Isebenza kanjani injini eyi-hybrid, izinzuzo nezingozi zemoto yokonga
Okuqukethwe
Ukuvela kwezimoto eziyingxubevange sekuyisilinganiso esiphoqelekile sabakhi bezimoto ekuguqukeni kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi (ICE) kumafutha e-hydrocarbon ukuya ezimbonini zamandla ezihlanzekile. Ubuchwepheshe abukavumeli ukwakhiwa kwemoto kagesi egcwele ngokugcwele, imoto ye-fuel cell, nanoma iyiphi enye evela kuhlu olukhulu lwezikhombisi-ndlela ezingase zibe khona zokuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha ezizimele, futhi isidingo sesikhulile kakade.
Ohulumeni baqala ukubambelela ngokuqinile embonini yezimoto ngezidingo zemvelo, futhi abathengi babefuna ukubona igxathu elibalulekile eliya phambili, hhayi okunye ukuthuthukiswa okubonakalayo kwemoto eyaziwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka komunye wemikhiqizo yokucwenga uwoyela.
Iyiphi imoto ebizwa ngokuthi "hybrid"
Iyunithi yamandla yesiteji esimaphakathi yaqala ukuba inhlanganisela yomklamo osevele ufakazelwe wenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kanye nenjini eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kagesi.
Ingxenye kagesi yeyunithi yokudonsa inikwa amandla amajeneretha axhunywe enjinini yegesi noma injini kadizili, amabhethri kanye nesistimu yokutakula ebuyisela amandla akhishwe ngesikhathi sokubhuleka kwemoto ekushayeleni.
Zonke izikimu eziningi zokuqaliswa kombono zibizwa ngokuthi ama-hybrids.
Kwesinye isikhathi abakhiqizi badukisa amakhasimende ngokubiza amasistimu ama-hybrids lapho idrayivu kagesi isetshenziswa kuphela ukuqala injini eyinhloko kumodi yokumisa.
Njengoba kungekho ukuxhumana phakathi kwamamotho kagesi namasondo kanye nethuba lokushayela ngokudonsa kagesi, akulungile ukuthi izimoto ezinjalo zihlobene ne-hybrid.
Umgomo wokusebenza kwezinjini ezihlanganisiwe
Ngayo yonke imiklamo ehlukahlukene, imishini enjalo inezici ezifanayo. Kodwa umehluko mkhulu kakhulu ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe ukuthi empeleni izimoto ezihlukene ezinezinzuzo zabo kanye nokubi.
Idivayisi
I-hybrid ngayinye ihlanganisa:
- injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngokudluliswa kwayo, inethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi aphansi kanye nethangi likaphethiloli;
- ama-traction motors;
- amabhethri okugcina, ngokuvamile anamandla kagesi aphezulu, ahlanganisa amabhethri axhunywe ochungechungeni nangokufana;
- i-wiring yamandla ene-high-voltage switching;
- amayunithi okulawula ama-elekthronikhi namakhompiyutha asebhodini.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izindlela zokusebenza zokudluliswa kwemishini nogesi okudidiyelwe kuvame ukwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi okujwayelekile kuphela kunikezwa umshayeli.
Amaqhinga wokusebenza
Kungenzeka ukuxhuma izingxenye zikagesi nezemishini ngezindlela ezihlukene; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amasu athile amiswe kahle, asetshenziswa kaningi avele agqama.
Lokhu akusebenzi ekuhlukaniseni kamuva kwedrayivu ngokuya ngesabelo esithile sokudonsa kukagesi kuyo yonke ibhalansi yamandla.
Okulandelanayo
Uhlelo lokuqala, olunengqondo kakhulu, kodwa manje olusetshenziswa kancane ezimotweni.
Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko kwakuwukusebenza emishinini esindayo, lapho izingxenye zikagesi ezihlangene ziye zashintsha ngempumelelo ukudluliswa kwemishini emikhulu, okunzima kakhulu ukuyilawula. Injini, ngokuvamile eyinjini kadizili, ilayishwa kuphela emshinini wokuphehla ugesi futhi ayixhunywanga ngokuqondile namasondo.
I-current ekhiqizwa yi-generator ingasetshenziswa ukushaja ibhethri ye-traction, futhi lapho inganikezwa khona, ithunyelwa ngqo kumamotho kagesi.
Kungaba khona eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kubo, kuze kube ukufakwa isondo ngalinye imoto ngokuvumelana isimiso okuthiwa motor-amasondo. Inani le-thrust lilawulwa iyunithi kagesi yamandla, futhi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ingahlala isebenza ngemodi elungile kakhulu.
Ukufana
Lolu hlelo manje seluvame kakhulu. Kuyo, injini kagesi kanye nenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi isebenzela ukudluliselwa okufanayo, futhi izinto zikagesi zilawula isilinganiso esifanele sokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngedrayivu ngayinye. Zombili izinjini zixhumene namasondo.
Imodi yokutakula iyasekelwa, lapho, ngesikhathi sokubhuleka, i-motor kagesi iphenduka i-generator futhi iphinde ishaje ibhethri yokugcina. Isikhathi esithile, imoto ingahamba kuphela ngokushaja kwayo, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi eyinhloko iphazamisekile.
Kwezinye izimo, kusetshenziswa ibhethri elinamandla amakhulu, elifakwe ithuba lokushajwa kwangaphandle kunethiwekhi ye-AC yasendlini noma isiteshi sokushaja esikhethekile.
