Hlola IDrayivu Umlando Wokudluliswa Kwezimoto - Ingxenye 3
Kule ngxenye yokugcina, uzothola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezixazululo zesimanje kule ndawo.
Namuhla, umhlaba wokuthutha uhluke kakhulu kunangaphambili, futhi izinkampani zezimoto nabahlinzeki bempahla baboshwe ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi nezivumelwano eziholela ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kakhulu, kusukela kuma-CVT amancane ama-transmissions kuya kuma-automatic transmissions ayisishiyagalolunye.
Ngama-50s, yonke into yayibonakala ithatha isithombe esicacile: kubantu baseMelika, ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo manje sekubalulekile, futhi kubantu baseYurophu, ukudluliswa kwezandla kusalokhu kuyinto ehamba phambili. Kodwa-ke, isitatimende esifanayo singasetshenziswa kuma-70s - akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi "imoto" yangempela yaseYurophu (Western) yaqala ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba i-80s iseneminyaka yokwakha kabusha kusukela emanxiweni empi. Umlando ukhombisa ukuthi lesi sithombe besingehlukanga kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-2000, yize kwezinye izindawo e-Europe kwaqala ukuvela othomathikhi ezimotweni zikanokusho. Kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yawo-90 lapho ukufika kohulumeni we-e-government kwaqala ukushintsha isimo esivuna ama-automatic transmissions kanye ne-Old Continent. Kodwa ngisho nango-80, lapho isabelo semishini ezishintshayo ezimotweni ezintsha sifinyelela kumaphesenti angu-15 e-US namaphesenti angu-4 eJapane, amaphesenti amahlanu kuphela abantu baseYurophu akhetha lesi sixazululo. Yiqiniso, umuntu akakwazi ukubukela phansi ingxenye engokwengqondo kuleli cala kanye nesifiso esinenjongo kakhulu salokhu sokushintsha amagiya ngokwabo. Ngaleso sikhathi, babesasebenzisa igiya lika-5 kanye nelesi-2002 - kwaze kwafika u-'6 lapho i-ZF yethula isizukulwane sokuqala se-8HP yayo edonsa ngamagiya ayisithupha ukuze ifike ku-8HP, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva ku-ZF XNUMXHP. Lesi sakamuva siba uguquko lwangempela, hhayi nje ngenani lamagiya, kodwa futhi nokunethezeka okuphelele kokusebenza, okuye kwafezwa onjiniyela bakwaBMW kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwabo okunembe ochungechungeni lwesikhombisa.
Lesi isikhathi soshintsho olumangalisayo ngoba ngaleso sikhathi i-ZF yaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka nge-4HP ye-Peugeot 407 kanye ne-5HP ye-VW ne-Skoda. Eqinisweni, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-13, isabelo semishini ezenzakalelayo emhlabeni wonke senyuke kakhulu, safinyelela kumaphesenti angama-46 ngo-2014. Naphezu kokwanda kwenani lamagiya, ubukhulu nesisindo siyancipha, futhi kukhona kakade okuthile kuwo wonke umuntu lapha. Ngisho nezimoto ezincane ezifana neHonda Jazz zizophinde zithole o-gearbox we-dual-clutch. I-Mercedes ne-ZF bethula izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalolunye ngokulandelana. Ukuthuthukiswa ngokuhlanganyela okusebenzayo i-GM kanye neFord basebenza kanzima kuphrojekthi yokuhambisa okuzenzakalelayo yamagiya ayishumi ukulwa ne-Chrysler eMelika, okumanje ikhipha inguqulo enelayisensi ye-ZF 8HP. Nakuba ukuvela kwamagiya ashintshwayo kuya ngasemagiya angcono, ukwenziwa lula kanye nokushintsha okunembayo, okwenza