Indlela yokuthola ukuvuza emotweni

Abashayeli abaningi bezimoto bajwayelene nalesi simo esilandelayo: usondela "ihhashi lensimbi" ekuseni, vula ukhiye wokuthungela, kodwa i-starter ayiguquki, injini ayiqali noma iqale, kodwa ngobunzima obukhulu. Esimweni esithuthukisiwe, ngisho nokukhiya kwe-electromechanical akusebenzi, kufanele uyivule ngesandla, njengoba i-alamu ivaliwe ... Kodwa emva kwakho konke, izolo ebusuku konke bekuhlelekile! Lokhu kungenxa yokuphuma kwebhethri, okubangelwa ukuvuza okukhulu kwamanje emishinini kagesi. Indlela yokuhlola ukuvuza kwamanje emotweni nge-multimeter, yiziphi izindinganiso ezifanele ukukhala i-alamu, futhi yini engenziwa - sizokhuluma ngalokhu esihlokweni.

Okuqukethwe

• 1 Izimbangela nemiphumela
• 2 Ungahlola kanjani ukuvuza kwamanje emotweni
• 3 Indlela yokuthola ukuvuza kwamanje

Izimbangela nemiphumela

Okokuqala udinga ukuqonda ukuthi iyini ibhethri yemoto. Njenganoma yiliphi elinye ibhethri, ingumthombo wamanje wamakhemikhali onamandla kagesi, inani lawo elivame ukuphrintwa kulebula yebhethri. Ikalwa ngamahora we-ampere (Ah).

Umthamo webhethri ukalwa ngamahora we-ampere futhi ubonisa ukuthi ibhethri lemoto lizokhipha wamanje kangakanani.

Eqinisweni, umthamo unquma inani lamandla kagesi elingalethwa ibhethri elishajwe ngokugcwele. I-current evuzayo ingeyamanje ethathwe ebhethrini. Ake sithi sinesekhethi emfishane ebucayi kuzintambo ezizenzakalelayo, futhi ukuvuza kwamanje kungu-1 A. Bese ibhethri elingu-77 Ah elinikezwe njengesibonelo lizophuma emahoreni angu-77. Ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa, impilo yebhethri namandla ayo asebenzayo ayancipha, ngakho-ke isiqalisi singase singabi namandla okuqalisa okwanele ngisho nalapho ibhethri selikhishwe uhhafu (kufika ku-75% esimweni sezulu esibandayo). Ngokuvuza okunjalo, singacabanga ukuthi ngosuku kuzoba cishe akunakwenzeka ukuqala imoto ngokhiye.

Inkinga enkulu ukuchithwa kwebhethri okujulile. Lapho ithola amandla ebhethri, i-sulfuric acid, eyingxenye ye-electrolyte, kancane kancane iguqulwa ibe usawoti omthofu. Kuze kube seqophelweni elithile, le nqubo iyabuyiseleka emuva, njengoba lokhu kwenzeka lapho ibhethri lishajwa. Kodwa uma i-voltage emangqamuzaneni iwela ngaphansi kwezinga elithile, i-electrolyte yakha izakhi ezingancibiliki ezihlala emapuletini ngendlela yamakristalu. Lawa makristalu ngeke aphinde alulame, kodwa azonciphisa indawo yokusebenza yamapuleti, okuholela ekwandeni kokumelana kwangaphakathi kwebhethri, futhi, ngakho-ke, ukwehla kwamandla ayo. Ekugcineni, kufanele uthenge ibhethri elisha. Ukukhishwa okuyingozi kubhekwa njenge-voltage engaphansi kuka-10,5 V kumatheminali ebhethri. Uma ulethe ekhaya ibhethri lemoto yakho futhi wabona i-voltage ephansi, yisikhathi sokukhalisa i-alamu futhi ubhekane nokuvuza ngokushesha!

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuza okubangelwa yiziyingi ezimfushane noma ukucibilika kwezintambo ezincibilikisiwe kumagagasi aphezulu ngokwanele kungaholela hhayi ekulimazeni ibhethri kuphela, kodwa futhi nomlilo. Ngempela, ibhethri yemoto entsha iyakwazi ukuletha amakhulukhulu ama-amps isikhathi esifushane, okuthi, ngokwemithetho ye-physics, ingaholela ekuncibilikeni nasekushiseni ngemizuzu embalwa. Amabhethri amadala angabila noma aqhume ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo. Okubi nakakhulu, konke lokhu kungenzeka ngengozi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, isibonelo, ebusuku endaweni yokupaka.

