Iplanethi ye-alien ezansi kumephu

Inkathi yokutholwa okukhulu kwendawo ngempela "yathola" i-Antarctica, kodwa kuphela ngomqondo wokuthi sifunde ukuthi lapho, "ngezansi", kukhona izwe elimbozwe yiqhwa. Ukukhipha imfihlo ngayinye entsha yezwekazi kwakudinga ukuzinikela, isikhathi, izindleko ezinkulu nokubekezela. Futhi asikazinqamuli okwamanje...

Siyazi ukuthi ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha eqhwa kukhona umhlaba wangempela (isiLatini "umhlaba ongaziwa"). Ezikhathini zamuva nje, siyazi futhi ukuthi izimo zeqhwa, amachibi kanye nemifula zihluke ngokuphelele kulezo ezisendaweni ebandayo ye-ice cap. Akukho ukushoda empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sesiqala ukuthola izinhlobo zayo ezingaziwa kuze kube manje. Mhlawumbe umfokazi? Akufanele yini sikuzwe lokho uKoziolek Matolek, “owafuna emhlabeni wonke lokho okuseduze kakhulu”?

Izazi ze-Geophysicist, zisebenzisa ama-algorithms ezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ziyakwazi ukuphinda zidale isithombe esinezinhlangothi ezintathu esingaphezulu ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa. Endabeni ye-Antarctica, lokhu kunzima, njengoba isignali ye-acoustic kufanele ingene ngamamayela eqhwa elixakile, okubangela umsindo obalulekile esithombeni. Ubunzima akusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka, futhi sesifunde okuningi ngalomhlaba esingaziwa ngezansi.

Kubanda, kunomoya, komile futhi… kuluhlaza futhi kuluhlaza

I-Antarctica enomoya kakhulu umhlaba eMhlabeni usogwini lwe-Adélie Land, umoya uvunguza izinsuku ezingama-340 ngonyaka, futhi isiphepho sesiphepho singadlula u-320 km/h. kuyefana izwekazi eliphezulu kakhulu - ukuphakama kwayo okulinganiselwe kungama-2040 m ngaphezu kolwandle (eminye imithombo ikhuluma ngo-2290). Izwekazi lesibili eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni, okungukuthi i-Asia, lifinyelela isilinganiso samamitha angama-990 ngaphezu kolwandle.². Indawo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Dry Valley iyikhaya likaMcMurdo. indawo eyome kakhulu emhlabeni - belingekho iqhwa kanye nemvula cishe ... iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-2! Alikho futhi ikhava yeqhwa ebalulekile endaweni. Izimo endaweni - amazinga okushisa aphansi, umswakama womoya ophansi kakhulu, nomoya onamandla - kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukutadisha indawo efana ne-Mars namuhla.

I-Antarctica nayo isekhona okungaqondakali kakhulu - lokhu kungenxa yokuthi itholwe ngesikhathi sakamuva. Ugu lwayo lwaqala ukubonwa itilosi laseRussia ngoJanuwari 1820. UFabian Bellingshausen (ngokweminye imithombo, kwakungu-Edward Bransfield noma uNathaniel Palmer). Umuntu wokuqala owafika e-Antarctica kwaba Henrik Johan Bullowafika e-Cape Adare, e-Victoria Land ngomhla zingama-24 kuMasingana 1895 (nakuba kunemibiko yokuhlalisa phansi ngaphambilini). Ngo-1898, uBull wabhala izikhumbuzo zakhe zalolu hambo encwadini yakhe ethi "Antarctica's Cruise to the South Polar Regions".

Kuyathakazelisa nokho ukuthi nakuba i-Antarctica ithathwa njengogwadule olukhulu kunazo zonke, iyathola luhlaza ngokwengeziwe. Ngokusho kososayensi, indawo yayo engaphandle ihlaselwa izitshalo ezingaziwa kanye nezilwane ezincane. Imbewu itholakala ezingutsheni nasezicathulweni zabantu ababuya kuleli zwekazi. Ngo-2007/2008, ososayensi bawaqoqa kubavakashi nakubacwaningi balezo zindawo. Kuvele ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso isivakashi ngasinye kuleli zwekazi sasingenisa okusanhlamvu okungu-9,5. Bavelaphi? Ngokusekelwe endleleni yokubala ebizwa ngokuthi i-extrapolation, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangu-70 XNUMX bavakashela i-Antarctica minyaka yonke. imbewu. Iningi labo livela eNingizimu Melika - elethwa umoya noma izivakashi ngokungazi.