ezinye izimoto zifinyeleleke ngendlela yokuthi kungaba ukudelela ukuzincisha, ama-automatics asenenqwaba yezinketho. Kuzo zonke izimoto ezinamagiya azishintshayo ezidayiswe ngo-2014, amaphesenti angu-49 ama-automatic transmissions angamagiya angu-6 noma ngaphezulu, kanti amaphesenti angu-15 kuphela anamagiya angaphansi kuka-6. Ama-CVT enza amaphesenti angu-20, ama-dual-clutch transmissions angu-9%, kanti ezishintshayo azishintshayo amaphesenti amathathu nje kuphela, njengoba kwenza i-hybrid kanye ne-electric car transmissions. Lezi zibalo zifihla imininingwane ethile eqinile: ingxenye enkulu yokudluliselwa kwe-DSG, ngokwesibonelo, isemakethe eYurophu, yakudala eYurophu nase-USA, kanti ingxenye ephezulu yokuthunyelwa kwe-CVT iseJapan. Ngasikhathi sinye, amayunithi amasha awasindi noma makhulu kunangaphambili - uma i-3 Mercedes 5-speed automatic transmission idinga amagiya amane eplanethi nemishini yokukhiya eyisikhombisa, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlakaniphile, i-2004G-Tronic entsha yiyo. futhi ilawula amagiya amane eplanethi, kodwa ngama-clutch ayisithupha njengama-elementi okukhiya. Into eyodwa ecacile - maduze nje ngisho nezinkampani ezisesigabeni esimaphakathi zizolandela abakhiqizi bezimpahla zikanokusho futhi manje sebedlulela kumagiya anamagiya engeziwe - isibonelo esihle salokhu ukuthi i-Opel isesigabeni sokugcina sokwenza ugesi odonsa ngamagiya ayisishiyagalombili ozishintshayo. . Umqondo wemoto enomshini ozishintshayo owenza injini isheshise ngokungakhululeki futhi udale umuzwa ongavamile wokwenziwa manje ususemibhalweni yomlando.
Izivumelwano nezivumelwano
Однако Mercedes – скорее один из исключений как производитель автомобилей, который разрабатывает и производит собственные трансмиссии. На него похожи Mazda, PSA и Hyundai/ Kia, но на практике большинство производителей автомобилей в значительной степени связаны сложными отношениями и совместными предприятиями как друг с другом, так и с такими поставщиками коробок передач, как ZF и Aisin. С 8-ступенчатым автоматом ZF в разных вариантах, например, модели оснащены Audi, BMW и Rolls-Royce. По лицензионному соглашению Chrysler производит такую же трансмиссию для моделей Уклонение, Крайслер, и Jeep, но и для Maserati и Fiat. GM производит восьмиступенчатую Hydra-Matic для самого Corvette, но совместно с Aisin разработала восьмиступенчатую коробку передач для Cadillac, а десять лет назад поставила автоматические коробки передач для BMW. В то же время американский гигант работает с Ford над созданием десятиступенчатой коробки передач, а его европейское подразделение Opel разрабатывает собственную восьмиступенчатую коробку передач. Hyundai / Kia также разработали собственную восьмиступенчатую коробку передач. Компания Getrag, которая тем временем приобрела обширный опыт в производстве коробок передач с двойным сцеплением, предлагает свои агрегаты как для компактных моделей Ford, так и для Renault, а также для M-версий BMW, и два сцепления для них в большинстве случаев поставляет LUK. Знаменитая трансмиссия DSG от VW и Audi была сконструирована с помощью BorgWarner, а трансмиссия для Veyron была разработана Рикардо. Коробка передач с двумя сцеплениями и семью включенными передачами. Porsche PDK – это работа… ZF, BorgWarner и Aichi Machine Industry, которые совместно разрабатывают и производят трансмиссию для Nissan GT-R.