Uhlelo lukagesi lwemoto luyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlelo zikagesi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezixhumene

Ngemva kokucabangela yonke imiphumela engathandeki yokuvuza kwamanje, kufanelekile ukuqonda izimbangela zayo. Ngaphambilini, ngezinsuku zezimoto ze-carburetor ezinobuncane be-electronics, ukungabi khona kwayo okuphelele kwakubhekwa njengokujwayelekile kokuvuza kwamanje. Kulezo zimoto, kwakungekho lutho lokudonsa amandla ebhethri lapho ukuvutha kucishiwe. Namuhla, konke sekushintshile: noma iyiphi imoto imane iminyene nge-electronics ehlukahlukene. Lawa kungaba kokubili amadivaysi ajwayelekile futhi kamuva afakwe umshayeli. Futhi nakuba wonke ama-electronics anamuhla asekela izindlela ezikhethekile “zokulala” noma izindlela zokulinda ezisebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu, inani elithile lamanje lidliwa amasekethe alindile, ngaphansi kodwendwe lobungane lwezazi zemvelo ezineziqubulo ezimayelana nokonga amandla. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuza okuncane (kufika ku-70 mA) kujwayelekile.

Emishini yefekthri esemotweni, lawa madivayisi alandelayo avame ukusebenzisa inani elithile lamandla:

• Ama-Diode ku-generator rectifier (20-45 mA);
• Umsakazo we-tape recorder (kufika ku-5 mA);
• I-alamu (10-50 mA);
• Amadivayisi ahlukahlukene okushintsha asekelwe kuma-relay noma ama-semiconductors, ikhompyutha yenjini esebhodini (kufika ku-10 mA).

Kubakaki kunamanani aphezulu avumelekile akhona okusebenza okuseviswayo. Izingxenye ezingasebenzi kahle zingakhuphula kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Sizokhuluma ngokuhlonza nokuqeda izingxenye ezinjalo engxenyeni yokugcina, kodwa okwamanje sizonikeza uhlu lwamadivayisi angeziwe afakwe abashayeli, abangase bengeze amanye ama-milliamp amahle ekuvuzeni:

• Umsakazo ongajwayelekile;
• Ama-amplifiers engeziwe nama-subwoofers asebenzayo;
• Anti-ukweba noma alamu yesibili;
• I-DVR noma umtshina we-radar;
• GPS navigator;
• Noma yiziphi izinto ezisebenza nge-USB ezixhunywe kumshini wokukhanyisa ugwayi.

Ungahlola kanjani ukuvuza kwamanje emotweni

Ukuhlola ukuvuza okuphelele kwamanje kumugqa we-12 V wemoto kulula kakhulu: udinga ukuvula i-multimeter kwimodi ye-ammeter esikhaleni esiphakathi kwebhethri nayo yonke inethiwekhi yemoto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, injini kufanele icishwe futhi akukho manipulations ngokuthungela okungenziwa. Imisinga emikhulu yokuqala yesiqalisi izoholela ekulimaleni kwe-multimeter nokushiswa.

Ibalulekile! Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukusebenza nge-multimeter, kunconywa ukuthi ufunde i-athikili yokuqeqesha ngokusebenza nedivayisi.

Ake sicabangele inqubo ngokuningiliziwe:

• Vala ukuthungela kanye nabo bonke abasebenzisi abengeziwe.
• Sifika ebhethrini futhi, sisebenzisa isikrufu esifanelekile, siqaqa itheminali enegethivu kuyo.
• Setha i-multimeter ibe yimodi ye-ammeter ye-DC. Sibeka umkhawulo wokulinganisa omkhulu. Kumamitha amaningi ajwayelekile, lokhu kungu-10 noma 20 A. Sixhuma ama-probe kumasokhethi amakwe ngokufanele. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi kumodi ye-ammeter, ukumelana kwe-"tester" kungu-zero, ngakho-ke uma ujwayele ukuthinta amatheminali amabili ebhethri ngama-probes, uzothola isifunda esifushane.

Ukuze ulinganise ukuvuza kwamanje, kufanele uvule i-multimeter kumodi yokulinganisa ye-DC

Ibalulekile! Ungasebenzisi isixhumi esibhalwe ukuthi "FUSED". Lokhu kufakwa kwe-multimeter kuvikelwe i-fuse, ngokuvamile engu-200 noma 500 mA. Ukuvuza kwamanje akwaziwa kithi kusengaphambili futhi kungaba kukhulu kakhulu, okuzoholela ekuhlulekeni kwe-fuse. Umbhalo othi "UNFUSED" ubonisa ukungabikho kwefuse kulo mugqa.

• Manje sixhuma ama-probe esikhaleni: kumnyama kuya ku-minus ebhethri, obomvu ku-"mass". Kwamanye amamitha amadala, i-polarity ingase ibaluleke, kodwa kumitha yedijithali akusho lutho.

Kuphephe kakhulu ukuthatha izilinganiso ngokunqamula itheminali engalungile, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-"plus" nakho kuyamukeleka.

