Imaphi amasondo - amasondo namasondo asetshenziswa kuVolkswagen Polo sedan izimoto, indlela yokukhetha kahle

Kazi imoto yesimanje ingenzani ngaphandle kwamasondo enjoloba athembekile nokukhanya, kodwa aqinile, amarimu? Cishe kwakuzodingeka afunde ukundiza. Ngempela, ijubane, ukunethezeka nokuphepha kokunyakaza emigwaqweni kuncike ekutheni yimaphi amasondo afakwe emotweni. Uma futhi sicabangela izici ezingavamile zomgwaqo waseRussia, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani abashayeli baseRussia kufanele bakhethe amathayi afanele futhi bashintshe amathayi ezimotweni zabo ngesikhathi. Akukhona nje ukubukeka kwemoto kuncike kwikhwalithi nesisindo sama-discs, kodwa futhi ukuqina kwerabha nokumiswa.

Iluphi ulwazi oludingayo ukwazi ngaphambi kokukhetha amasondo eVolkswagen Polo

Umkhiqizo wemoto waseJalimane ovela ku-VAG ukukhathazeka, okhiqizwa eRussia, uthole abalandeli abaningi. Kanye nokunye okubi, iVolkswagen Polo inezinye izinzuzo eziningi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindleko eziphansi zemoto kanye ne-chassis yayo, eguqulelwe emigwaqweni yaseRussia. Amasondo ayingxenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-chassis, ehlinzeka ngokuxhumana okuthembekile nomgwaqo womgwaqo nokuthambile okuhle. Izingxenye zesondo lesimanje ziyirimu, isondo kanye nesigqoko sokuhlobisa (uyazikhethela). Lezi zingxenye kufanele zilingane futhi zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zomkhiqizi wemoto.

Amakhava amasondo oqobo akwa-VW ahlukaniswa ngophawu lwalowo okhathazekile olutholakala kukepisi yehabhu lamasondo.

Konke mayelana namasondo

Ukuze imoto iziphathe kahle emgwaqeni, kuyadingeka ukuthi amarimu ahambisane ngokugcwele nemingcele yokumiswa efakwe kuhlobo oluthile lwemoto. Izimoto zesimanje zihamba ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamasondo: amasondo ensimbi ne-alloy. Ngokulandelayo, iqembu lama-alloys okukhanya lihlukaniswe libe yi-cast futhi linziwe.

Izici zamasondo ensimbi

Amamodeli amaningi webhajethi ashiya amafekthri ezindongeni zensimbi. Zenziwa ngokugxiviza kusuka eshidini lensimbi, kulandelwa ukushisela izingxenye ezimbili - ipuleti kanye nomphetho. Ukungalungi okukhulu kwezakhiwo ezinjalo:

1. Isisindo esikhulu uma siqhathaniswa namasondo e-alloy. Lokhu kwehlisa izinga lokusebenza kwemoto.
2. Ukumelana okubuthakathaka kokugqwala, okutholakala kakhulu kuma-discs anezingubo ezenziwe nge-electrophoresis kusetshenziswa koqweqwe lwawo.
3. Ukubukeka okungathandeki, ukulingana okungalungile ngenxa yokungalungi ekukhiqizeni.

Amasondo ensimbi nawo anezimfanelo ezinhle, okuhlanganisa:

1. Izindleko eziphansi ngenxa yobulula bobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza.
2. Amandla aphezulu kanye ne-ductility. Ngaphansi komthelela wesenzo sangaphandle, amadiski awaphuli, kodwa akhubazekile. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwemoto.
3. Ikhono lokuqeda ama-deformations ngesikhathi semithelela. Indlela yokugoqa ingaqeda amazinyo, kanye nokushisela imifantu emincane.