Nakuba kwaziwa ukuthi i-Antarctica izwekazi elibanda kunawo wonke,akukacaci ukuthi yimalini. Abantu abaningi bakhumbula kusukela kudala kanye nama-atlas ukuthi isiteshi saseRussia (Soviet) sase-Antarctic iVostok ngokwesiko sasithathwa njengendawo ebanda kakhulu emhlabeni, lapho -89,2°C. Nokho, manje sinerekhodi elisha elibandayo: -93,2°C - ibone amakhulu ambalwa amakhilomitha ukusuka eMpumalanga, eduze komugqa ophakathi kweziqongo ze-Argus Dome (Dome A) kanye ne-Fuji Dome (Dome F). Lokhu ukwakheka kwezigodi ezincane kanye nemigodi lapho kuhlala khona umoya obandayo.

Lokhu kushisa kwaqoshwa ngo-Agasti 10, 2010. Nokho, kamuva nje, lapho ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwedatha evela kumasathelayithi e-Aqua kanye ne-Landsat 8 kwenziwa, kwaziwa ukuthi irekhodi lesithwathwa labekwa ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, njengoba lokhu kufundwa akuzange kuqhamuke kuthermometer esekelwe phansi endaweni yezwekazi elineqhwa, kodwa kumadivayisi azungezayo emkhathini, akuqashelwa njengerekhodi yi-World Meteorological Organization. Khonamanjalo, ososayensi bathi lena idatha yokuqala nokuthi lapho izinzwa ezishisayo zithuthukiswa, kungenzeka zibone amazinga okushisa abandayo ngisho nangaphezulu eMhlabeni…

Yini engezansi?

Ngo-Ephreli 2017, abacwaningi babike ukuthi badale imephu ye-2010D enembe kakhulu yeqhwa elibhubhisa i-Antarctica kuze kube manje. Lokhu kuwumphumela weminyaka eyisikhombisa yokubhekwa kusuka ku-orbit ezungeze uMhlaba. Ngo-2016-700, isathelayithi yaseYurophu i-CryoSat esuka endaweni ephakeme ecishe ibe ngu-250 km yenza izilinganiso zamarada ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-200 zobukhulu bezinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Antarctic. Ososayensi abavela ku-European Space Agency (ESA) bazishaya isifuba ngokuthi isathelayithi yabo, eyenzelwe ukutadisha iqhwa, iseduze kunanoma iyiphi enye izifunda ezisenyakatho - ngenxa yokuthi iyakwazi ukubona okwenzekayo ngisho nasendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-XNUMX ukusuka kokubili. izigxobo zaseningizimu nezasenyakatho. .

Kusukela kwelinye ibalazwe elakhiwe ososayensi beBritish Antarctic Survey, nathi, siyazi ukuthi yini engaphansi kweqhwa. Futhi, ngosizo lwe-radar, bakha imephu enhle yase-Antarctica ngaphandle kweqhwa. Ibonisa ukukhululeka kokwakheka komhlaba kwezwekazi, elicindezelwe yiqhwa. Izintaba eziphakeme, izigodi ezijulile kanye nenqwaba namanzi amaningi. I-Antarctica ngaphandle kweqhwa cishe ingaba iqoqo leziqhingi noma isifunda sechibi, kodwa ukubikezela ngokunembile ukuma kwayo kokugcina kunzima, ngoba uma iqhwa selichithiwe, isisindo somhlaba sasiyophakama kakhulu—ngisho nekhilomitha ukuya phezulu.

Kuphinde kuncike ocwaningweni olushubile kakhulu. amanzi olwandle ngaphansi kweshalofu yeqhwa. Kuye kwenziwa izinhlelo eziningi lapho abatshuzi behlola indawo engaphansi kolwandle ngaphansi kweqhwa, futhi mhlawumbe owaziwa kakhulu kulezi umsebenzi oqhubekayo wososayensi baseFinland. Kulolu hambo lokuntywila oluyingozi noluyinselelo, abantu sebeqala ukwazisa ama-drones. U-Paul G. Allen Philanthropies utshale izigidi ezingu-1,8 zamaRandi ukuze ahlole amarobhothi emanzini anobuqili ase-Antarctic. Izindiza ezine ze-Argo ezakhiwe eNyuvesi yaseWashington zizoqoqa idatha futhi zithumele ngokushesha e-Seattle. Bazosebenza ngaphansi kweqhwa kuze kube yilapho imisinga yasolwandle ibayisa emanzini avulekile.

