IKhabhinethi Yezinto Ezisabekayo

Ukunyuka kwemishini kanye nokuthathwa kwamandla ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Umhlaba wokugadwa okuphelele nokulawulwa komphakathi. Impi yenuzi kanye nokuwohloka kwempucuko. Imibono eminingi emnyama yekusasa, eyapendwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule, yayizokwenzeka namuhla. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, sibheka emuva futhi kubonakala sengathi azikaze zibe khona. Uqinisekile?

Kukhona i-repertoire ye-stereotypical edumile iziprofetho ze-dystopian (ngokuphathelene nombono omnyama wekusasa). Ngaphezu kwalokho okuvame kakhulu okuhlobene nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo ezungezile nezinsiza, kunenkolelo ebanzi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa bulimaza ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, ubudlelwano kanye nomphakathi.

Isikhala esibonakalayo sizobuyisela ngokukhohlisa ukubamba iqhaza kwangempela emhlabeni. Eminye imibono ye-dystopian ibheka ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe njengendlela yokwandisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle, ukugxilisa amandla nengcebo ezandleni zamaqembu amancane. Izidingo eziphakeme zobuchwepheshe besimanje zigxilisa ulwazi namakhono emibuthanweni emincane yabantu abanelungelo, zandise ukubhekwa kwabantu futhi zicekele phansi ubumfihlo.

Ngokusho kwama-futurists amaningi, ukukhiqiza okuphezulu nokwanda kokukhetha okubonakalayo kungalimaza izinga lokuphila lomuntu, kubangele ukucindezeleka, imisebenzi esongelayo, kusenze sithande izinto ezibonakalayo kakhulu emhlabeni.

Omunye wama-"dystopians" odumile wezobuchwepheshe, UJames Gleick, inikeza isibonelo esibonakala siwubala sesilawuli kude se-TV njengento eqanjiwe engaxazululi inkinga eyodwa ebalulekile, edala eziningi ezintsha. Gleick, ecaphuna isazi-mlando sezobuchwepheshe Edward Tenner, ubhala ukuthi ikhono nokulula ukushintsha iziteshi usebenzisa isilawuli kude ngokuyinhloko kusebenzela ukuphazamisa isibukeli kakhulu.

Esikhundleni sokwaneliseka, abantu baya ngokuya benganeliseki ngeziteshi abazibukayo. Esikhundleni sokwanelisa izidingo, kunomuzwa wokudumazeka okungapheli.

Ingabe imishini izosigcina ekubhukheni?

Ingabe sizokwazi ukuyilawula le nto engenakugwema futhi okungenzeka ivele maduze? Over intelligence yokwenziwa? Uma lokhu kufanele kube njalo, njengoba imibono eminingi ye-dystopian imemezela, khona-ke cha. (1).

Kunzima ukulawula into enamandla kunathi izikhathi eziningi. njengoba inani lemisebenzi likhula. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, akekho owayengakholelwa ukuthi angakwazi ukufunda imizwa ezwini lomuntu futhi abhekane nokunembe kakhulu kunalokho thina esingakwenza. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-algorithms aqeqeshiwe njengamanje aseyakwazi lokhu, ahlaziya isimo sobuso, i-timbre nendlela esikhuluma ngayo.

Amakhompyutha adweba izithombe, aqambe umculo, futhi omunye waze wawina umncintiswano wezinkondlo eJapane. Sekuyisikhathi eside beshaya abantu e-chess, befunda umdlalo kusuka phansi. Okufanayo kusebenza kugeyimu eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ye-Go.

ithobela imithetho yokusheshisa ngokushesha. Lokho okuzuzwe yi-AI - ngosizo lomuntu - emashumini eminyaka adlule kuzophindeka kabili eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, mhlawumbe izinyanga nje, futhi kuzothatha amasonto, izinsuku, imizuzwana...