Izimoto zakwaVW Polo ezinamazinga eTrendline kanye neComfortline zifakelwe amarimu ensimbi

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi amasondo ingxubevange

Yenziwe nge-aluminium engasindi kanye nama-magnesium alloys. Isisindo esiphansi sinomthelela omuhle ekusebenzeni kokumiswa endaweni yesisindo sayo esingaphumi. Uma lesi sisindo sincane, kuba ngcono ukuphathwa kwemoto kanye nokuphendula kokumiswa kuma-bumps nemigodi endaweni yomgwaqo. Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-cast and forged light-alloy rollers:

• isisindo esincane;
• amandla okupholisa angcono ama-brake discs ngenxa yokungena komoya omuhle;
• ukunemba okuphezulu kokukhiqiza, okunomthelela ekulinganiseni okuhle;
• ukumelana kahle nokugqwala okwenziwe ifilimu ye-aluminium dioxide ebusweni bama-discs;
• ukubukeka okuhle, okuvumela ukuthi wenze ngaphandle kwama-caps.

Ububi obukhulu bamasondo e-cast alloy:

• i-brittleness ebangelwa ukwakheka kwe-granular yezinto ezibonakalayo;
• amanani aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namarola ensimbi.

I-drawback eyinhloko yi-fragility, amasondo akhiwe anqatshelwe. Alula kakhulu futhi ahlala isikhathi eside, awahlukanisi noma aqhekeke lapho eshaywa. Kodwa kufanele ukhokhele lokhu ngentengo ephezulu yalawa marenki. Okufanelekile ngokwemibandela "yezici zekhwalithi yentengo" amasondo e-aluminium ekhanyayo. Zithandwa kakhulu ngabashayeli bezimoto baseRussia.

Amarola eMagnesium anamandla kune-aluminium kodwa abiza ngaphezulu

Ukumaka

Ukuze ukhethe i-rim efanele, udinga ukwazi ukuthi imakwe kanjani. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamarenki kukhona ukumakwa okukodwa. Isibonelo, ake sithathe okukodwa kokumaka kwesondo lokuqala lengxubevange ye-VW Polo - 5Jx14 ET35 PCD 5 × 100 DIA 57.1. Ngakho:

1. Inhlanganisela engu-5J - idijithi yokuqala engu-5 isho ububanzi bediski, evezwe ngamasentimitha. Incwadi J yazisa ngesimo sephrofayili yama-flanges wediski. Amasondo oqobo eVW Polo nawo angaba ngu-6 inch ububanzi. Ngezinye izikhathi ekuphawuleni kungase kube nohlamvu W phambi kwenombolo.
2. Inombolo 14 ububanzi bediski, evezwe ngamasentimitha. Emotweni efanayo, ingahluka, njengoba lokhu kubaluleka kuncike kubukhulu besondo elifakwayo. Ezinye izimpawu zivumela uhlamvu R phambi kwenombolo.
3. I-ET 35 - i-disk offset. Imelela ibanga ukusuka endizeni yokunamathiselwe kwe-disc endizeni ye-symmetry ye-rim, evezwe ngamamilimitha. Ngokuya ngomklamo, i-overhang ingaba yinhle noma ibe yimbi. Kumadiski eVolkswagen Polo, i-overhang ingu-35, 38 noma 40 mm.
4. I-PCD 5 × 100 - inombolo nobubanzi, obuvezwe ngamamilimitha, lapho izimbobo zamabholithi akhuphukayo zikhona. Izimbobo ezi-5 zibhojwa kumadiski e-VAG, atholakala eduze kwendilinga enobubanzi obuyi-100 mm. Le parameter ibizwa nangokuthi iphethini yebhawudo.
5. I-DIA 57.1 ububanzi belugi emaphakathi yehabhu lamasondo, evezwa ngamamilimitha. Ngezinye izikhathi kuboniswa ekuphawuleni ngohlamvu D. KuVolkswagen Polo, ubukhulu bembobo ephakathi kudiski abukwazi ukuba ngaphansi kuka-51.7 mm. Ukuchezuka okuphansi okuphansi kuvunyelwe.
6. H (HAMP) - elihunyushwe lisho umphetho noma i-hillock. Ibonisa ukuba khona kwamakholomu adingekayo ukuze kuvikeleke ubuhlalu bamathayi angenamashubhu. Uma i-lug eyodwa ikhona, le pharamitha iboniswa njenge-H. Uma kukhona ama-lug amabili, okudingekayo ukufaka amathayi e-RunFlat anezindonga eziseceleni eziqinisiwe, khona-ke ukumaka kufanele kube ngu-H2.