Intaba-mlilo yase-Antarctic Erebus

Ukushisa okuhle kakhulu ngaphansi kweqhwa elikhulu

I-Antarctica iyizwe elineqhwa, kodwa ngaphansi kwalo kunodaka olushisayo. Njengamanje, i-volcano esebenza kakhulu kuleli zwekazi Arabia, eyaziwa kusukela ngo-1841. Kuze kube manje, besiqaphela ukuthi kunezintaba-mlilo ezingaba ngamashumi amane e-Antarctic, kodwa ngo-August ngonyaka odlule, abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yase-Edinburgh bathola ezinye ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanye ngaphansi kweqhwa, ezinye zazo ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-3800 ukuphakama. . Kuvela ukuthi i-Antarctica ingaba iningi elinezintaba-mlilo indawo emhlabeni. Ababhali be-athikili ngalesi sihloko - uMaximilian van Wyck de Vries, Robert G. Bingham kanye no-Andrew Hine - bafunde imodeli yokuphakama kwedijithali ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bedmap 2 DEM etholwe kusetshenziswa isithombe se-radar befuna izakhiwo zentaba-mlilo.

Njengoba kuminyene njengase-Antarctica, izintaba-mlilo zitholakala kuphela ngaseGreat Eastern Rift, kusukela eTanzania kuya eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia. Lona omunye umkhondo okungenzeka ukuthi uzoba mkhulu, umthombo wokushisa okukhulu. Ithimba elivela e-Edinburgh lichaza ukuthi iqhwa elinciphayo lingakhuphula izinga lentaba-mlilo, okuyinto eyenzekayo e-Iceland.

isazi sokuma komhlaba uRobert Bingham sitshele i-theguardian.com.

Ukuma phezu kongqimba lweqhwa elinogqinsi oluyisilinganiso esingaba ngu-2 km, kanye nobukhulu obungu-4,7 km, kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi kunomthombo omkhulu wokushisa ngaphansi kwalo, ofana nalowo ofihliwe e-Yellowstone. Ngokusho kwamamodeli wokubala, inani lokushisa elikhishwa ohlangothini olungezansi lwe-Antarctica lilinganiselwa ku-150 mW/m.² (mW - milliwatt; 1 watt = 1 mW). Nokho, la mandla awakuvimbeli ukukhula kwezingqimba zeqhwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isilinganiso sokushisa esivela eMhlabeni singama-40-60 mW/m.², futhi eYellowstone National Park ifinyelela isilinganiso sama-200 mW / m².

Amandla amakhulu aqhuba umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo e-Antarctica kubonakala sengathi ithonya lengubo yoMhlaba, uMary Byrd. Izazi zokuma komhlaba zikholelwa ukuthi indawo yokushisa ye-mantle yakha eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-50-110 edlule, lapho i-Antarctica yayingakambozwa yiqhwa.

Eqhweni lase-Antarctica

I-Antarctic Alps

Ngo-2009, ososayensi abavela eqenjini lamazwe ngamazwe eliholwa ngu UDkt. Fausta Ferraccioligo Bona abavela ku-British Antarctic Survey bachitha izinyanga ezimbili nengxenye e-East Antarctica, belwa namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku--40°C. Baskena endizeni i-radar, i-gravimeter (ithuluzi lokulinganisa umehluko kuma-accelerations okuwa mahhala) kanye ne-magnetometer (elinganisa insimu kazibuthe) - naphezu komhlaba nge-seismograph - indawo lapho, ijulile. , ekujuleni okungafika ku-3 km, izinguzunga zeqhwa eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,3 zifihlwe ngaphansi kweqhwa. km Izintaba ze-Gamburtseva.

Lezi ziqongo, ezimbozwe ungqimba lweqhwa neqhwa, ziye zaziwa yisayensi kusukela ohambweni lwaseSoviet lwe-Antarctic, olwaqhutshwa phakathi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi Unyaka Wezinto Zomhlaba Wonke we-1957-1958 (okuwunyaka lapho isiphuphutheki sandizela emzileni). Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ososayensi bamangala ukuthi izintaba zangempela zikhula kulokho, ngokombono wabo, okufanele zibe yisicaba, njengetafula. Kamuva, abacwaningi abavela eShayina, eJapane nase-UK bashicilela isihloko sabo sokuqala ngabo kumagazini i-Nature. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwe-radar esemoyeni, badweba imephu yezintaba enezinhlangothi ezintathu, bephawula ukuthi iziqongo ze-Antarctica zifana ne-European Alps. Zinezinkalo ezifanayo ezicijile nezigodi ezijulile, okwakugeleza kuzo imifudlana ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi namuhla kuzo lapha nalaphaya amachibi asezintabeni ezingaphansi kweqhwa. Ososayensi baye babala ukuthi iqhwa elimboze ingxenye emaphakathi yezintaba zaseGamburtsev linogqinsi lwamamitha angu-1649 kuya kwangu-3135. Isiqongo esiphezulu se-ridge singamamitha angu-2434 ngaphezu kolwandle (ithimba le-Ferraccioli lilungise lesi sibalo saba ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-3).

