Ungaphuma kanjani ekuxabaneni kwe-physics?

Isizukulwane esilandelayo sokushayisana kwezinhlayiyana sizobiza izigidigidi zamaRandi. Kunezinhlelo zokwakha imishini enjalo eYurophu naseChina, kodwa ososayensi bayangabaza ukuthi lokhu kunengqondo yini. Mhlawumbe kufanele sibheke indlela entsha yokuhlola nokucwaninga ezoholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-physics? 

I-Standard Model iqinisekiswe ngokuphindaphindiwe, kuhlanganise ne-Large Hadron Collider (LHC), kodwa ayihlangabezani nakho konke okulindelwe yi-physics. Alikwazi ukuchaza izimfihlakalo ezifana nokuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama, noma kungani amandla adonsela phansi ehluke kangaka kwamanye amandla ayisisekelo.

Kusayensi ngokwesiko ebhekana nezinkinga ezinjalo, kunendlela yokuqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa le mibono. ukuqoqwa kwedatha eyengeziwe - kulesi simo, kusukela kuma-telescopes angcono kanye nama-microscopes, futhi mhlawumbe kusukela entsha ngokuphelele, ngisho nangaphezulu i-super bumper lokho kuzodala ithuba lokutholwa izinhlayiya ze-supersymmetric.

Ngo-2012, i-Institute of High Energy Physics ye-Chinese Academy of Sciences yamemezela uhlelo lokwakha isibali esikhulu esikhulu. Kuhleliwe I-Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) izoba nesiyingi esingaba ngu-100 km, cishe ngokuphindwe kane kune-LHC (1). Ephendula, ngo-2013, opharetha we-LHC, okungukuthi i-CERN, yamemezela uhlelo lwayo lwedivayisi entsha yokushayisana ebizwa ngokuthi. I-Future Circular Collider (FCC).

1. Ukuqhathaniswa kosayizi wama-accelerator ahleliwe e-CEPC, i-FCC kanye ne-LHC.

Kodwa-ke, ososayensi nonjiniyela bayazibuza ukuthi la maphrojekthi azokufanelekela yini ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. U-Chen-Ning Yang, owawina uMklomelo KaNobel ku-particle physics, wagxeka ukufunwa kweminonjana ye-supersymmetry kusetshenziswa i-supersymmetry entsha eminyakeni emithathu edlule kubhulogi yakhe, ekubiza ngokuthi "umdlalo wokuqagela." Ukuqagela okubiza kakhulu. Kwananelwa ososayensi abaningi baseShayina, futhi eYurophu, izinkanyiso zesayensi zakhuluma ngomoya ofanayo mayelana nephrojekthi ye-FCC.

Lokhu kubikwe ku-Gizmodo nguSabine Hossenfelder, isazi se-physics e-Institute for Advanced Study eFrankfurt. -

Abagxeki bamaphrojekthi wokudala ama-collider anamandla kakhulu bayaqaphela ukuthi isimo sihlukile kunesikhathi sakhiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakwaziwa ukuthi ngisho sifuna Bogs Higgs. Manje imigomo ayikachazwa kancane. Futhi ukuthula emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa okwenziwe yi-Large Hadron Collider ethuthukisiwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokutholwa kwe-Higgs - ngaphandle kokutholwa kwempumelelo kusukela ngo-2012 - kuyathusa ngandlela thile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iqiniso elaziwayo, kodwa mhlawumbe hhayi jikelele, ukuthi konke esikwaziyo mayelana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa e-LHC kuvela ekuhlaziyweni okungaba ngu-0,003% kuphela wedatha etholwe ngaleso sikhathi. Asikwazanga ukusingatha okwengeziwe. Ngeke kukhishwe ukuthi izimpendulo zemibuzo emikhulu ye-physics esihluphayo sezivele ziku-99,997% esingazange siyicabange. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe awudingi kangako ukwakha omunye umshini omkhulu futhi obizayo, kodwa ukuthola indlela yokuhlaziya ulwazi olwengeziwe?

Kuyafaneleka ukucatshangelwa, ikakhulukazi njengoba izazi zefiziksi zinethemba lokukhama ngisho nangaphezulu emshinini. Isikhathi sokuphumula seminyaka emibili (esibizwa kanjalo) esiqale kamuva nje sizogcina i-collider ingasebenzi kuze kube ngu-2021, okuvumela ukulungiswa (2). Ngemuva kwalokho izoqala ukusebenza ngamandla afanayo noma aphezulu, ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa okukhulu ngo-2023, okuphothulwe ku-2026.

Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuzobiza ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane (ezishibhile uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko ezihleliwe ze-FCC), futhi umgomo wayo uwukudala okuthiwa. Ukukhanya Okuphezulu-LHC. Ngo-2030, lokhu kungase kwenyuse ngokuphindwe kashumi isibalo sokushayisana kwemoto ngomzuzwana.

2. Umsebenzi wokulungisa ku-LHC

kwakuyi-neutrino

Enye yezinhlayiya ezingazange zitholakale ku-LHC, nakuba bekulindeleke ukuba zibe khona I-WIMP (-ngenamandla asebenzisanayo izinhlayiya ezinkulu). Lezi izinhlayiya ezisindayo ezicatshangelwayo (kusuka ku-10 GeV / s² ukuya ku-TeV / s² ezimbalwa, kuyilapho isisindo seproton singaphansi kancane kuno-1 GeV / s²) ezisebenzisana nezinto ezibonakalayo ngamandla afanayo nokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka. Bangachaza inqwaba engaqondakali ebizwa ngokuthi i-dark matter, evame kakhulu endaweni yonke ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunento evamile.

