Isebenza kanjani imoto kagesi? I-gearbox emotweni kagesi - ingabe ikhona noma cha? [IMPENDULO]

Izimoto zikagesi - zisebenza kanjani? Ahlelwa kanjani? Ingabe amabhethri emoto kagesi ayasinda? Kuyabiza? Ingabe u-gearbox wemoto kagesi uyinkimbinkimbi? Nasi isingeniso esifushane esihlokweni, izinzuzo zezimoto zikagesi kanye nokungalungi kwazo.

Isebenza kanjani imoto kagesi

Uhlu lokuqukethwe

• Isebenza kanjani imoto kagesi
• Amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi: kuze kufike kuhhafu wethani ngaphansi kwephansi, ingxenye ebiza kakhulu
  • Umthamo webhethri ulinganiswa ngamaphi amayunithi?
  • Angakanani amandla amabhethri ezimotweni zikagesi?
• Injini emotweni kagesi: kufika ku-20 rpm!
• I-gearbox yemoto kagesi: igiya elingu-1 kuphela (!)
  • Amabhokisi ogiya ezimotweni zikagesi - azokwazi?
  • Izinjini ezimbili esikhundleni sika-gearbox onamagiya amabili

Ngaphandle, imoto kagesi ayihlukani nemoto evamile yangaphakathi. Ungakubona lokhu ikakhulukazi ekutheni ayinawo umbhobho wokukhipha umoya futhi izwakala ngokwehlukile. Lokhu kusho: ngokoqobo ayizwakali futhi ayibangi msindongaphandle kwekhwela elithule lemoto kagesi. Kwesinye isikhathi (isibonelo ividiyo):

Kugqekezwe amasondo e-Tesla P100D + BBS!

Umehluko oyisisekelo uqala kuphela nge-chassis. Imoto kagesi ayinayo injini evuthayo yangaphakathi, i-gearbox (ngaphezulu nalokhu ngezansi) kanye ne-exhaust system. Esikhundleni sabo imoto kagesi inamabhethri amakhulu kanye nemoto encane kagesi. Incane kangakanani? Cishe ubukhulu bekhabe. Kwi-BMW i3 ibukeka kanje:

Idizayini ye-BMW i3, enamabhethri alele ngapha nangapha kanye nenjini encane eshayela amasondo angemuva, ingumphongolo ocwebezelayo ngemuva, okuholela kuwo izintambo eziwolintshi (c) BMW.

Amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi: kuze kufike kuhhafu wethani ngaphansi kwephansi, ingxenye ebiza kakhulu

Amabhethri amakhulu, abiza kakhulu, futhi asinda kakhulu emotweni kagesi amabhethri. Lena i-analogue eyinkimbinkimbi yethangi likaphethiloli lakudala, eligcina amandla akhiqizwa ngokuqondile endaweni yokuphehla amandla. Kunzima ukucabanga into yokuhamba elula: iqala ku-turbine yesikhungo samandla futhi ihamba ngentambo iqonde emotweni yensimbi, ikhompuyutha noma kagesi.

Mangakanani amabhethri emotweni kagesi? Bahlala kuwo wonke chassis. Kubiza kangakanani? Izindleko zekhithi eboniswe esithombeni zingama-PLN 30. Isinda kangaka? Ngawo wonke amahora angama-kilowatt angu-15, umthamo webhethri namuhla ungamakhilogremu angu-2017 ku-100, kuhlanganise nekesi kanye nemishini yokupholisa / yokushisa.

Umthamo webhethri ulinganiswa ngamaphi amayunithi?

Kodwa ngempela "amahora we-kilowatt" - ayini la mayunithi? Nokho, umthamo webhethri ulinganiswa ngamayunithi wamandla, okungukuthi, amahora angama-kilowatt (kWh). Akufanele zididaniswe neyunithi yamandla (kilo) watts (kW). Siyawazi la mayunithi kagesi ezikweletini zethu zikagesi, esizikhokha ngokwesilinganiso njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili.