Njengoba kuvele muva nje, ama-algorithms asetshenziswa kuma-smartphones noma ezikhumulweni zezindiza ukuhlaziya izithombe zamakhamera atholakala yonke indawo awakwazi nje ukubona umuntu ozimele abahlukene, kodwa futhi nokuhlonza izici ezingokwengqondo ezisondele kakhulu. Ukusho ukuthi lokhu kuyingozi enkulu yobumfihlo kuwukubukelwa phansi. Lokhu akukhona mayelana nokubhekwa okulula, ukuqapha zonke izinyathelo, kodwa mayelana nolwazi oluvela ngenxa yokubonakala komuntu, mayelana nezifiso zakhe ezifihliwe kanye nezinto azithandayo. 

Ama-algorithms angafunda lokhu ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa ngokuhlaziya amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamacala, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho okubonwa ngumuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu empilweni yakhe yonke. Behlome ngolwazi oluningi kangaka, bayakwazi ukuskena umuntu ngokunembe kakhulu kunanoma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esinolwazi olunzulu, ulimi lomzimba kanye nomhlaziyi wokuthinta.

Ngakho-ke i-dystopia epholile yangempela akukhona ukuthi amakhompyutha adlala i-chess noma Hamba ngokumelene nathi, kodwa ukuthi angabona umphefumulo wethu ujule kunanoma ubani omunye kunathi, egcwele ukuvinjelwa kanye namabhulokhi ekuboneni lokho noma okunye ukuthambekela.

U-Elon Musk ukholelwa ukuthi njengoba izinhlelo ze-AI ziqala ukufunda futhi zicabange ngezikali ezikhula njalo, "ubuhlakani" bungase buguquke ndawana thize. ejulile ngezendlalelo zewebhu, thina singanakile.

Ngokocwaningo lwaseMelika olwanyatheliswa ngo-2016, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bunethuba elingamaphesenti angama-45 lokudlula abantu kuyo yonke imisebenzi phakathi neminyaka engu-50 ezayo. Izibikezelo zithi yebo, i-AI izoxazulula inkinga yomdlavuza, ithuthukise futhi isheshise umnotho, inikeze ezokuzijabulisa, ithuthukise izinga nobude bempilo, isifundise ukuze singakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwayo, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ngelinye ilanga, inzondo, esekelwe kuphela ekubaleni okunengqondo, imane isisuse. Kungase kungenzeki ngokomzimba, ngoba kuzo zonke izinhlelo kufanele kuqoqwe, kugcinwe kungobo yomlando futhi kugcinwe izinsiza “ezingase zibe usizo ngolunye usuku.” Yebo, lesi isisetshenziswa esingaba yi-AI. Iziqiwi ezivikelwe abantu?

Ama-Optimists aziduduza ngokuthi kuhlale kunethuba lokudonsa ipulaki kusokhethi. Nokho, konke akulula kangako. Kakade, ukuphila komuntu sekuncike kakhulu kuma-computer kangangokuthi isinyathelo esiwujuqu sokulwa nawo singaba inhlekelele kithi.

Phela, siya ngokuya sidala amasistimu wokuthatha izinqumo asekelwe ku-AI, esiwanikeza ilungelo lokushayela izindiza, ukusetha inzalo, ukuphatha izitshalo zamandla - siyazi ukuthi ama-algorithms azokwenza lokhu kangcono kakhulu kunathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, asiqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi lezi zinqumo zedijithali zenziwa kanjani.

Kunokwesabela ukuthi izinhlelo zokuyala ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ezifana Nokunciphisa Ukuminyana zingase zibaholele ekuphetheni ngokuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo yokwenza umsebenzi wenziwe... ukunciphisa inani labantu ngengxenye yesithathu noma isigamu.

Yebo, kuyafaneleka ukunikeza umshini umyalo obaluleke kakhulu njengokuthi “Okokuqala, sindisa ukuphila komuntu!” Nokho, ubani owaziyo ukuthi ingqondo yedijithali izobe isiholela ekuboshweni kwesintu noma esibayeni, lapho singase siphephe khona, kodwa ngokuqinisekile singakhululekile.