Ku-LHC, awekho ama-WIMP atholakele kulawa 0,003% wedatha yokuhlola. Nokho, kunezindlela ezishibhile zalokhu - isibonelo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-XENON-NT (3), i-vat enkulu ye-xenon ewuketshezi ejulile engaphansi komhlaba e-Italy futhi esendleleni yokufakwa kunethiwekhi yocwaningo. Kwenye i-vat enkulu ye-xenon, i-LZ eseNingizimu Dakota, ukusesha kuzoqala ngo-2020.

Okunye ukuhlola, okuhlanganisa izitholi eziphakeme kakhulu ze-ultracold semiconductor, kubizwa I-SuperKDMS SNOLAB, izoqala ukulayisha idatha e-Ontario ekuqaleni kuka-2020. Ngakho-ke amathuba okuthi ekugcineni "ukudubula" lezi zinhlayiya ezingaqondakali ngeminyaka yawo-20s ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX ayakhula.

Ama-Wimps akuzona kuphela izinto ezimnyama ezilandelwa ososayensi. Kunalokho, ukuhlola kungaveza ezinye izinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-axion ezingakwazi ukubonwa ngokuqondile njengama-neutrino.

Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi iminyaka eyishumi ezayo izoba ngeyokutholwa okuhlobene nama-neutrino. Ziphakathi kwezinhlayiya ezichichima kakhulu endaweni yonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu ukufunda, ngoba i-neutrinos isebenzisana ngokubuthakathaka kakhulu nendaba evamile.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bazi ukuthi le zinhlayiya zenziwe ngezinto ezintathu ezihlukene ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-flavour kanye nezimo ezintathu ezihlukene zesisindo - kodwa azifani ncamashi nokunambitheka, futhi ukunambitheka ngakunye kuyinhlanganisela yezifunda ezintathu ezinkulu ngenxa ye-quantum mechanics. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthola izincazelo eziqondile zalezi zixuku kanye nokulandelana kwazo lapho zihlanganiswa ukuze kwakhiwe iphunga ngalinye. Izivivinyo ezifana KATHERINE eJalimane, kufanele baqoqe idatha edingekayo ukuze banqume la manani eminyakeni ezayo.

3. Imodeli yomtshina we-XENON-nT

Ama-neutrino anezakhiwo ezingavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba zihamba emkhathini, zibonakala zishintshana phakathi kwezinto ezithandwayo. Ochwepheshe abavela I-Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory e-China, okulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukuqoqa imininingwane ngama-neutrino akhishwa ezikhungweni zokuphehla amandla enuzi eziseduze ngonyaka ozayo.

Kukhona iphrojekthi yalolu hlobo Super-Kamiokande, ukubhekwa eJapane sekwenziwe isikhathi eside. I-US isiqalile ukwakha izindawo zayo zokuhlola i-neutrino. I-LBNF e-Illinois kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-neutrinos ekujuleni I-DUNE eNingizimu Dakota.

Iphrojekthi ye-LBNF/DUNE exhaswe ngamazwe amaningi ka-$1,5 billion kulindeleke ukuthi iqale ngo-2024 futhi isisebenze ngokugcwele ngo-2027. Okunye ukuhlola okuklanyelwe ukuvula izimfihlo ze-neutrino kufaka phakathi I-AVENUE, e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory eTennessee, futhi Uhlelo olufushane lwesisekelo se-neutrino, eFermilab, Illinois.

Ngokulandelayo, kuphrojekthi Inganekwane-200, Ihlelelwe ukuvulwa ngo-2021, into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-neutrinoless double beta decay izofundwa. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-neutron amabili asuka ku-nucleus ye-athomu abola ngesikhathi esisodwa abe ama-proton, ngalinye likhipha i-electron futhi , ihlangana nenye i-neutrino futhi ibhubhise.

Uma ukusabela okunjalo bekukhona, bekuzonikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ama-neutrino ayi-antimatter yawo, eqinisekisa ngokungaqondile omunye umbono ngendawo yonke yokuqala - echaza ukuthi kungani kunento eningi kune-antimatter.

Izazi zefiziksi nazo zifuna ekugcineni zibheke amandla amnyama angaqondakali angena emkhathini futhi abangele ukuba indawo yonke yande. I-spectroscopy yamandla amnyama Ithuluzi (i-DESI) liqale ukusebenza ngonyaka odlule kanti kulindeleke ukuthi lethulwe ngo-2020. I-Synoptic Survey Telescope enkulu eChile, evivinywa yiNational Science Foundation/Department of Energy, uhlelo olugcwele locwaningo olusebenzisa le mishini kufanele luqale ngo-2022.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi (4), obekumele ube umcimbi weshumi leminyaka eliphumayo, uzogcina eseyiqhawe leminyaka engamashumi amabili. Ngaphezu kokusesha okuhleliwe, kuzoba nomthelela ekutadisheni amandla amnyama ngokubheka imithala kanye nezimo zayo.

4. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo i-James Webb Telescope

Sizobuzani

Ngomqondo ophusile, ishumi leminyaka elizayo ku-physics ngeke liphumelele uma eminyakeni eyishumi kusukela manje sibuza imibuzo efanayo engaphenduleki. Kuyoba ngcono kakhulu lapho sithola izimpendulo esizifunayo, kodwa futhi lapho kuphakama imibuzo emisha ngokuphelele, ngoba asikwazi ukuthembela esimweni lapho i-physics izothi, "Angisenayo imibuzo," njalo.