Ososayensi bahlanganisa yonke i-Gamburtsev Ridge ngezinsimbi zabo, okuhlanganisa nokuhlukana okukhulu oqweqweni lomhlaba - isigodi esiwumfantu esifana neGreat African Rift. Kuyi-2,5 thousand km ubude futhi isuka eMpumalanga ye-Antarctica inqamule ulwandle ibheke eNdiya. Nawa amachibi amakhulu e-Antarctic subglacial, kuhlanganisa. iLake Vostok elidumile, eliseduze nesiteshi sesayensi esishiwo ngaphambili segama elifanayo. Ochwepheshe bathi izintaba ezingaqondakali kakhulu emhlabeni weGamburtsev zaqala ukuvela eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule. Khona-ke kwakungekho zitshalo noma izilwane emhlabeni, kodwa amazwekazi ayesevele eyimizulane. Lapho zishayisana, kwaphakama izintaba endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Antarctica.

Ingaphakathi lomhume ofudumele ngaphansi kwe-Erebus Glacier

ukubhoboza

UJohn Goodge, uprofesa wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo e-University of Minnesota Duluth, ufike ezwenikazi elibanda kakhulu ukuzoqala ukuhlola i-biological sciences eklanywe ngokukhethekile. ushayelaLokhu kuzovumela ukumba kujule eshidini leqhwa lase-Antarctic kunanoma ubani omunye.

Kungani ukubhoboza phansi nangaphansi kweqhwa kubaluleke kangaka? Umkhakha ngamunye wesayensi unikeza impendulo yawo kulo mbuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zinethemba lokuthi amagciwane, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezazingaziwa ngaphambili, ahlala eqhweni lasendulo noma ngaphansi kweqhwa. Izazi zezulu zizobheka ama-ice cores ukuze zifunde kabanzi mayelana nomlando wesimo sezulu womhlaba futhi zidale amamodeli angcono esayensi okushintsha kwesimo sezulu esizayo. Futhi kuma-geologists afana ne-Gooj, idwala elingaphansi kweqhwa lingasiza ukuchaza ukuthi i-Antarctica ixhumana kanjani namanye amazwekazi namuhla ukuze kwakhe amazwekazi amakhulu asendulo. Ukubhoboza kuzophinde kukhanyisele ukuzinza kwe-ice sheet.

Iphrojekthi ye-Guja ebizwa Raid waqala ngo-2012. Ngo-November 2015, ososayensi bathumela i-drill e-Antarctica. Wafika esiteshini saseMcMurdo. Besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuthwebula izithombe, njenge-radar yokuskena eqhweni, abacwaningi manje bakhomba izindawo okungase kubhojwe kuzo. Ukuhlola okuyisisekelo kuyaqhubeka. uphrof. UGoodge unethemba lokuthola amasampula okuqala ocwaningo ekupheleni kuka-2019.

Ukuvinjelwa kweminyaka ngesikhathi samaphrojekthi okumba angaphambilini iminyaka eyisigidi Amasampula eqhwa e-Antarctic athathwa emuva ngo-2010. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyi-ice core endala kunazo zonke ezake zatholwa. Ngo-Agasti 2017, iSayensi yabika ukuthi ithimba likaPaul Woosin libhoboze eqhweni lasendulo lajula njenganoma ngubani ngaphambili futhi lathola inkaba yeqhwa lisebenzisa. 2,7 million iminyaka. Ama-ice cores ase-Arctic nase-Antarctic akhuluma okuningi mayelana nesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu sezikhathi ezidlule, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamabhamuza omoya asondelene nokwakheka komkhathi lapho amabhamuza akheka.

Izifundo ngempilo ngaphansi kweqhwa lase-Antarctica:

Ukutholwa kokuphila ngaphansi kweqhwa lase-Antarctica

Impilo eyaziwayo nengaziwa

Ichibi elidume kakhulu elifihlwe ngaphansi kweqhwa lase-Antarctica yiLake Vostok. Futhi iyichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke elaziwayo elingaphansi kweqhwa e-Antarctica, elifihlwe ngaphansi kweqhwa ekujuleni okungaphezu kuka-3,7 km. Inqanyuliwe ekukhanyeni nasekuxhumaneni nomkhathi, ihlala ingesinye sezimo ezimbi kakhulu eMhlabeni.

