikhishwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqinile.

Namuhla kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okusha kwama-valve apholile okuphoqelelwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunesisekelo esiyize. I-sodium yotshwala ifakwa emgodini wayo. Le nto iyahwamuka uma ishiswa kakhulu (etholakala eduze kwekhanda). Ngenxa yale nqubo, lo gesi ubamba ukushisa okuvela ezindongeni zensimbi. Njengoba iphakama, igesi iyaphola bese iyajiya. Uketshezi lwehlela ezansi, lapho inqubo iphindaphindwa khona.

Ukuze ama-valve aqinisekise ukuqina kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, kukhethwa i-chamfer esihlalweni naku-disc. Kuyenziwa futhi nge-wotho ukuqeda lesi sinyathelo. Lapho ufaka ama-valve emotweni, akhuhlwa ekhanda.

Ukuqina kokuxhumeka kwesihlalo kuya ekhanda kuthinteka ukugqwala kwe-flange, futhi izingxenye zokuphuma zivame ukubhekana nokufakwa kwemali kwekhabhoni. Ukunweba impilo ye-valve, ezinye izinjini zinemishini eyengeziwe ephendukisa i-valve kancane lapho isitolo sivaliwe. Lokhu kususa okufakwa kwi-carbon okuvela.

Kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi i-valve shank iphuke. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi ingxenye iwele kusilinda futhi ilimaze imoto. Ukwehluleka, kwanele ukuthi i-crankshaft yenze izinguquko ezimbalwa ezingekho emthethweni. Ukuvimbela lesi simo, abakhiqizi be-auto valve bangahlomisa ingxenye ngendandatho yokugcina.

Okuncane mayelana nezici zesithende se-valve. Le ngxenye inikezwe amandla okulwa ngoba ithintwa yicamshaft cam. Ukuze i-valve ivuleke, i-cam kufanele iyicindezele phansi ngamandla anele ukucindezela intwasahlobo. Le yunithi kufanele ithole ukuthambisa okwanele, futhi ukuze ingagugi ngokushesha, iyaqina. Abanye abaklami bezimoto basebenzisa amakepisi akhethekile ukuvimbela ukugqokwa kwenduku, okwenziwe ngezinto ezingamelana naleyo mithwalo.

Ukuvimbela i-valve ukuthi ingangeni emkhonweni ngesikhathi sokushisa, ingxenye yesiqu esiseduze nensimbi incane kancane kunengxenye eseduze kwesithende. Ukulungisa intwasahlobo ye-valve, kwenziwa ama-groove amabili ekugcineni kwama-valve (kwezinye izimo, eyodwa), lapho kufakwa khona ama-crackers osekelo (ipuleti elingaguquki lapho intwasahlobo ihlala khona).

Imithombo yevelufa

Intwasahlobo ithinta ukusebenza kahle kwe-valve. Kuyadingeka ukuze ikhanda nesihlalo kunikeze ukuxhumana okuqinile, futhi indawo yokusebenza ayingeni ngaphakathi kwe-fistula eyakhiwe. Uma le ngxenye iqine kakhulu, i-camshaft cam noma isithende sesiqu se-valve sizophela ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intwasahlobo ebuthakathaka ngeke ikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okuqinile phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili.

Njengoba le nto isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zemithwalo eshintsha ngokushesha, ingahle yephule. Abakhiqizi bePowertrain basebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithombo ukuvimba ukonakala okusheshayo. Kwezinye izikhathi, izinhlobo ezimbili zifakiwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwehlisa umthwalo entweni ngayinye, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise impilo yayo yokusebenza.

Kulomklamo, iziphethu zizoba nesiqondisi esihlukile samaphuzu. Lokhu kuvimbela izinhlayiya zengxenye ephukile ekungeneni phakathi kokushintshana kokunye. Insimbi yasentwasahlobo isetshenziselwa ukwenza lezi zinto. Ngemuva kokuthi umkhiqizo wenziwe, usuthathelwa phezulu.