Ingxenye yesiphambano yesizukulwane esedlule iNissan Leaf. Ngaphambili kwesokudla semoto, kunesokhethi yokushaja. Injini iphakathi nendawo phakathi kwamasondo (ishubhu elimnyama ngaphansi kwezintambo eziwolintshi), kanti amabhethri aseduze namasondo angemuva emoto (c) iNissan.

Umndeni ojwayelekile udla cishe amahora angama-kilowatt angu-15 ngosuku, futhi ihora ngalinye le-kilowatt alibizi ngaphezu kwamasenti angama-60. Cishe inani elifanayo lamandla lidliwa umshayeli wezomnotho wemoto kagesi - kodwa ngamakhilomitha angu-100.

> Ungawaguqula kanjani amahora angama-kilowatt (kWh) wamandla emoto kagesi abe amalitha kaphethiloli?

Amabhethri: 150 kuya ku-500 kilogram

Amabhethri angenye yezingxenye ezisinda kakhulu emotweni kagesi. Zinesisindo esingaba ngu-150 kuya ku-500 kilograms (uhhafu wethani!). Isibonelo, amabhethri e-Tesla Model 3 anomthamo wamahora angaphezu kwama-kilowatt angama-80 anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-480 - futhi uTesla ungumholi wokuthuthukisa isisindo!

Amabhethri (maphakathi) nenjini (emuva) ku-Tesla Model 3 (c) Tesla

Angakanani amandla amabhethri ezimotweni zikagesi?

Izimoto ezikhiqizwe ngo-2018 zifakwe amabhethri anomthamo osuka ku-30 ​​(Hyundai Ioniq Electric) kuye kuma-kilowatt amahora angaba ngu-60 (Opel Ampera E, Hyundai Kona 2018) futhi ukusuka ku-75 kuya ku-100 kilowatt-hour (Tesla, Jaguar I-Pace, Audi e-tron ​​Quattro). Ngokuvamile: uma ibhethri lilikhulu, likhulu ibanga lemoto kagesi, futhi njalo ngama-kilowatt-amahora angama-20 womthamo webhethri, kufanele ukwazi ukushayela okungenani amakhilomitha ayi-100.

> Izimoto zikagesi zango-2017 ezinendawo enkulu yokugcina amandla ngeshaji eyodwa [TOP 20 RATING]

Injini emotweni kagesi: kufika ku-20 rpm!

Injini yemoto kagesi iwumklamo olula, owaziwa iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-100, owasungulwa umsunguli owazalelwa e-Serbia u-Nikola Tesla. Esimweni esibi kakhulu, i-motor kagesi inezingxenye eziningana, kanti injini yemoto evuthayo yangaphakathi iqukethe ishumi nambili. inkulungwane!

Isimiso sokusebenza kwe-motor kagesi silula kakhulu: i-voltage isetshenziswa kuyo, eyibeka ekuhambeni (ukujikeleza). Lapho i-voltage iphakeme, isivinini siphezulu.

Injini yeTesla eno-gearbox ikushubhu elisiliva. U-gearbox utholakala ngaphansi kwendlu emhlophe nempunga, lapho ijubane lenjini lingena khona ku-propeller shaft namasondo. Umdwebo ochazayo (c) Amanothi obuchwepheshe

Isilinganiso semoto kaphethiloli sinesilinganiso se-tachometer kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-7 rpm, imoto ye-diesel evamile inejubane lika-000 rpm. Insimu ebomvu, ebonisa ingozi yokuhluleka kwenjini, iqala ngaphambili, ngo-5-000 ayizinkulungwane rpm.

Khonamanjalo, izinjini ezimotweni zikagesi ziyafinyelela ngisho nezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zama-rpm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, asebenza kahle kakhulu ngoba ajwayele ukuguqula amandla angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 anikeziwe abe ukunyakaza - ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ukusebenza kahle okungamaphesenti angu-40 kuyimpumelelo enkulu, efinyelelwa kuphela ngezimo ezithile zobuchwepheshe. -izimoto zokwenziwa.