Amathayi angenawo amashubhu angafakwa kuphela kumarimu ane-HAMP

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lapho i-disk offset ishintsha, izimo zokusebenza zazo zonke izingxenye zokumiswa ziyashintsha. Ngakho-ke, ungeqi ngalé kwamanani anconywe umenzi we-automaker. Ngokwazi ukuthi izimpawu zediski zisho ukuthini, ungagwema ukukhetha okungalungile uma uthenga amasondo eVolkswagen Polo.

Konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana amathayi

Isondo lesondo liwumkhiqizo oyinkimbinkimbi futhi osebenzayo. Irabha kufanele ihlinzeke:

• ukuxhumana okuhle nomgwaqo;
• ukulawula imoto okuthembekile;
• ukusheshisa ephumelelayo kanye braking of imoto.

Kusuka emithambekeni lapho i-patency yemoto ezimweni zezindawo zomgwaqo ezimbi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nemvelo yomsindo okhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokunyakaza, kuncike. Amathayi esimanje ahluka ngezindlela eziningi:

• i-diagonal ne-radial, enezici ezihlukene zokuklama;
• ikamelo kanye ne-tubeless, enezinketho ezahlukene zokuvala isikhala sangaphakathi;
• ihlobo, ubusika, isimo sezulu sonke, izwe elinqamula izwe, kuye ngephethini nokuma kwe-treadmill.

Izici zokuklama

Namuhla, amathayi e-radial akhona emakethe, amathayi e-diagonal cishe awakaze akhiqizwe ngenxa yedizayini yawo ephelelwe yisikhathi nempilo yesevisi emfushane. Umehluko wokuklama ubangelwa indawo yezinto zezintambo, okunikeza amandla enjoloba nokuguquguquka. Intambo iyintambo encane eyenziwe nge-viscose, amakhadibhodi noma ukotini. Ukwakhiwa kwabo, ucingo lwensimbi oluncane luyasetshenziswa. Le nto iya ngokuya ithandwa ngabakhiqizi nabashayeli bezimoto.

Ubuchwepheshe besimanje kakhulu busetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamasondo

Ngezansi izici zezingxenye eziyinhloko zamathayi e-radial:

1. Uhlaka luyingxenye eyinhloko ethola imithwalo evela ngaphandle futhi inxephezele ukucindezela komoya endaweni engaphakathi ngaphakathi. Ikhwalithi yohlaka inquma izici zamandla zomthambeko. Kuwumucu wentambo owenziwe ngerabha, obekwe ungqimba olulodwa noma ngaphezulu.
2. I-breaker iyisendlalelo esivikelayo esiphakathi kwesidumbu kanye nongqimba lokunyathela. Ivikela sonke isakhiwo emonakalweni, ingeze amandla kuso, futhi ivimbela uhlaka lwe-delamination. Iqukethe izingqimba zocingo lwentambo yensimbi, isikhala phakathi kwawo esigcwele irabha yokwenziwa.
3. Isivikelo siwugqinsi oluwugqinsi olutholakala ngaphandle. Ithinta indawo yomgwaqo, idlulisela amandla kuyo ngesikhathi sokusheshisa nokubhuleka. Ingaphezulu layo linendlela yokukhululeka embozwe ngemisele enephethini kanye nama-protrusions. Ukuma nokujula kwaleli phethini kunquma izimo lapho isondo lisetshenziswa kangcono (ihlobo, ubusika noma amathayi wesimo sezulu sonke). Umvikeli ezinhlangothini zombili uphetha ngama-mini-sidewalls noma izindawo zamahlombe.
4. I-Sidewall - leyo ngxenye yesondo, etholakala phakathi kwezindawo zehlombe kanye nobuhlalu. Ngokuvamile zimakwa. Ziqukethe uhlaka kanye nongqimba lwerabha oluncane oluvikela amathonya angaphandle kanye nomswakama.
5. Izoni ye-onboard inesibopho sokubopha unqenqema nokuvala isikhala sangaphakathi uma i-slope ingenamashubhu. Kule ngxenye eqinile, intambo yesidumbu isongwe ngendandatho eyenziwe ngocingo lwensimbi oluyinjoloba. Ngaphezulu kwale ndandatho, intambo yokugcwalisa irabha iyavalwa, ehlinzeka ngoshintsho olunwebekayo ukusuka kwendandatho eqinile ukuya kunjoloba ethambile eseceleni.