• Sibheka ukufundwa kwedivayisi. Esithombeni esingenhla, singabona umphumela we-70 mA, ongaphakathi kokujwayelekile. Kodwa lapha kakade kuwufanele ukucatshangelwa, 230 mA kuningi.

Uma yonke imishini kagesi icishiwe ngempela, inani lamanje le-230 mA libonisa izinkinga ezinkulu.

Ubuqili obubalulekile: ngemuva kokuvala isifunda esisebhodini nge-multimeter, emizuzwini embalwa yokuqala, ukuvuza kwamanje kungaba kukhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi amadivaysi akhishwe amandla asanda kuthola amandla futhi awakakangeni kumodi yokulondoloza amandla. Bamba ama-probes ngokuqinile koxhumana nabo bese ulinda imizuzu emihlanu (ungasebenzisa ama-probes ngeziqeshana ze-alligator ukuze uqinisekise uxhumano oluthembekile isikhathi eside kangaka). Ngokunokwenzeka, i-current izokwehla kancane kancane. Uma amanani aphezulu ehlala, khona-ke kunenkinga kagesi.

Amanani ajwayelekile okuvuza kwemisinga ayahluka ezimotweni ezahlukene. Cishe lokhu 20-70 mA, kodwa izimoto ezindala zingaba ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezulu, kanye izimoto ezifuywayo. Izimoto zakwamanye amazwe zesimanje ngokuvamile zingadla ama-milliamp ambalwa endaweni yokupaka. Ukubheja kwakho okuhle ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi futhi uthole ukuthi yimaphi amanani amukelekayo kumodeli yakho.

Indlela yokuthola ukuvuza kwamanje

Uma izilinganiso zibonakala zidumaza, kuzodingeka ubheke "umlandu" wokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu. Ake siqale sicabangele ukungasebenzi kahle kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile, okungaholela ekuvuzeni okuphezulu kwamanje.

• Ama-diode ku-alternator rectifier akufanele adlule okwamanje esiqondisweni esiphambene, kodwa lokhu kungombono kuphela. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bane-current reverse encane, ngohlelo lwe-5-10 mA. Njengoba kukhona ama-diode amane ebhulohweni lokulungisa, kusukela lapha sikhuphuka sifike ku-40 mA. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-semiconductors athambekele ekuwohlokeni, ukufakwa phakathi kwezingqimba kuba mncane, futhi i-current reverse ingakhuphuka ibe ngu-100-200 mA. Kulokhu, ukushintshwa kwe-rectifier kuphela kuzosiza.
• Umsakazo unemodi ekhethekile lapho ungawadli khona amandla. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ingene kule modi futhi ingakhiphi ibhethri endaweni yokupaka, kufanele ixhunywe ngendlela efanele. Kulokhu, okokufaka kwesignali ye-ACC kusetshenziswa, okufanele kuxhunywe ekuphumeni okuhambisanayo okuvela kumshini wokushisa. Izinga le-+12 V livela kulokhu okukhiphayo kuphela lapho ukhiye ushuthekwe ekhiyweni futhi ujike kancane (indawo ye-ACC - "izinsiza"). Uma kukhona isignali ye-ACC, umsakazo ukumodi yokulinda futhi ungadla amandla amanje amaningi (afika ku-200 mA) ngenkathi ucishwa. Uma umshayeli ekhipha ukhiye emotweni, isignali ye-ACC iyanyamalala bese umsakazo ungena kumodi yokulala. Uma ulayini we-ACC emsakazweni ungaxhumekile noma ufinyelelwe kumandla we-+12 V, ucingo luhlala lukumodi yokulinda futhi ludla amandla amaningi.
• Ama-alamu nama-immobilizer aqala ukudla kakhulu ngenxa yezinzwa ezinephutha, isibonelo, amaswishi eminyango aminyene. Kwesinye isikhathi "izifiso ziyakhula" ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesoftware (i-firmware) yedivayisi. Isibonelo, isilawuli siqala ukusebenzisa i-voltage njalo kukhoyili edluliselwe. Kuncike kudivayisi ethile, kodwa ukuvala shaqa okuphelele nokusetha kabusha idivayisi, noma ukukhanya, kungasiza.
• Izinto ezihlukahlukene zokushintsha ezifana nama-relay noma ama-transistors nazo zingadala ukwanda kokusetshenziswa. Ku-relay, laba kungaba othintana nabo "abanamathelayo" kusukela ekungcoleni nasesikhathini. Ama-Transistors ane-reverse current enganakekile, kodwa lapho i-semiconductor iphuka, ukumelana kwayo kuba ziro.