Emaphethelweni, intwasahlobo ngayinye igaywe phansi ukuze yonke ingxenye ethwele ixhumane nekhanda le-valve kanye nepuleti ephezulu enamathiselwe ekhanda lesilinda. Ukuvimbela ingxenye ukuthi ingangeni ku-oxidizing, imbozwe ungqimba lwe-cadmium ne-galvanized.

Ngaphezu kwama-valve wesikhathi asezingeni elijwayelekile, i-valve yomoya ingasetshenziswa ezimotweni zezemidlalo. Eqinisweni, lokhu kuyinto efanayo, kuphela kusetjenziswa yindlela ekhethekile yokuphefumula. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukunemba kokusebenza kufinyelelwa ekutheni imoto iyakwazi ukuthuthuka okungakholeki - kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezingama-20.

Intuthuko enjalo yavela emuva ngawo-1980. Kufaka isandla ekuvulekeni / ekuvalweni okucacile kwemigodi, okungenakuhlinzekwa intwasahlobo. Le actuator inikwa amandla yigesi ecindezelwe echibini elingaphezulu kwe-valve. Lapho i-cam ishaya i-valve, amandla okuthelela alinganiselwa ku-10 bar. I-valve iyavula, futhi lapho i-camshaft inciphisa umthelela esithendeni sayo, igesi elicindezelweyo libuyisela ingxenye ngokushesha endaweni yayo. Ukuvikela ukwehla kwengcindezi ngenxa yokuvuza okungaba khona, uhlelo lufakwe i-compressor eyengeziwe, ichibi layo elicindezelwe ibha engaba ngu-200.

UJames Ellison, PBM Aprilia, CRT Test Jerez Feb 2012

Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa ezithuthuthu zesigaba se-MotoGP. Lokhu kuthutha nelitha elilodwa levolumu yenjini likwazi ukuthuthukisa izinguquko ze-crankshaft ezingama-20-21. Imodeli eyodwa enomshini ofanayo ingenye yamamodeli wesithuthuthu i-Aprilia. Amandla ayo ayi-240 hp emangalisayo. Kuyiqiniso, lokhu kungaphezu kwemoto enamasondo amabili.

Imihlahlandlela ye-Valve

Indima yale ngxenye ekusebenzeni kwe-valve ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihamba ngendlela eqondile. Umkhono nawo uyasiza ukupholisa induku. Le ngxenye idinga ukuthambisa njalo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, induku izobhekana nokucindezela okushisayo njalo futhi umkhono uzophela ngokushesha.

Izinto ezingasetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezihlahla ezinjalo kufanele zimelane nokushisa, zimelane nokungqubuzana njalo, zisuse kahle ukushisa okuvela engxenyeni eseduzane, futhi futhi zimelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Izidingo ezinjalo zingahlangatshezwa yinsimbi ye-pearlite grey cast, i-aluminium bronze, i-ceramic ene-chrome noma i-chrome-nickel. Zonke lezi zinto zinesakhiwo esinezimbobo, esisiza ukugcina uwoyela ungaphezulu.

I-bushing ye-valve yokukhipha izoba nokuvuleka okuncane phakathi kwesiqu kunokulingana okungena. Isizathu salokhu ukunwetshwa okukhulu kokushisa kwe-valve yokususa igesi emfucuza.

Izihlalo ze-Valve

Le yingxenye yokuxhumana yekhanda lesilinda ethwala eduze kwesilinda ne-valve disc ngayinye. Njengoba le ngxenye yekhanda ibhekene nezingcindezi zomshini nezishisayo, kufanele imelane nokushisa okuphezulu nemithelela ejwayelekile (lapho imoto ishayela ngesivinini esikhulu, ijubane le-camshaft liphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba ama-valve awela ngokoqobo esihlalweni).

Uma i-cylinder block nekhanda laso kwakhiwe nge-aluminium alloy, izihlalo ze-valve kuzofanele zenziwe ngensimbi. Insimbi yensimbi isivele ibhekana kahle nemithwalo enjalo, ngakho-ke isihlalo salokhu kuguqulwa senziwa ekhanda uqobo.