Njengoba ubona, idivayisi yamasondo esimanje iyinkimbinkimbi. Yilokhu okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuwumphumela weminyaka eminingi yokusesha, ukuhlola kanye nephutha, okunikeza insiza enkulu yokusebenzisa irabha - amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-100.

Ukumaka iTire

Irabha ekhiqizwa eYurophu imakwe ngokuhambisana nendinganiso eyodwa. Ukuze uthole ireferensi, sizosebenzisa ukumaka enye yezinhlobonhlobo zamathayi afakwe ku-Volkswagen Polo conveyor sedan - 195/55 R15 85H:

• 195 - ububanzi bephrofayili yesondo, evezwe ngamamilimitha;
• 55 - isilinganiso sobude nobubanzi bephrofayili ngamaphesenti, lapho kubalwa ukuphakama ngu-107.25 mm;
• R iyinkomba enikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuhlelwa kwe-radial yezintambo;
• 15 - disk rim ububanzi ngamasentimitha;
• 85 - inani lenkomba elibonisa umthamo womthwalo wesondo 515 kg;
• H iyinkomba enquma isivinini esiphezulu esingama-210 km / h lapho isondo lingasebenza khona.

Ngaphezu kobukhulu, amanye amapharamitha abaluleke ngokulinganayo aboniswa odongeni oluseceleni.

Kanye nezici ezingenhla, kungase kube nemingcele ecacisayo:

1. Iviki nonyaka wokukhishwa, njengokulandelana kwamadijithi angu-4. Amabili okuqala asho isonto, okunye - unyaka wokukhishwa.
2. Ukuqiniswa - kusho uhlobo oluqinisiwe lwerabha.
3. Ngaphandle - lo mbhalo usetshenziswa ngaphandle kwamathayi anephethini yokunyathela ye-asymmetric, ukuze ungadideki ngesikhathi sokufakwa.
4. I-M&S - amathayi kufanele asetshenziswe esimweni sezulu esinodaka noma sineqhwa.
5. I-R + W - eyenzelwe ukushayela emigwaqweni ebusika (umgwaqo + nobusika).
6. I-AW - yakhelwe noma yisiphi isimo sezulu.

Esikhundleni sokubhala izimo zezulu, amathayi angamakwa ngezimpawu (imvula, amakhekheba eqhwa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama lomkhiqizo kanye nemodeli yamathayi, kanye nezwe elikhiqizwayo, kugxivizwa ezindongeni eziseceleni.

Imaphi amasondo alingana neVolkswagen Polo sedan, ungakhetha kanjani amasondo namasondo

I-automaker ifaka izinhlobo ezintathu zamadiski ezimotweni ze-Volkswagen Polo sedan: zigxivizwe ngo-cap 14 "no-15", kanye ne-alloy 15.

Amasondo ensimbi afika namakepisi okuhlobisa

Amasondo e-alloy ayingxenye yephakheji ye-premium ye-Highline. Aphuma namathayi anosayizi 195/55 R15 kanye no-185/60 R15. Amasondo ensimbi i-6Jx15 ET38 afakiwe kwikhithi yezimoto zeComfortline futhi ahlanganiswe namathayi angu-185/60 R15. Amasondo e-Highline nawo afanelekile kulokhu kuguqulwa. Uchungechunge lwebhajethi yePolo Trendline inamasondo ensimbi angu-14 inch kuphela namasondo angu-175/70 R14.

Ezimotweni ezenziwe ngaphambi kuka-2015, amasondo alandelayo e-VAG alloy afanelekile:

• 6RU6010258Z8–6Jx15H2 ET 40 Riverside, intengo - kusuka kuma-ruble angu-13700. nangaphezulu;
• 6R0601025BD8Z8-6Jx15H2 ET 40 Estrada, izindleko - kusuka kuma-ruble angu-13650;
• 6R0601025AK8Z8-6Jx15H2 ET 40 Spokane, intengo - kusuka kuma-ruble angu-13800;
• 6C0601025F88Z-6Jx15H2 ET 40 Novara, izindleko - kusukela ruble ayizinkulungwane 11.