I-Cybercrime njengesevisi

Esikhathini esidlule, ama-dystopias nemifanekiso yezwe le-post-apocalyptic ezincwadini nasefilimini zazivame ukutholakala enkathini yempi yangemva kwempi yenuzi. Namuhla, ukubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi akubonakali kudingekile ukuze kubhubhise futhi kubhubhise umhlaba ngendlela esiwazi ngayo, nakuba kungenjalo ngendlela esicabanga ngayo. , cishe ngeke kubhubhise umhlaba njengaku-“The Terminator,” lapho kwahlanganiswa khona nokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Uma engenza lokhu, ubengeke abe ungqondongqondo, kodwa abe amandla akudala. Phela, ngisho nesintu asikasiboni isimo sembulunga yonke sengxabano yenuzi ebhubhisayo.

I-apocalypse yomshini wangempela ingase ingabi umxhwele kangako.

Impi ye-Cyber, ukuhlaselwa kwegciwane, ukugebenga kwesistimu kanye ne-ransomware, i-ransomware (2) ikhubaza futhi ibhubhise umhlaba wethu ngempumelelo njengamabhomu. Uma isikali sabo sanda, singangena esigabeni sempi ephelele ehlanganisa yonke into, lapho sizoba yizisulu kanye nabathunjwa bemishini, nakuba bengaphoqelekile ukuthi benze ngokuzimele, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abantu basazoba ngemuva kwakho konke.

Ngehlobo eledlule, i-US Cyberspace and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) ibize ukuhlasela kwe-ransomware "usongo oluvelele kakhulu lwe-cybersecurity."

I-CISA ithi imisebenzi eminingi lapho isigebengu se-inthanethi singenela futhi sibethele idatha yomuntu noma yenhlangano bese sithatha imali yesihlengo ayilokothi ibikwe ngoba isisulu sikhokhela izigebengu ze-inthanethi futhi asizimisele ukuveza izinkinga ngezinhlelo zabo ezingavikelekile. Ezingeni elincane, izigebengu ze-inthanethi zivame ukukhomba abantu abadala asebekhulile abanenkinga yokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuqukethwe okuthembekile nokungathembeki ku-inthanethi. Benza lokhu besebenzisa uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha eshumekwe kokunamathiselwe kwe-imeyili noma iwindi le-pop-up kuwebhusayithi ethelelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlaselwa kwezinkampani ezinkulu, izibhedlela, izinhlaka zikahulumeni nohulumeni kuyanda.

Laba bakamuva bebeqondiswe ikakhulukazi ngenxa yolwazi olubucayi abanalo kanye nethuba lokukhokha okuphezulu kwesihlengo.

Olunye ulwazi, olunjengolwazi lwezempilo, lubaluleke kakhulu kumnikazi kunolunye futhi lungaletha imali eningi ezigebengwini. Amasela angakwazi ukuvimba noma ahlukanise amabhulokhi amakhulu edatha yomtholampilo ebalulekile ekunakekelweni kwesiguli, njengemiphumela yokuhlolwa noma ulwazi lwemithi. Lapho izimpilo zisengozini, ayikho indawo yokuxoxisana esibhedlela. Esinye isibhedlela saseMelika savalwa unomphela ngoNovemba odlule ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-August.

Cishe kuzoba kubi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngo-2017, uMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya wase-US wamemezela ukuthi ukuhlasela kwe-cyberattack kungakhomba ingqalasizinda ebalulekile njengezinsiza zamanzi. Futhi amathuluzi adingekayo ukwenza lezi zenzo aya ngokuya etholakala kuma-opharetha amancane, abawadayisela amakhithi e-ransomware njenge-software ye-Cerber ne-Petya futhi akhokhise imali yesihlengo ngemva kokuhlasela okuyimpumelelo. Ngokusekelwe kubugebengu bamakhompuyutha njengesevisi.

Ukuphazamiseka okuyingozi ku-genome

Enye yezindikimba ezithandwayo ze-dystopia yizofuzo, ukukhohlisa kwe-DNA nokuzalanisa abantu - ngaphezu kwalokho, "kuhlelwe" ngendlela efanele (iziphathimandla, izinhlangano, amasosha).

Ukubonakaliswa kwesimanje kwalezi zinkathazo kuyindlela yokwazisa Ukuhlelwa kofuzo lwe-CRISPR (3). Izindlela eziqukethwe zikhathaza ngokuyinhloko. ukuphoqa imisebenzi oyifunayo ezizukulwaneni ezalandela kanye namandla azo asabalalisa kubo bonke abantu. Omunye wabasunguli bale nqubo, UJennifer Doudna, ngisho muva nje ucele ukuthi kumiswe izindlela ezinjalo zokuhlela amagciwane ngenxa yemiphumela engaba yinhlekelele.