Umncintiswano we-Classic Automation
Engxenyeni edlule, sikutshele ngokuningiliziwe ngokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo okudala. Sizongeza ukuthi kuzinguqulo zangaphambilini, uhlelo lwe-hydraulic olucindezelwe olusebenzisa izinto zokukhiya (bheka ngezansi) lulawulwa ngomshini lususelwa ekuthengeni okwenzeka manifolds futhi lusebenzisa umlawuli we-centrifugal. Kamuva konke kususelwa ku-elekthronikhi nemingcele ehlobene nokulawulwa kwezimoto. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uwoyela omusha wokwenziwa nawo unengxenye ebalulekile ekusebenzeni okunembile kokuhanjiswa kwesimanje. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo okudala eminyakeni yamuva kubasizile ukuthi babe namuhla abangenakuqhathaniswa maqondana negiya lokushintsha induduzo ngokushelela okuhlukile nangejubane elikhulu, futhi kuze kube manje bangabaholi enanini lamagiya (asevele eyi-9). Ukunqanyulwa okusheshayo kwesiguquli se-torque kubenza basebenze kahle futhi bangaphazanyiswa nokudonswa ngamandla, okubasondeza eduze ne-DSG, izikhathi zokushintsha ziyancipha futhi zifishane, futhi ngosizo lwama-accumulators engcindezi uhlelo lwe-start-stop aluhlanganisiwe. umbuzo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi ngenkathi amabhasi esebenzisa ikakhulu ukuthunyelwa okuzenzakalelayo okujwayelekile, okusemqoka emalolini amakhulu ukuhambisa ngesandla ngokushintshana kwamagiya womoya okuzenzakalelayo.
Ukuhanjiswa okuzenzakalelayo
Eminyakeni eyishumi nje edlule, ikusasa labo lalibukeka lithembisa… Emuva kokuthi bengene kwi-motorsport ngeminyaka yawo-80s futhi bashintshela kuma-gearbox alandelanayo anesivinini esikhulu, manje asebancane futhi abavamile ezimotweni ezikhiqizayo, avuleleka kuma-gearbox anamagiya amabili. bamba. Izinketho zokudluliswa kwemishini ezinokushintshwa kwe-pneumatic kanye ne-hydraulic zihlala zihamba phambili emalolini, nezilandelanayo zezimoto zomjaho. Lokhu kokugcina kuyiqiniso elixakayo futhi kuphikisana ne-FIA ngesifiso sokunciphisa izindleko. Sekufike ezingeni lokuthi maduze zonke izimoto zeFormula 1 sezizothola ama-gearbox kumthengisi ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zilinganiselwe ezintweni zokwakha, kanye nenani lamagiya, kanye nobubanzi bamagiya - isinqumo esingavamile ngokumelene nesizinda sokwethulwa kwezinjini ezintsha ze-turbo.
Eqinisweni, konke kwaqala njengenguquko ku-incubator ye-Formula 1 eyedlulele, futhi ijeneretha yayo yomqondo wayengumklami omkhulu weFerrari maphakathi nawo-80s, u-John Barnard. Umqondo wakhe ojulile ekusebenzeni awukona ukuthola indlela entsha yokushintsha, kodwa ukuqeda izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezisindayo ku-cab yemoto. Njengoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona kakade isisekelo sezobuchwepheshe ngendlela yamadivaysi e-electro-hydraulic (njengesici sokumiswa okusebenzayo kwezimoto), wanquma ukuthi i-activator enjalo ingasetshenziselwa le njongo. Akukona ngisho nokususa i-clutch pedal kuqala. I-prototypes yokuqala yayihlanganisa amadivaysi okushintsha igiya ngalinye, futhi lesi sixazululo savumela ukuthi izinsimbi zokuqondisa isondo zihanjiswe. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kwafika umqondo wokukhulula i-clutch pedal futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uyivule ngosizo lokulawula ubuchopho be-elekthronikhi. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo kanye ne-microprocessor, kanye nokwethulwa kwama-throttles alawulwa nge-elekthronikhi, kuvumela ukuguquguquka okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele. Ingabe lokhu kuzoba isipikili sokugcina ebhokisini lokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo okuzenzakalelayo - eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, amazwi anjalo aqala ukuzwakala kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthunyelwa kwemishini okuzenzakalelayo kuyathuthuka ngokushesha, kuya ekwakhiweni okusha ngokuphelele okunomklamo ohleliwe (olandelanayo), lapho ama-lever wesistimu ye-shift afakwa eziteshini noma alandele i-contour yesigubhu esijikelezayo.