Ikhodi yokuqala ohlwini inombolo yekhathalogi. Uma i-Polo sedan ikhishwe ngemuva kuka-2015, ungangeza okulandelayo kumadiski angenhla:

• 6C06010258Z8–6Jx15H2 ET 40 Tosa, kusukela kuma-ruble angu-12600 nangaphezulu;
• 6C0601025LFZZ–6Jx15H2 ET 40 5/100 Linas, inani elincane - ruble 12500.

Ukuze usebenze ebusika, i-automaker incoma amasondo angu-5Jx14 ET 35 anamathayi angu-175/70 R14.

Ukukhethwa kwamasondo okungewona awoqobo

Imakethe yaseRussia inikeza amadrayivu amaningi avela kubakhiqizi bezinkampani zangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, Russian-ezenziwe 5Jx14 ET35 ingxubevange amasondo angathengwa ngentengo ruble 2800 ngocezu olulodwa. Usayizi 1Jx6 H15 ET 2, owenziwe eRussia, uzobiza kancane, kusukela kuma-ruble angu-40.

Labo abanikazi bezimoto abafuna ukushintsha ukubukeka kwemoto yabo, bathenge amasondo e-alloy anamarimu abanzi, afinyelela ku-7 amayintshi ububanzi. Ububanzi berimu bunganyuswa futhi bube ngamasentimitha angu-17, kodwa-ke kuzodingeka ukuthi uthathe irabha enephrofayili ephansi kuyo. Iphethini yebhawodi kufanele ihlale ifana - 5/100 noma 5x100. Ububanzi bembobo emaphakathi ye-DIA kufanele bufane noqobo (57.1mm) noma bube bukhudlwana, kodwa buphelele ngamandandatho amisiwe ukuze kusize ukuqeda umehluko kububanzi behabhu kanye nebhore yediski.

Ama-overhang amakhulu kunama-40 agwenywa kangcono, nakuba amarimu amakhulu azosebenza. I-automaker incoma ukuthi ingakwenzi lokhu, ngoba imithwalo ku-chassis izoshintsha, imoto nayo izoziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Nge-offset enkulu, amathayi azotholakala ngokujulile, ithrekhi yamasondo izoba yincane. Kukhona ingozi yokuthi uma uphenduka, irabha izohlangana ne-front fender liner. Nge-offset encane, amathayi azoya ngaphandle. Ngezinguquko ezinjalo, udinga ukukhetha ngokucophelela ubukhulu bamathayi.

Amadiski enziwe e-Chinese okungewona oqobo ashibhile, kodwa alahlekelwa ukubukeka kwawo ngokushesha, futhi ukuqina kwawo kuphansi

Ukukhethwa kwamasondo emoto emakethe kukhulu. Kunemithambeka yokukhiqiza yaseRussia neyangaphandle, ehluke kakhulu ngekhwalithi, imayela nezindleko. Ukuze ukushayela okuphephile, wonke umnikazi wemoto waseRussia kufanele abe namasethi amabili - amathayi ehlobo nasebusika.

Uma ufuna ukuthenga amathayi ehlobo amasondo angu-14 noma 15 inch azolingana neVolkswagen Polo sedan, ungakhetha ezintweni eziningi kangaka. Intengo iqala, ngokwesilinganiso, isuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-3 lilinye. Uma umkhiqizi edume kakhulu, izindleko ziphezulu. Isibonelo, amanani amathayi e-Bridgestone ezinhlobo ezahlukene aqala kuma-ruble angu-4500. Amathayi asebusika athengiswa ngenani elifanayo lentengo.