Endaweni kanye nevolumu, iVostok iphikisana neLake Ontario eNyakatho Melika. Ubude 250 km, ububanzi 50 km, ukujula kufika ku-800 m. Itholakala eduze ne-South Pole eMpumalanga ye-Antarctica. Ukuba khona kwechibi elikhulu elimbozwe yiqhwa kwaqala ukuphakanyiswa ngeminyaka yawo-60 isazi sezwe/umshayeli wendiza waseRussia owabona isiqephu esikhulu seqhwa esibushelelezi esivela emoyeni. Ukuhlolwa kwe-radar esemoyeni okwenziwa abacwaningi baseBrithani nabaseRussia ngo-1996 kwaqinisekisa ukutholakala kwedamu elingajwayelekile endaweni.

kusho uBrent Christner, isazi sebhayoloji eLouisiana State University, enkulumweni yabezindaba ememezela imiphumela yocwaningo lwamasampula eqhwa aqoqwe phezu kwechibi.

UChristner uthi okuwukuphela komthombo wamanzi waleli chibi amanzi ancibilikayo asuka eqhweni.

- Uyakhuluma.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukushisa kwe-geothermal Yomhlaba kugcina izinga lokushisa lamanzi echibini liku--3 ° C. Isimo se-liquid sinikeza ukucindezela kweqhwa elingaphezu kwamandla.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kubonisa ukuthi leli chibi lingase libe nesimiso esiyingqayizivele samatshe esisekelwe kumakhemikhali esiye saba khona sodwa futhi ngaphandle kokuchayeka elangeni amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka.

UChristner uthi.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwezakhi zofuzo ze-East Ice Sheet luveze izingcezwana ze-DNA ezivela ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo ezihlobene nezinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa ezitholakala emachibini, olwandle kanye nemifudlana evela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwesikhunta nezinhlobo ezimbili zama-archaic (izinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa ezihlala endaweni eyingozi kakhulu), ososayensi baye bahlonza izinkulungwane zamabhaktheriya, kuhlanganise namanye avame ukutholakala ezinhlelweni zokugaya ukudla kwezinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans nezikelemu. Bathola ama-cryophile (izinto eziphilayo ezihlala emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu) kanye nama-thermophiles, aphakamisa ukuba khona kwezikhala ezishisayo echibini. Ngokososayensi, ukuba khona kwazo zombili izinhlobo zasolwandle nezamanzi ahlanzekile kusekela inkolelo-mbono yokuthi leli chibi lake lahlanganiswa nolwandle.

Ukuhlola amanzi ngaphansi kweqhwa lase-Antarctic:

I-Dive Yokuqala Yaqedwa - Isayensi Ngaphansi Kweqhwa | Inyuvesi yaseHelsinki

Kwelinye ichibi leqhwa lase-Antarctic - Villansa “Kuphinde kwatholwa ama-micro-organisms amasha ukuthi abacwaningi bathi “dlani amatshe,” okusho ukuthi bakhipha imisoco yamaminerali kuwo. Eziningi zalezi zidalwa cishe zingama-chemolithotrophs asekelwe ezintweni ezingaphili zensimbi, isulfure nezinye izakhi.

Ngaphansi kweqhwa lase-Antarctic, ososayensi baye bathola nendawo eshisayo eshisayo engaqondakali enezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezithakazelisa nakakhulu. UJoel Bensing wase-Australian National University ushicilele izithombe zomhume weqhwa olimini lwe-Erebus Glacier eRoss Land ngoSepthemba 2017. Nakuba izinga lokushisa elivamile lonyaka kule ndawo liba ngu-17°C, izinga lokushisa ezimisweni zemigede ngaphansi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa lingafinyelela. 25°C. Imigede, eseduze nangaphansi kwentaba-mlilo i-Erebus, yakhishwa ngenxa yeminyaka yomusi wamanzi egeleza emihubheni yawo.

Njengoba ubona, uhambo lwesintu olunokuqonda kweqiniso nokujulile kwe-Antarctica luyaqala. Izwekazi esazi ngalo kakhulu noma kancane ngaphezu kweplanethi engaziwa lilinde abahloli balo abakhulu.

Ividiyo ye-NASA yendawo ebanda kakhulu Emhlabeni:

I-Antarctica iyindawo ebanda kakhulu emhlabeni (-93°): ividiyo ye-NASA