Ezimweni ezingu-90%, inkinga ayikho kumishini evamile yemoto, kodwa kumadivayisi angajwayelekile axhunywe umshayeli ngokwakhe:

• Isiqophamazwi somsakazo “okungesona esomdabu” singaphansi komthetho ofanayo wokuxhuma ulayini we-ACC njengowojwayelekile. Imisakazo eshibhile yekhwalithi ephansi ingawuziba lo mugqa ngokuphelele futhi ihlale kumodi evamile, idla amandla amaningi.
• Lapho uxhuma ama-amplifiers, kuyadingeka futhi ukulandela uhlelo olulungile lokuxhuma, ngoba futhi banomugqa wesiginali wokulawula ukonga amandla namandla, okuvame ukulawulwa umsakazo.
• Basanda kushintsha noma bengeza isistimu yokuphepha, futhi ngakusasa ekuseni ibhethri lakhishwa "ku-zero"? Inkinga impela ikuyo.
• Kwezinye izimoto, isokhethi ye-cigarette lighter ayicimi ngisho nalapho ukucisha kucishiwe. Futhi uma noma imaphi amadivaysi anikwa amandla ngawo (isibonelo, i-DVR efanayo), aqhubeke nokunikeza umthwalo obonakalayo ebhethrini. Ungalibukeli phansi "ibhokisi elincane lekhamera", amanye awo asebenzisa i-1A noma ngaphezulu.

Kukhona amadivaysi amaningi ngempela emotweni yesimanje, kodwa kunendlela ephumelelayo yokusesha "isitha". Kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuhlangana elinamafuse, elikuyo yonke imoto. Ibhasi le-+12 V eliphuma ebhethrini liza kulo, futhi izintambo eziya kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabathengi ziyaphambuka kulo. Inqubo imi kanje:

• Sishiya i-multimeter endaweni efanayo exhunyiwe njengalapho sikala ukuvuza kwamanje.
• Thola indawo yebhokisi le-fuse.

Amabhokisi e-Fuse avame ukutholakala endaweni yenjini nasekhabetheni elingaphansi kwedeshibhodi

• Manje, ngamunye ngamunye, sisusa i-fuses ngayinye, silandela ukufundwa kwe-multimeter. Uma ukufundwa kungashintshile, kubuyisele endaweni efanayo bese udlulela kwelandelayo. Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokufundwa kwedivayisi kubonisa ukuthi kulo mugqa lapho umthengi onenkinga etholakala khona.
• Udaba luhlala luncane: ngokusho komjikelezo kagesi wemoto kusuka kumadokhumenti, sithola ukuthi yini lena noma leyo fuse enesibopho, nokuthi izintambo ziphuma kuphi. Endaweni efanayo sithola imishini yokugcina lapho inkinga yayikhona.

Udlule kuwo wonke ama-fuses, kodwa umsinga awukashintshi? Khona-ke kufanelekile ukufuna inkinga kuma-circuits emoto, lapho i-starter, i-generator kanye nesistimu yokuthungela injini ixhunywe. Iphuzu lokuxhumana kwabo lincike emotweni. Kwamanye amamodeli, atholakala eduze kwebhethri, okuyinto elula ngempela. Kusele kuphela ukuqala ukuwacisha ngamunye ngamunye futhi ungakhohlwa ukuqapha ukufundwa kwe-ammeter.

Amasekhethi kagesi anconywa ukuthi ahlolwe njengendlela yokugcina.

Enye inketho ingenzeka: bathole umugqa oyinkinga, kodwa konke kuhlelekile nabathengi abaxhunyiwe. Qonda izintambo ngokwazo kulo mugqa. Izimo ezivame kakhulu yilezi: ukufakwa kwezintambo kuncibilikile ngenxa yokushisa noma ukushisa kwenjini, kukhona ukuthintana nomzimba wemoto (okungukuthi “ubuningi”, okungukuthi, susa amandla kagesi), ukungcola noma amanzi akhona. wangena ezintweni zokuxhuma. Udinga ukwenza le ndawo ibe ngokwendawo futhi ulungise inkinga, isibonelo, ngokushintsha izintambo noma ngokuhlanza nokomisa amabhulokhi athintwe ukungcola.

Inkinga yokuvuza kwamanje emotweni ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Noma iyiphi impahla kagesi ihlale iyingozi yomlilo, ikakhulukazi emotweni, ngoba kunezinto ezivuthayo khona lapho. Ukuvala amehlo ekusetshenzisweni okukhulayo, kuzodingeka okungenani uchithe imali ebhethri elisha, futhi okubi kakhulu okungenzeka umlilo noma ngisho nokuqhuma emotweni.

Uma lesi sihloko sibonakala singaqondakali kuwe, noma ungenazo iziqu ezanele zokusebenza ngemishini kagesi, kungcono ukuphathisa umsebenzi ochwepheshe besiteshi sesevisi.