Intengo yamathayi e-Michelin iqala kuma-ruble angama-5300

Ividiyo: indlela yokukhetha amasondo emoto

https://youtube.com/watch?v=dTVPAYWyfvg

Ividiyo: izindlela zokukhetha amathayi ehlobo ezimoto

https://youtube.com/watch?v=6lQufRWMN9g

Ividiyo: ukukhetha amathayi asebusika emoto yakho

https://youtube.com/watch?v=JDGAyfEh2go

Ukubuyekezwa kwabanikazi bezimoto mayelana nezinhlobo ezithile zamasondo namasondo

Amathayi emoto e-Hankook angamasondo amahle. Mina nomkami sasihamba ngamathayi avela kulo mkhiqizi izinkathi ezingu-6 (intwasahlobo, ihlobo, ekwindla). Cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-55 zashayela, zixhaphaza ezimeni ezahlukahlukene - ezungeze idolobha nangaphandle kwedolobha. Ngokuvamile, sijabule ngala mathayi, afana ngokuphelele namasha. Ngendlela, irabha ye-Kama yayanele kuphela amasizini ama-2. Umsindo omncane werabha, uthambile, uphethe umgwaqo ohlakaniphile.

Jasstin84, Cherepovets

https://otzovik.com/review_6076157.html

Amathayi asehlobo e-Bridgestone Turanza, angama-intshi angu-15 ububanzi, ngalulekwa eminyakeni emi-5 edlule ngumnikazi ojwayelekile wokufaka amathayi ngamazwi athi anokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Ngabe sengiziqonda kabi lezi zinto, ngakho-ke ngethemba umbono wochwepheshe. Kwavela ukuthi konke kwakuyiqiniso. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngathola ingozi. Imoto eyayijikela kwesokunxele ayizange ingingenise ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo, yangishayisa eceleni yangiphonsa eceleni komgwaqo. Angizange ngindize kancane ngingene erobhothini. Enkonzweni yezimoto, kamuva ngatshelwa ukuthi amathayi athambile ayengeke asinde kuleso sigameko. Okubi nje engikutholile wumsindo wale rabha.

rem_kai

http://irecommend.ru/content/mne-ponravilis-188

Amathayi emoto ehlobo le-Michelin Energy Saver - ngemva kokusebenzisa amathayi e-Michelin, mancane amathuba okuthi ngishintshele kwabanye. Izinzuzo: igcina umgwaqo usesimweni esibi, awubangi umsindo, awugugi. Ukungalungi: intengo ephezulu, kodwa ihambisana nekhwalithi. Ukubamba umgwaqo kuhle, ngisho nasesimweni sezulu esimanzi. Ngokushintshwa okuphindaphindiwe, ngaphambi kokuqala kwesizini nangemva kokuphela kwenkonzo yamasondo, isikhathi ngasinye bathi phakathi kwamasondo ngenze ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu.

Neulovimaya, Minsk

https://otzovik.com/review_5139785.html

Amadiski amasondo Volkswagen Polo sedan R15. Izinzuzo: iphephile, izohlala isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka owodwa. Ububi: Ukungatholakali kahle. Amasondo oqobo 6Jx15 H2 ET 38. Izisindo eziphezulu zokulinganisa (kuhlanganise namasondo e-Pirelli) 20-25 amagremu - evamile, kodwa akulungile. Into eyinhloko ukuthi ngemva kwenkathi eyodwa yasebusika, ukugqwala komgodi kwavela emaphethelweni e-disc rim.

Shoper 68, St. Petersburg

http://otzovik.com/review_3245502.html

Ungawavikela kanjani amasondo eVolkswagen Polo ekuntshontshweni

Akuwona wonke umnikazi wemoto ongagcina imoto yakhe egaraji noma endaweni yokupaka ekhokhelwayo. Iningi labahlali basemadolobheni amakhulu baphoqeleka ukuthi bashiye izimoto zabo ezindaweni ezingagadiwe - ezindaweni zokupaka eduze kwezindlu. Ngeshwa, izimoto ezinjalo zisengozini enkulu yokwebiwa noma yokugetshengwa. Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuvikela amasondo akho ekwebiweni ukuthenga amabhawodi okuvikela.

Ezinye izingidi zithengiswa ngamapulaki okunzima ukuwakhipha ngaphandle kwethuluzi elikhethekile.

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