Izihlalo ze-plug-in nazo ziyatholakala. Zenziwe nge-alloy cast iron noma ngensimbi engamelana nokushisa. Ukuze i-chamfer ye-element ingagugi kangako, yenziwa ngokubeka insimbi emelana nokushisa.

Isihlalo sokufaka silungisiwe ekhanda ngokuthwala ngezindlela ezihlukile. Kwezinye izimo, kuyacindezelwa, bese kwenziwa umsele engxenyeni engenhla yesici, esigcwaliswa ngensimbi yomzimba oyinhloko ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Lokhu kudala ubuqotho bomhlangano kusuka kuzinsimbi ezahlukahlukene.

Isihlalo sensimbi sinamathiselwe ngokukhanyisa phezulu emzimbeni wekhanda. Kukhona izihlalo zesilinda nezindilinga. Esimweni sokuqala, zifakwa esitobhini, kanti eyesibili inegebe elincane lokuphela.

Inani lama-valve enjini

Injini ejwayelekile yomlilo o-4 unecamshaft eyodwa nama-valve amabili isilinda ngasinye. Kulesi sakhiwo, ingxenye eyodwa inesibopho sokujova kwenhlanganisela yomoya noma umoya nje (uma uhlelo lukaphethiloli lunomjovo oqondile), kanti enye inesibopho sokukhipha amagesi okukhipha angene ezinhlwini eziningi ze-exhaust.

Ukusebenza okuthe xaxa ekuguqulweni kwenjini, lapho kukhona khona ama-valve amane isilinda ngasinye - amabili esigabeni ngasinye. Ngenxa yalokhu kwakhiwa, ukugcwaliswa okungcono kwegumbi ngengxenye entsha ye-VTS noma umoya kuqinisekisiwe, kanye nokususwa okusheshayo kwamagesi okukhipha umoya kanye nomoya we-cylinder cavity. Izimoto zaqala ukufakelwa ama-motors aqala ngama-70s wekhulu elidlule, yize ukuthuthukiswa kwamayunithi lawo kwaqala engxenyeni yokuqala yama-1910.

Kuze kube manje, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamandla amayunithi, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa injini lapho kukhona valve emihlanu. Amabili okuphuma, kuthi amathathu okungena. Isibonelo samayunithi anjalo amamodeli wokukhathazeka kweVolkswagen-Audi. Yize inqubo yokusebenza kwebhande lesikhathi emotweni enjalo ifana nezinguqulo zakudala, ukwakhiwa kwalo mshini kuyinkimbinkimbi, yingakho ukuthuthukiswa okusha kubiza.

Indlela efanayo engajwayelekile ibuye ithathwe ngumenzi wemoto uMercedes-Benz. Ezinye izinjini ezivela kulo mshini wemishini zifakwe ama-valve amathathu isilinda ngasinye (ukudla okungu-2, 1 ukukhipha). Ngokwengeziwe, kufakwa ama-plugs amabili egumbini ngalinye lebhodwe.

Umkhiqizi unquma inani lama-valve ngosayizi wegumbi okungena kulo uphethiloli nomoya. Ukuze uthuthukise ukugcwaliswa kwayo, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukungena okungcono kwengxenye entsha ye-BTC. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungandisa ububanzi bomgodi, futhi ngawo usayizi wepuleti. Kodwa-ke, lesi sesimanje sinemikhawulo yaso. Kepha kungenzeka ukufaka i-valve eyengeziwe yokudla, ngakho-ke ama-automakers athuthukisa ukulungiswa okunjalo kwekhanda lesilinda. Njengoba ijubane lokungenisa libaluleke ngaphezu kokukhipha (i-exhaust isuswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-piston), ngenombolo yama-valve engajwayelekile, kuzohlala kunezinto eziningi zokudla.