Ake sikhumbule ukuthi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule usosayensi waseShayina He Jiankui yagxekwa kakhulu ngokuhlela izakhi zofuzo zemibungu yabantu ukuze igonyelwe igciwane lengculazi. Isizathu kwakuwukuthi izinguquko azenzile zingadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngemiphumela engalindelekile.

Okukhathaza kakhulu lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-d (ukubhalwa kabusha kofuzo, i-gene drive), i.e. indlela yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, ehlanganisa ukubhala ngekhodi isistimu yokuhlela ku-DNA yomuntu othile I-CRISPR/CAS9 genome ngokuyilungiselela ukuhlela lokhu okuhlukile kofuzo olungafunwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, inzalo ngokuzenzakalelayo (ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwezazi zofuzo) iphinda ibhale ukwahluka kofuzo okungafunwa nalolo olufunekayo.

Nokho, okuhlukile kofuzo okungafunwa kungase kutholwe inzalo “njengesipho” esivela komunye umzali ongashintshiwe. Ngakho-ke i-gene drive ikuvumela ukuthi uphule Imithetho ye-Mendelian yefaokubonisa ukuthi ingxenye yezakhi zofuzo ezivelele zitholwa ngenzalo kumzali oyedwa. Ngamafuphi, lokhu kuzogcina kuholele ekutheni ukwahluka kofuzo okukhulunywa ngakho kusabalale kuso sonke isibalo sabantu.

Isazi sebhayoloji eStanford University Christina Smolke, emuva kuphaneli yezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ngo-2016, uxwayise ngokuthi lo mshini ungase ube yingozi futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, imiphumela esabekayo. I-gene drive inamandla okushintsha njengoba idlula ezizukulwaneni futhi ibangele ukuphazamiseka kofuzo okufana ne-hemophilia noma i-hemophilia.

Njengoba sifunda ephepheni elishicilelwe ku-Nature Reviews ngabacwaningi baseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, e-Riverside, ngisho noma idrayivu isebenza ngendlela eklanywe ngayo endaweni eyodwa yento ephilayo, imfanelo efanayo yofuzo ingaba yingozi uma ngandlela thize yethulwa kwesinye isibalo sabantu. umbono ofanayo.

Kukhona nengozi yokuthi ososayensi badale izakhi zofuzo ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe futhi ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa kontanga. Uma othile ngenhloso noma ngokungenhloso ethule idrayivu yofuzo eyingozi ku-genome yomuntu, njengaleyo eqeda ukumelana kwethu nomkhuhlane, kungasho ngisho nokuphela kwezinhlobo ze-homo sapiens...

Ukuqapha capitalism

Inguqulo ye-dystopia ababhali bangaphambili bezinganekwane zesayensi ababengacabangi neze ukuthi iyiqiniso le-inthanethi, futhi ikakhulukazi imithombo yezokuxhumana, nayo yonke imiphumela echazwe kabanzi ecekela phansi ubumfihlo babantu, ubudlelwano nobuqotho bokusebenza kwengqondo.

Lo mhlaba udwetshwe amakhonsathi amasha kuphela, njengalokho ebesikubona ochungechungeni lwe-TV ethi Black Mirror, esiqeshini sango-2016 esithi “The Dive” (4). Shoshana Zuboff, isazi sezomnotho sase-Harvard, sibiza leli qiniso ngokuthi lincike ngokuphelele ekuziqinisekiseni komphakathi kanye “nokuncishwa ngokuphelele” ngokuphelele. ukubhekwa kwe-capitalism (), futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo impumelelo enkulu ye-Google ne-Facebook.

4. Isigcawu esivela ku-“Black Mirror” - isiqephu esithi “Dive”

Ngokusho kukaZuboff, iGoogle ingumsunguli wokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlale ikhulisa imisebenzi yayo yokugada, isibonelo ngamaphrojekthi abonakala engenacala "wedolobha elihlakaniphile". Isibonelo iphrojekthi "Yesifunda Ethuthuke Kakhulu Emhlabeni" eyenziwa yi-Sidewalk Labs, inkampani ephethwe yi-Google. ijethi eToronto.