> Isebenza kahle kangakanani injini kagesi? I-ABB ifinyelele ku-99,05%

Isebenza kanjani imoto kagesi? | Imodeli ye-Tesla S

I-gearbox yemoto kagesi: igiya elingu-1 kuphela (!)

Isici esithakazelisa kakhulu sezimoto zikagesi zanamuhla ziyi-transmissions, okuyinto ... engekho. Yebo Yebo, Izimoto zikagesi ngokuvamile zinegiya elilodwa kuphela (kanye ne-reverse, okungukuthi, etholakala lapho i-voltage ibuyiselwa emuva). I-motor ixhunywe kumasondo ngegiya elilula kakhulu elinciphisa ijubane le-motor ebangeni lika-8-10: 1. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwe-8-10 ye-motor shaft yi-1 revolution egcwele yamasondo. Ukudluliswa okunjalo kuvame ukuqukatha amagiya amathathu ahlala ehlangene:

Kungani izimoto zikagesi zinegiya elilodwa kuphela? Kubonakala sengathi abakhiqizi bebengafuni ukukhulisa isisindo semishini nokwenza ukuphila kube nzima kubo. Amamotho kagesi akhiqiza i-torque ephezulu kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, edinga amagiya awugqinsi futhi aqinile. Kulokhu, shaft motor kagesi ungakwazi ukushintshanisa ngisho ngesivinini 300 revolutions ngomzuzwana (!).

Zonke lezi zici zisho ukuthi u-gearbox osemotweni kagesi kufanele uqine ngokwedlulele, kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele ushintshe amagiya ngekhulu lesekhondi, okwandisa kakhulu izindleko zemoto kagesi.

Amabhokisi ogiya ezimotweni zikagesi - azokwazi?

Eqinisweni, sebevele bekhona. Isithombe osibona ngenhla siyisiqephu esiphambanayo se-prototype yokudlulisa isivinini ezimbili semoto kagesi. I-Rimac Concept One isebenzisa ama-gearbox amabili (ngakho-ke i-gearbox isivele ikhona, okungukuthi, ama-gearbox!). Ama-prototypes okuqala okudluliselwa kwamagiya amathathu nawo ayavela.

lezi ama-gearbox emoto kagesi zibalulekile ngoba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivumela imoto ukuba isheshise ngokushesha, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ushayela emgwaqeni wezimoto, ivumela injini ukuba ijikeleze kancane kancane (= ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amancane), i.e. bakhulisa ngempumelelo isivinini senjini. mileage yemoto.

Izinjini ezimbili esikhundleni sika-gearbox onamagiya amabili

Namuhla, i-Tesla ibhekane nenkinga yokuntuleka kwama-gearbox ngendlela yayo: izimoto ezinezinjini ezimbili zinomshini ohlukile futhi, ngokuvamile, izinjini ezimbili ezihlukene ngaphambili nangemuva. I-ekseli yangemuva ingaba namandla futhi ibe nesilinganiso segiya esiphezulu (isb. 9: 1) ukuze usebenzise kangcono i-torque nokusheshisa imoto. Ingaphambili, nalo, lingaba buthaka (= lidle amandla amancane) futhi libe nesilinganiso segiya esiphansi (isb. 7,5: 1) ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ebangeni elide.

Idatha engenhla iyalinganiselwa futhi incike kakhulu enguqulweni nakumodeli wemoto. Kodwa umehluko uyabonakala. Isibonelo, i-Tesla Model S 75 inebanga lamakhilomitha angama-401 kuphela, kanti i-Tesla Model S 75D ("D" yenguqulo yamasondo onke) isivele inebanga elingamakhilomitha angama-417:

> U-Tania Tesla S ubuyela ekunikezeni. I-S 75 ithengiswa ngo-2018

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