Uzifunda Kanjani Ukufundwa Kwe-Analog Multimeter (Umhlahlandlela wezinyathelo ezi-4)

Ungase ubuze ukuthi kungani udinga ukwazi ukusebenzisa i-multimeter ye-A/D kule nkathi yedijithali.

Emkhakheni wokuhlolwa kwe-electronics, ama-multimeters e-analog iyithuluzi elithembekile. Ochwepheshe basasebenzisa amamitha e-analog ukuze baxazulule izinkinga kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yokunemba kwawo nokuguqulwa kwangempela kwamanani e-RMS.

Ngizofaka okuningi ngezansi.

Ungasifunda kanjani isikali se-analog

Isikali se-analog siqukethe imigqa nezinombolo eziningi. Lokhu kungadida abaqalayo, ngakho-ke lapha uzofunda amasu ayisisekelo okufunda isikali ngendlela efanele:

1. Ungasebenzisa isikali se-ohmic (umugqa ophezulu ngu-Ω) ukuze ubale ukumelana ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla. Kumelwe uphindaphinde isilinganiso sesikali ngobubanzi obukhethiwe ngokusekelwe kububanzi obushiwo. Uma ububanzi bungu-1 kΩ futhi isikhombisi sizinzile kokuthi 5, ukufunda kwakho kuzoba ngu-5 kΩ.
2. Kufanele wenze ukulungisa kwe-span ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke izilinganiso zobuningi.
3. Ungakwazi ukukala ububanzi be-voltage kanye ne-current esikalini esingaphansi kwesikali se-ohmic. I-DC voltage kanye namanje kukalwa eduze kwesikali se-ohmic kulayini omnyama. Ulayini obomvu uhlale umele izilinganiso ze-AC. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi kufanele uhlole idatha yamanje kanye ne-voltage ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesokunxele.

Ukuze ufunde ukufundwa kwemitha ye-analog, landela lezi zinyathelo:

Isinyathelo se-1: Xhuma i-analog multimeter kumalebula okuhlola. Sebenzisa ukulungiselelwa okulandelayo ukuze ulinganise amanani ahlukahlukene:

Sebenzisa izimo:

• Isilinganiso samandla kagesiQaphela: Ukuze ulinganise i-voltage, kufanele usethe imitha ku-ACV (i-voltage eshintshanayo yamanje) noma i-DCV (i-voltage yamanje eqondile), kuye ngohlobo lwamandla kagesi akalwayo.
• Isilinganiso samanjeQaphela: Ukuze ulinganise umthamo wamanje, kufanele usethe imitha kububanzi be-ACA (AC) noma i-DCA (I-Direct Current), kuye ngokuthi kukalwa kwamanje.
• Isilinganiso sokumelana: Ungamisa imitha kububanzi be-ohm (ohm).
• Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo: Ukuze uhlole ukuqhubeka, kufanele usethe imitha ebangeni lokuhlola lokuqhubeka, elivame ukuboniswa uphawu olufana ne-diode noma isipika.
• Ihlola ama-transistorsQaphela: Kumelwe usethe imitha kububanzi be-hFE (transistor gain) ukuze uhlole ama-transistors.
• Ihlola ama-CapacitorA: Ukuze uhlole ama-capacitor, kufanele usethe imitha kububanzi be-capacitance (uF).
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-DiodeQaphela: Ukuze uhlole ama-diode, kufanele usethe imitha ebangeni lokuhlola le-diode, ngokuvamile elikhonjiswa ngophawu olufana ne-diode noma i-delta.

Isinyathelo se-2: Namathisela ama-probe okuhlola entweni ezolinganiswa ekucushweni ngakunye futhi uhlole ukufundwa kwesikali. Sizosebenzisa i-DC voltage monitoring njengesibonelo kule ngxoxo.

Isinyathelo se-3: Faka ukuhlola kuholela emaphethelweni amabili ebhethri le-AA (cishe i-9V). Kuye ngebanga elikhethiwe, isikhombisi kufanele siguquguquke esikalini. Inalithi kufanele ibe phakathi kuka-8 no-10 esikalini uma ibhethri yakho ishajwe ngokugcwele. 

Isinyathelo se-4: Sebenzisa indlela efanayo ukukala amanani ekucushweni okuhlukene.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukukhethwa kwebanga nokuphindaphinda kuyadingeka ukuze kufundwe i-analog enembile. (1)

Isibonelo, uma ukala i-voltage yebhethri yemoto nge-multimeter ye-A/D, ububanzi kufanele bube bukhulu. Uzodinga ukwenza ukuphindaphinda okulula ukuze ufunde okukhiphayo kokugcina.