Yimaphi ama-valve enziwe

Njengoba ama-valve esebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela kwemishini, enziwe ngensimbi emelana nezinto ezinjalo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kuyashisa, futhi ibuye ihlangane nengcindezi yemishini, indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwesihlalo nediski ye-valve. Ngejubane eliphezulu lenjini, ama-valve acwila ngokushesha ezihlalweni, adala ukushaqeka emaphethelweni engxenye. Futhi, ngenkathi kusha inhlanganisela yomoya nophethiloli, imiphetho emincane yepuleti ifakwa ekushiseni okubukhali.

Ngaphezu kwediski ye-valve, imikhono ye-valve nayo icindezelekile. Izici ezingezinhle eziholela ekugqokeni kulezi zinto ukugcwala ngokwanele nokushayisana okungapheli ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwama-valve okusheshayo.

Ngalezi zizathu, izidingo ezilandelayo zibekwa kuma-valve:

1. Kumele bavale okufakwayo / okuthengiswayo;
2. Ngokushisa okuqinile, imiphetho yepuleti akufanele ikhubazeke kwimithelela esihlalweni;
3. Kufanele ihleleke kahle ukuze kungabikho ukumelana okwenziwa kokungenayo noma okuphumayo;
4. Ingxenye akufanele isindwe;
5. Insimbi kumele ibe lukhuni futhi iqine;
6. Akufanele ibhekane ne-oxidation enamandla (lapho imoto ingashayi kakhulu, imiphetho yamakhanda akufanele igqwale).

Ingxenye evule imbobo ezinjinini zikadizili ishisa kuze kufike kuma-degree angama-700, naku-analogues kaphethiloli - kuze kufike ku-900 ngenhla kuka-zero. Isimo sinzima ukuthi ngokushisa okunjalo okuqinile, i-valve evulekile ayipholi. I-valve yokuphuma ingenziwa nganoma iyiphi insimbi ephezulu ye-alloy engakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Njengoba sekushiwo, i-valve eyodwa yenziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili zensimbi. Ikhanda lenziwe ngama-alloys okushisa okuphezulu kanti isiqu senziwe nge-carbon steel.

Ngokuqondene nezinto zokungena, zipholile ngokuxhumana nesihlalo. Noma kunjalo, izinga lokushisa labo liphakeme futhi - cishe ngama-degree angama-300, ngakho-ke akuvunyelwe ukuthi ingxenye ikhubazeke lapho ishiswa.

I-Chromium ivame ukufakwa ezintweni ezibonakalayo zama-valve, okwandisa ukuzinza kwayo okushisayo. Ngesikhathi sokusha kukaphethiloli, igesi noma uphethiloli, kukhishwa ezinye izinto ezingathinta kakhulu izingxenye zensimbi (ngokwesibonelo, i-lead oxide). I-Nickel, i-manganese ne-nitrogen compounds ingafakwa ezintweni zekhanda le-valve ukuvikela ukusabela okungalungile.

Futhi ekugcineni. Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ngubani ukuthi ama-valve kunoma iyiphi injini asha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nayi ividiyo emfushane ngezizathu zalokhu:

Izizathu ezishisa amavalve ku-CAR ENGINE ama-95% wabashayeli AKAZI

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Enzani ama-valve enjinini? Njengoba evula, ama-valve okungenisa avumela umoya omusha (noma ingxube yomoya / uphethiloli) ukuthi ugeleze kusilinda. Ama-valve e-exhaust avulekile aholela amagesi e-exhaust ku-multifold exhaust.

Ukuqonda kanjani ukuthi ama-valve ashisiwe? Isici esibalulekile samavalvu ashile yi-motor triplet, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-rpm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla enjini ayancipha ngokufanele, futhi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuyanda.

Yiziphi izingxenye ezivula futhi zivale ama-valve? Isiqu se-valve sixhunywe kumakhamera we-camshaft. Ezinjinini eziningi zesimanje, ama-hydraulic lifters nawo afakwa phakathi kwalezi zingxenye.