I-othomathikhi yakudala manje ngokubhalwa ngokweqile okwenziwa ngesandla
Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye lapho ama-semi-automatic transmissions asekelwe ku-transmission manual athatha izinyathelo zawo zokuqala emdlalweni omkhulu, i-Porsche ixazulule inkinga ephambene ngokwakha i-othomathikhi eguquguqukayo ekwazi ukuguquguquka usebenzisa izinsimbi esiteringini. Yiqiniso, ukudluliselwa kungokwakho ZF, okuyinto kanye Bosch idlala indima eholayo kule phrojekthi (Porsche idala umqondo oyinhloko futhi ihola iphrojekthi, ZF ithuthukisa imishini, futhi Bosch - abaphathi). Ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi kuboniswa ngendlela yemishini eyengeziwe ye-911 kanye ne-968, futhi kamuva i-Audi ne-Mitsubishi bathenga amalayisensi alo msebenzi. Igama lalokhu kudluliswa kwe-tiptronic livela egameni lesiJalimane elithi tippen (ukusunduza) ngenxa yekhono lokugudluza ngokusunduza nokudonsa i-lever. Lolu hlobo luka-gearbox selunomsebenzi wokushintsha indlela ashayela ngayo kuye ngokuthi umshayeli ushayela kanjani.
Ngaleso sikhathi, indalo kaJohn Barnard inendawo yayo efanele ezimotweni - vele, kulabo abanomoya wezemidlalo, noma okungenani abazenzisa ngakho - njengeFerrari F360 Modena kanye ne-Alfa 147 Selespeed enesizotha kakhulu enokudluliselwa okulandelanayo (okusekelwe emshinini ohamba ngamagiya amahlanu oshintshwayo kanye nobuchopho beMagnetti-Marelli Kodwa, njengoba sesishilo, ukuzalwa kokudluliselwa kwe-dual-clutch kwabonakala kushisa izifiso zokuthutha okuzenzakalelayo emhlabeni wezimoto ezinkulu, kanye nalezi zamuva. iphendukele kumamodeli anesizotha kanye nethuba lomshini ozishintshayo oshibhile wama-transmission akhona (njenge-Opel Easytronic okwamanje ithole uhlelo lwayo olusha, lwesithathu). Lokhu kwenziwa ngezindlela ezilula kunokwakhiwa kwe-serial - kulokhu kusetshenziswa iyunithi yokulawula eyengeziwe, esevele ihlangene impela. Kodwa-ke, isixazululo sephupho elidala labaklami lokushintshashintsha okuzenzakalelayo okuvumelanisiwe nokungahlangani kuhlala kuyi-utopia kuphela - empeleni lokhu akukwenzeki, futhi konke ukudluliswa kwalolu hlobo kunenkinga yokuntuleka kokuguquguquka okuvumelanayo kusuka kwelinye igiya kuya kwelinye. . Abakhiqizi bezimoto zezemidlalo bagxile ekudluliselweni kwe-dual clutch (DCT noma i-DSG). Isibonelo esijwayelekile kule ndlela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-BMW ne-Getrag, ephenduke i-SMG gearbox elandelanayo yesizukulwane esedlule i-M5 futhi yaguqulelwa ku-gearbox we-DCT wamagiya ayisikhombisa kuleli lamanje.