I-Google ihlela ukuqoqa iminithi yonke idatha mayelana nempilo yezakhamuzi zase-waterfront, ukunyakaza kwazo ngisho nokuphefumula kwazo kusetshenziswa izinzwa zokuqapha ezitholakala yonke indawo.

Kunzima futhi ukukhetha i-dystopia ye-inthanethi engekho embuzweni ku-Facebook. I-capitalism yokuqapha kungenzeka ukuthi yasungulwa yi-Google, kodwa yi-Facebook eyayisa ezingeni elisha. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana nabantu kanye nemizwa kanye nokuqondiswa okungaphezi kwalabo abangasebenzisi inkundla kaZuckerberg.

I-AI egadiwe, ecwile eqinisweni elibonakalayo, ehlala ne-UBI

Ngokusho kwama-futurists amaningi, ikusasa lomhlaba nobuchwepheshe kuboniswa ngamagama amahlanu - AI, AR, VR, BC kanye ne-UBI.

Abafundi beMT cishe bazi kahle ukuthi bayini nokuthi abathathu bokuqala bahlanganisani. Elijwayelekile libuye libe elesine, “iLanga,” lapho siqonda ukuthi sikhuluma ngani. Futhi okwesihlanu? I-UBD isifinyezo somqondo othi "imali engenayo yonke eyisisekelo" (5). Lena inzuzo kahulumeni ehlehliswa ngezikhathi ezithile ezonikezwa wonke umuntu okhululwe emsebenzini njengoba obunye ubuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi i-AI, buthuthuka.

5. Ingeniso Eyisisekelo Yomhlaba Wonke - UBI

ISwitzerland ize yafaka lo mbono kunhlolovo ngonyaka odlule, kodwa izakhamuzi zakhona zawuchitha ngoba zisaba ukuthi ukwethulwa kwemali eqinisekisiwe kuzogcwala abantu bokufika kuleli. I-UBI iphinde ibe nenani lezinye izingozi, okuhlanganisa nengozi yokuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani okukhona komphakathi.

Uguquko ngalunye lwezobuchwepheshe ngemuva kwesifinyezo (bheka futhi:) - uma lusakazeka futhi luthuthuka ngendlela elindelekile - lunemiphumela emikhulu esintwini nasezweni lethu, okuhlanganisa, yiqiniso, umthamo omkhulu we-dystopia. Isibonelo, kukholakala ukuthi ingangena esikhundleni somjikelezo wokhetho weminyaka emine futhi iholele kumanhlolovo mayelana nenqwaba yezinkinga.

Okungokoqobo okungokoqobo, nakho, kuyakwazi “ukungafaki” ingxenye yesintu emhlabeni wangempela. Yilokhu okwenzekile, ngokwesibonelo, ngowesifazane waseKorea u-Chan Ji Sun, okwathi, ngemva kokushona kwendodakazi yakhe ngo-2016 ngenxa yesifo esingelapheki, selokhu ahlangana ne-avatar yakhe ku-VR. Isikhala esibonakalayo siphinde sidale izinhlobo ezintsha zezinkinga, noma empeleni sidlulisela zonke izinkinga ezaziwayo emhlabeni “omusha” noma eminye imihlaba eminingi. Ngokwezinga elithile, sesivele sikubona lokhu ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuthi ukuthandwa okuncane kakhulu kokuthunyelwe kuholela ekucindezelekeni nasekuzibulaleni.

Izinganekwane ezingokwesiprofetho kakhulu noma ngaphansi

Phela, umlando wemibono ye-dystopian ubuye ufundise ukuqapha ekwenzeni izibikezelo.

6. Ikhava ethi “Iziqhingi Eziku-inthanethi”

U-Ridley Scott ohlonishwayo we-sci-fi wobuciko "Android Hunter» Kusukela ngo-1982. Umuntu angaphikisana ngokugcwaliseka noma cha kwezakhi eziningi eziqondile, kodwa akunakuphikwa ukuthi isiprofetho esibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokuba khona esikhathini sethu sama-androids ahlakaniphile, ama-humanoid, aphakeme kunabantu ngezindlela eziningi, asikakafezeki.