Uma ububanzi be-voltage yakho ye-DC ingu-250V futhi inaliti iphakathi kuka-50 no-100, i-voltage izoba cishe ku-75 volts kuye ngendawo ngqo.

Isingeniso kuphaneli

Ukuqonda iphaneli yedivayisi kubalulekile futhi ekufundeni i-analog multimeter. Nakhu okumele ukwazi:

• Volt (B): iyunithi yomehluko ongaba khona kagesi noma amandla e-electromotive. Ikala i-voltage, umehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili kusekethe.
• Amplifiers (A): Iyunithi yamandla kagesi. Isetshenziselwa ukukala ukugeleza kweshaje kagesi kusekethe.
• Ahm (Ohm): Iyunithi yokumelana nogesi. Isetshenziselwa ukukala ukumelana kwe-elementi noma ingxenye yesifunda.
• imisinga emincane (µA): Iyunithi yamanje kagesi elingana nesigidi esisodwa se-ampere. Ikala imisinga emincane kakhulu, njengaku-transistor noma enye ingxenye encane kagesi.
• ikhilo (kΩ): ​​Iyunithi yokumelana nogesi elingana no-1,000 Ω. Ilinganisa amazinga aphezulu wokumelana, isibonelo ku-resistor noma enye ingxenye yesekethe ye-passive.
• ama-megomms (mΩ): Iyunithi yokumelana nogesi elingana nesigidi sama-ohms. Ikala amazinga aphezulu kakhulu okumelana, njengasovivinyweni lokufakwa kwe-insulation noma esinye isikali esikhethekile.
• I-ACV imele i-AC voltage kanye ne-DCV imele i-DC voltage.
• Ukuhamba (AC) amandla kagesi ashintsha izikhathi ngezikhathi. Lolu uhlobo lwamanje oluvame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamandla asekhaya nasezimbonini futhi linemvamisa engu-50 noma 60 Hz (hertz) ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
• I-DC (DC) amandla kagesi ageleza aqonde ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Ivame ukusetshenziswa kumasekhethi kagesi namadivayisi afana namabhethri namaphaneli elanga.
• I-ACV и I-DCV izilinganiso zikala umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili kusekethe. Izilinganiso zamandla kagesi e-AC zisetshenziselwa ukukala i-AC voltage kanye nezilinganiso zamandla kagesi e-DC zisetshenziselwa ukukala i-DC voltage.

I-multimeter ye-analogue ingase ibe nokunye ukufundwa noma izikali kokudayela noma esikalini, kuye ngezici ezithize zemitha namandla. Kubalulekile ukubhekisa kumanuwali noma imiyalelo ye-multimeter ethize esetshenziswayo ukuze kuqondwe incazelo yalawa magugu.

Ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele le-multimeter, kufanele ubone ukuthi unganamathisela kuphi ama-probe.

Ungabe usufinyelela izinketho eziningi ngezimbobo ezisekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla. Uma udinga ukuguqula i-polarity yesilinganiso, ukushintsha kokuzikhethela kokuzikhethela kuyasiza. Ungasebenzisa iswishi emaphakathi ukuze ukhethe inani elilinganisiwe nobubanzi obufunayo.

Isibonelo, yijikisele kwesokunxele uma ufuna ukukala ububanzi be-voltage (AC) nge-analog multimeter.

Amathiphu namasu abalulekile

• Uma usebenzisa ama-multimeter e-analog, khetha ububanzi obufanele ukuze uthole imiphumela ethembekile. Kufanele ukwenze lokhu kokubili ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokukalwa komthamo. (2)
• Ngaso sonke isikhathi linganisa i-analog multimeter yakho ngaphambi kokwenza noma yikuphi ukuhlola okubucayi noma ukuxazulula inkinga. Ngincoma kakhulu ukulinganisa kwamasonto onke uma usebenzisa idivayisi yakho nsuku zonke.
• Uma uthola izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezilinganisweni, sekuyisikhathi sokushintsha amabhethri.
• Uma uqinisekile ngevelu eqondile yenani elilinganisiwe kuma-volts, khetha njalo ububanzi obuphakeme kakhulu.

Izincomo

(1) ukuphindaphinda - https://www.britannica.com/science/multiplication

(2) ukulinganisa inani - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/

pii/026322419600022X