Ngama-clutch amabili ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kokubambeka
Konke kwaqala ngo-2003 ngesikhathi abakwaVW bethula iDirect Shift Transmission (noma iDirect Schalt Getriebe ngesiJalimane) eyakhiwe ngokubambisana neBorgWarner. Ngokushesha nje lapho yethulwa, yabonisa ikhono lokushintsha ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kwe-jerks ye-manual kanye ne-othomathikhi, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwe-traction futhi ngaphandle kokuwohloka kokusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesiguquli. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyela emlandweni kukhombisa ukuthi kwa-Audi basebenzisa u-gearbox ofanayo ezimotweni zabo ze-rally emuva maphakathi nawo-80s (njenge-Sport Quattro S1 Pikes Peak), kodwa ubuchwepheshe kuzomele bume isikhashana ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale amasistimu e-electronic asheshayo. ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge, izinto zokuhlanganisa ezifanele kanye nama-actuator asheshayo e-hydraulic. Ngokungafani nokudluliswa okujwayelekile, i-DSG inama-coaxial shafts amabili, ngalinye line-clutch yalo. Lezi zixhumi zihlelwe ngokugxila ngokuphathelene nomunye nomunye, ngokuxhuma kwangaphandle ngaphakathi kwe-shafts emibili kanye nengaphakathi lengxenye yangaphandle engenalutho. Enye yama-shafts yamukela okungavamile, kanti enye - ngisho namagiya. Uma, isibonelo, igiya lokuqala lizibophezele, elesibili selivele lilungisiwe, futhi ukusebenzelana kwenzeka ngokukhipha ngesikhathi esisodwa kanye nokubandakanya omunye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukudonsa. Amagiya aqhutshwa kusetshenziswa ama-synchronizers akudala, kodwa esikhundleni sezinduku nezimfoloko zemishini, lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izakhi ze-hydraulic. Ama-clutch amapuleti amaningi ahlukile ekwakhiweni kwalawo adluliswa ngomshini futhi kulokhu aseduze nezinqubo ezisebenza njengezakhi zokukhiya kuma-othomathikhi - ukuthuthukiswa kwawo kube nomthelela ekuguqukeni kwe-DSG. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili azifani nje kuphela mayelana nokuvula nokuvala ama-clutches e-hydraulic, kodwa futhi ngokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi ngokusekelwe kuzinzwa eziningi. Ezinguqulweni zangaphambili, ukuhanjiswa kwakunezimbotshana zokugeza uwoyela zokudlulisa ukushisa okungcono, kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwezinto zokwakha, ama-clutch omile asebenza kahle manje asetshenziswa. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-DSG manje sekuhamba phambili ikakhulukazi kumamodeli ezemidlalo, kodwa futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengenye indlela yamamodeli ahlangene namancane njengeFord Focus neRenault Megane (ifakwe iGetrag), i-VW Golf, i-Audi A3, iSkoda Octavia (VW-BorgWarner). okuzenzakalelayo futhi okuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ngosizo lwe-electronics, zonke izinhlobo zokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo zinamandla okushintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo izindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza kwemishini ezenzakalelayo.
Futhi kwenzekani ku-variator okwamanje?
Umqondo wokudluliswa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo umdala njengowomhlaba, futhi amaphrojekthi ahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka okuningi. Inkinga yabo imvamisa ukuthi awekho amagiya kanti ukudluliswa kwe-torque ezindaweni ezishibilikayo kuholela esibhakeleni. Emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Swiss Weber yayinokudluliselwa okunjalo, kodwa ngo-1955 kuphela lapho abazalwane baseDorn bakwazi ukudala isisombululo esisebenzayo salolu hlobo - lesi sakamuva savela ngendlela ye-Variomatic emotweni ye-DAF yaseDutch. Inkinga eyinhloko ngoshintsho olulula noluthembisayo olungenasinyathelo ezinhlobonhlobo zemiklamo ene-axially offset hydraulic actuators kanye nezakhi ze-tapered ezixhunywe ibhande le-beveled ukugqoka kwabo. Ngakho-ke, emiklamo yakamuva, yathathelwa indawo yinsimbi enezingqimba eziphakeme zensimbi, lapho ukunyakaza kungekona ukudonsa, kodwa ngokucindezela, okunikeza i-torque ephakeme. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, izinkampani eziningi ezifana neFord, Fiat, Subaru kanye neZF zaqala ukukhiqiza ngokubambisana noVan Doorne, futhi ukuze badlulise itorque eningi kunango-2000, i-Audi yakha i-CVT transmission isebenzisa iketango. Ngo-2003, i-Nissan, ehlonipha ngempela lokhu kuthunyelwa, sibonga kakhulu kumkhiqizi wendawo i-Jatco, ifake i-Murano nge-transmission ye-CVT, futhi inguqulo yamanje yokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo ye-Subaru Legacy isebenzisa eyodwa evela ku-LUK.
Emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kwe-CVT kwadalwa, okwakusebenzisa ukusebenzelana okuqondile nama-discs anobubanzi obuhlukene, futhi ngeminyaka yama-20s, i-Citroen ne-GM yaqala ukukhiqiza izinguqulo zokuqala zokukhiqiza. Isithakazelo sabo kulesi sixazululo sezobuchwepheshe sabuya ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, futhi ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha, futhi abagcini bayo kwakuyinkampani yaseBrithani i-Torotrak kanye ne-Jatco okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla - laba bakamuva njengomholi ekuhanjisweni kwe-CVT. Muva nje, izixazululo eziningi ezintsha zalolu hlobo ziye zavela, njenge-Double Rollet CVT Ultimate Transmission, ezingakabonisi ukusebenza kwazo.
Ekudluliseni okujwayelekile kwe-CVT, igiya elincane leplanethi livame ukubekwa phambi kwegiya elikhulu ukuhlinzekela amagiya ahamba phambili, ahlehlisayo futhi angathathi hlangothi. Izixazululo ezahlukahlukene zokuqala zisebenzisa izixhumi ze-magnetic plug noma isiguquli esijwayelekile (iSubaru noma i-ZF Ecotronic CVT). Ama-gearbox we-CVT, anganakwa isikhathi eside eminyakeni yamuva nje, abuye ahehe inzalo eyengeziwe, ikakhulukazi evela kubakhiqizi baseJapan. Basenengxenye enkulu ekukhiqizweni okuphelele kokuthunyelwa okuzenzakalelayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokudlulisa bukaBosch buya ngokuya busebenza kule ndawo. Njengabanye, izinto ezintsha ne-elekthronikhi ziyasiza.
Idizayini eyisisekelo yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo okudala
Ku-transmission yayo entsha ye-9G-Tronic, i-Mercedes isebenzisa okuthiwa i-torque converter ye-hydrodynamic, okuyinto idivayisi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa isimiso sokusebenza kwayo asihlukile kunesokuqala amadivayisi anjalo (bheka isithombe). Empeleni, iqukethe iphampu exhunywe ku-flywheel yenjini, i-turbine exhunywe kumagiya, nento ephakathi nendawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-stator. I-fluid dynamics kule divayisi iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele, kodwa umane uwoyela obekwe kuwo umpontshelwa endaweni ezungezile ngokunyakaza okuyisiyingi, okufana nangaphezulu koMdwebo 8, kodwa enguqulweni ye-50D lapho imigqa ephambanayo isuswa khona. zihlobene nomunye nomunye. Ukuma okuqondile kwama-turbine blades, njengophawu lwengalo, empeleni kuwukugoba okubalwe ngokunembile okumunca kahle amandla okugeleza, okuthi, nakho, kuguqule indlela eqondile ngokuzumayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-torque iyanda. Ngeshwa, ngokushesha lapho isiqondiso sishintsha, ukugeleza sekuvele kunomphumela omubi, ngoba kuqondiswa emuva ngokumelene nama-pump blades. Lapha i-stator isiza, indima yayo iwukushintsha isiqondiso sokugeleza, futhi yile nto eguqula idivayisi ibe isiguquli se-torque. Iklanywe ngendlela yokuthi ibe nendlela yokukhiya eyenza ihlale imile ngaphansi kwale ngcindezi. Njengomphumela wakho konke okungenhla, ekuqaleni, ukwanda okukhulu kwetorque. Nakuba ukugeleza kuhlehliswa ngesivinini esithile, njengoba ijubane layo eliyisiyingi le-turbine likhula kancane kancane liye kolunye uhlangothi, ijubane layo lenethi liba lifana neliya ngakuleyo turbine. Ukuze uqonde lokhu, zicabange ushayela i-tram ku-30 km / h futhi ushaya ibhola emuva ku-20 km / h. Kulesi simo, ukugeleza kwamafutha kudlula ngemuva kwama-stator blades, ukuvinjelwa kwawo kukhutshaziwe futhi iqala ukujikeleza. ngokukhululekile, futhi lapho amaphesenti angu-90 wejubane lepompo efinyelelwa, ukugeleza kwe-vortex kuba yi-radial futhi ukwanda kwe-torque kuyama. Ngakho, imoto iqala futhi ngesivinini, kodwa lokhu kuhlotshaniswa njalo nokulahlekelwa, ngisho namayunithi zanamuhla. Ekuhanjisweni kwanamuhla, ngemva nje kokuqala, isiguquli sivaliwe, noma kunalokho, isenzo saso sivinjelwe ngosizo lwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. i-lock-up clutch, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kokudlulisela. Ezinguqulweni ezixubile, njenge-ZF 8HP, ithathelwa indawo injini kagesi ekhulisa i-torque, futhi kwezinye izixazululo, njenge-AMG 7G-DCT, isiguquli sithathelwa indawo isethi yamapuleti okubamba. Kodwa nokho - ukwandisa amandla okugeleza kwamafutha, kwezinye izimo, ama-stator blades ane-angle eshintshayo yokuhlasela, okuthi, kuye ngesimo, iguqule i-torque.