Sizovuma ukuvumela izingoma eziningi ezingokwesiprofetho.”Ama-Neuromancers"okungukuthi, amanoveli UWilliam Gibson kusukela ngo-1984, okuyinto eyandisa umqondo we "cyberspace".

Nokho, kuleyo minyaka eyishumi kwavela incwadi engaziwa kancane (ezweni lakithi cishe ngokuphelele, ngoba ayizange ihunyushwe ngesiPolish), eyabikezela izikhathi zanamuhla ngokunembe kakhulu. Ngikhuluma ngenoveli"Iziqhingi kuwebhu«(6) UBruce Sterling kusukela ngo-1988, ku-2023. Ihlanganisa umhlaba ogxile kokuthile okufana ne-inthanethi okwaziwa ngokuthi "iwebhu". Ilawulwa yizinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. I-“Islands of the Net” iphawuleka ngokulawula, ukugada, kanye nokubusa kwe-inthanethi okuthiwa yamahhala.

Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukubona imisebenzi yamasosha eyenziwa kusetshenziswa izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu (ama-drones) ngokumelene nezigebengu/amaphekula aku-inthanethi. Abasebenzisa izinkulungwane zamamayela kude namadeskithophu avikelekile - sikwazi kanjani lokhu? Le ncwadi ayikhulumi ngengxabano engapheli nobuphekula bamaSulumane, kodwa imayelana nokulwa namandla aphikisana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Umhlaba Weziqhingi ku-Net ubuye ugcwaliswe ngamadivayisi abathengi afana kakhulu namawashi ahlakaniphile nezicathulo zezemidlalo ezihlakaniphile.

Kukhona enye incwadi evela kuma-80s okuthi, ngenkathi ezinye zezehlakalo zibonakala zimnandi kakhulu, ikubonisa kahle ukwesaba kwethu kwesimanje kwe-dystopian. Lokhu"Isoftware ye-Georadar", Umlando URudiego Rucker, okwenzeka ngo-2020. Umhlaba, isimo somphakathi kanye nezingxabano zawo kubonakala kufana ngendlela emangalisayo nalokhu esibhekene nakho namuhla. Kukhona namarobhothi aziwa ngokuthi ama-bopper asebezazi futhi abalekele emadolobheni enyangeni. Lesi sici asikakabonakali, kodwa ukuvukela kwemishini kuba ukugwema njalo izibikezelo ezimnyama.

Imibono yezincwadi zesikhathi sethu nayo inembe ngendlela ephawulekayo ngezindlela eziningi. Octavia Butler, ikakhulukazi kuImifanekiso yoMhlwanyeli"(1993). Indaba iqala ngo-2024 e-Los Angeles futhi yenzeka eCalifornia ecekelwe phansi yizikhukhula, iziphepho kanye nesomiso esidalwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Imindeni yesigaba esimaphakathi nesabasebenzi ihlangana emiphakathini enesango, izama ukubalekela izwe langaphandle ngokusebenzisa izidakamizwa eziluthayo kanye nezinsiza zento engekho ngokoqobo. Izinkolo ezintsha nezinkolelo-mbono zozungu ziyavela. Ikharavani yababaleki ilibangise enyakatho ukuze babalekele ukuwohloka kwemvelo nenhlalo. Kungena umongameli osebenzisa isiqubulo somkhankaso esithi “Make America Great Again” (lesi isiqubulo sikaDonald Trump)…

Incwadi yesibili ka-Butler,Umfanekiso Wamathalenta", ilandisa ukuthi amalungu ehlelo elisha lenkolo awushiya kanjani uMhlaba ngomkhumbi-mkhathi ukuze athathe u-Alpha Centauri.

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Siyini isifundo kulokhu kubuyekezwa okubanzi kwezibikezelo nemibono eyenziwa emashumini eminyaka edlule ethinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke?

Mhlawumbe iphuzu liwukuthi i-dystopias zenzeka kaningi, kodwa ngokuvamile kancane kancane.