Ngokuvamile, indima yamabhethri lapha incane. Kodwa ukushintsha kwabo kwenziwa lula, amasekhethi ayingozi aphezulu kagesi awadingeki lapha, futhi isisindo sebhethri sincane kakhulu kunokwezimoto zikagesi.
okuxubile
Njengomphumela wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokushayela kagesi kanye nomthamo wokugcina, indima yama-motor kagesi ekudaleni umzamo wokuphefumula iye yanda, okuye kwaholela ekuveleni kwezinhlelo eziphambili kakhulu zochungechunge-parallel.
Lapha, ukuqala kokuma nokuhamba ngesivinini esiphansi kwenziwa nge-traction kagesi, futhi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ixhunywe kuphela lapho ukukhishwa okuphezulu kuyadingeka nalapho amabhethri ephelile.
Zombili izinjini zingasebenza kumodi yokushayela, futhi iyunithi ye-elekthronikhi ecatshangelwe kahle ikhetha ukuthi izoqondisa kuphi futhi kanjani ukugeleza kwamandla. Umshayeli angalandela lokhu esibukweni solwazi lwesithombe.
Kusetshenziswa i-generator eyengeziwe, njengakumjikelezo owuchungechunge, onganikeza amandla kumamotho kagesi noma ukushaja ibhethri. Amandla okubhuleka atholakala ngokuhlehla kwemoto edonsayo.
Yile ndlela ama-hybrids anamuhla ahlelwe ngayo, ikakhulukazi eyokuqala futhi eyaziwa kakhulu - iToyota Prius.
Injini eyi-hybrid isebenza kanjani esibonelweni seToyota Prius
Le moto manje isingeyesizukulwane sesithathu futhi isifinyelele izinga elithile lokuphelela, nakuba izinhlobo ezincintisanayo ziqhubeka nokwandisa ubunkimbinkimbi nokusebenza kahle kwemiklamo.
Isisekelo sokushayela lapha yisimiso se-synergy, ngokusho ukuthi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi kanye ne-motor kagesi ingabamba iqhaza kunoma iyiphi inhlanganisela ekudaleni i-torque emasondweni. Ukufana komsebenzi wabo kunikeza indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yohlobo lweplanethi, lapho ukugeleza kwamandla kuxutshwe futhi kudluliselwe ngokuhlukana kwamasondo okushayela.
Ukuqala nokuqala ukusheshisa kwenziwa yi-motor kagesi. Uma i-electronics inquma ukuthi amandla ayo awanele, injini eyongayo kaphethiloli esebenza kumjikelezo we-Atkinson ixhunyiwe.
Ezimotweni ezijwayelekile ezinama-Otto motors, umjikelezo onjalo wokushisa awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yezimo zesikhashana. Kodwa lapha banikezwa injini kagesi.
Imodi yokungenzi lutho ayifakiwe, uma i-Toyota Prius iqala ngokuzenzakalelayo injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, khona-ke umsebenzi utholakala ngokushesha kuwo, ukusiza ukusheshisa, ukushaja ibhethri noma ukuhlinzeka ngesimo somoya.
Njengoba ihlale inomthwalo futhi isebenza ngesivinini esifanelekile, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, isendaweni enenzuzo kakhulu yesici sayo sesivinini sangaphandle.
Asikho isiqalisi sendabuko, ngoba injini enjalo ingaqalwa kuphela ngokuyijikeleza ngesivinini esibalulekile, yilokho okwenziwa yi-generator ehlehliswayo.
Amabhethri anamandla ahlukene kanye nama-voltages, enguqulweni eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekwazi ukushajwa ye-PHV, lezi sezivele zivamile ezimotweni zikagesi ezingu-350 volts ku-25 Ah.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi ama-hybrids
Njenganoma yikuphi ukuyekethisa, ama-hybrids angaphansi kunezimoto zikagesi ezihlanzekile kanye nezijwayelekile ezivame ukugqugquzelwa uwoyela.
Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo banikeza inzuzo ezindaweni eziningi, kumuntu osebenza njengezo eziyinhloko:
- ukwenziwa lula kwezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukulwa nokukhishwa okuyingozi kwezinjini ezivuthayo;
- ukuzuza ukonga uphethiloli, nokho kuphikiswana ngakho;
- kungenzeka ukunyakaza ku-traction kagesi okuhlanzekile lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi kuvinjelwe;
- ukwanda okulula komthamo omenyezelwe;
- okungenakwenzeka, ngokungafani nemoto kagesi, ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamandla kude nenethiwekhi kagesi.
Konke ukungalungi kuhlotshaniswa nenkimbinkimbi yobuchwepheshe:
- isidingo sabasebenzi abanekhono abaqeqeshelwe ukusebenza ngama-hybrids;
- ukwanda kwesisindo semoto, ebuye idle uphethiloli;
- intengo ephezulu yemoto;
- ukulahlekelwa ezimotweni zikagesi ngenxa yokugcinwa kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi nakho konke okuxhumene nayo;
- ubuchwepheshe obungathuthukisiwe ngokwanele kanye nokuntuleka kwendlela ebumbene yokuklama;
- ubungane obumpofu bemvelo ekukhiqizeni amabhethri nokulahlwa kwawo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwama-hybrids kuzoqhubeka ngemuva kokunyamalala okuphelele kwezimoto zakudala.
Kodwa lokhu kuzokwenzeka kuphela uma kwakhiwa injini eyodwa, eyongayo futhi elawulwa kahle ye-hydrocarbon fuel, ezoba isengezo esihle emotweni kagesi yesikhathi esizayo, ikhulise kakhulu ukuzimela kwayo okunganele.