Isethi yamagiya aseplanethi
Njengoba kushiwo esigabeni esidlule, igiya leplanethi liqokwe njengelifaneleka kakhulu ngenxa yokukwazi ukuphatha amagiya ahlukene ngaphandle kwamagiya noma ama-synchronizer. Umshini uyigiya lendandatho (umqhele) onamazinyo angaphakathi, igiya lelanga namasondo eplanethi alihlikihla futhi elihambisana nendandatho yomqhele, exhunywe kumhlahlandlela ovamile. Lapho enye yezinto (umqhele, umhlahlandlela noma isondo lelanga) ikhiyiwe, i-torque idluliselwa phakathi kwezinye ezimbili, futhi isilinganiso segiya sincike ekwakhiweni. Izinto zokukhiya zingaba ama-clutch noma ama-band brakes futhi aqhutshwa ama-hydraulic actuators ngomshini kuma-transmission amadala futhi alawulwa nge-elekthronikhi kwezintsha. Ngisho namagiya ahamba phambili azishintshayo afana neGM Hydra-Matic noma iChrysler Torque-Flite awazange asebenzise amagiya ajwayelekile eplanethi kodwa ahlanganisa imiklamo efana nekaSimpson. Lesi sakamuva siqanjwe ngomdali walo, unjiniyela waseMelika uHoward Simpson, futhi sihlanganisa amagiya amabili afana ngokuphelele eplanethi (epicyclic), lapho ingxenye eyodwa yesibili ixhunywe kweyokuqala (ngokwesibonelo, umhlahlandlela onesondo lelanga). Kulokhu, izakhi zokulungisa ziyi-clutch ezimbili ze-multi-plate, amabhande amabili okubopha, kanye ne-clutch eyodwa ehlinzeka ngokudluliselwa okuqondile kwe-torque. Umshini wesithathu, ohlinzeka ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-overdrive, ungangezwa ngokuhlukana ku-gearbox. Imiklamo eminingana yesimanje isebenzisa igiya eliyinkimbinkimbi kuneplanethi evamile, njengeRavigneaux (eqanjwe ngomdali wayo, u-Paul Ravigneau), ehlanganiswe negiya elilodwa namabili ajwayelekile ukuze kunyuswe isibalo samagiya abe amahlanu. Kuhlanganisa i-corona evamile kanye nenhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zamasathelayithi namasondo elanga, phakathi kwalokho okugeleza kwamandla okuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu kwenzeka. I-ZF yokuqala ye-6-speed automatic transmission, eyethulwa ngo-2002, isebenzisa umshini we-Lepelletier (umklami uPaul Lepelletier), okubangele izingxenye ezimbalwa, isisindo esincane kanye nevolumu. Ubuhlakani bezixazululo zesimanje bulele ngokuyinhloko ekhonweni, ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwekhompiyutha, ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokukhiya ezihlangene, ama-shaft namagiya, okuvumela izinto eziningi ukuthi zihlanganyele, ngakho-ke, ukuzuza amagiya amaningi.
Eqhulwini lamagiya angu-9: iMercedes 9G-Tronic.
Ukudluliswa okusha kweMercedes 9G-Tronic kunesilinganiso segiya (isilinganiso segiya kusuka kwelokuqala kuye kwelesishiyagalolunye) lika-9,15. Ngakho-ke, ifakwe lokhu kudlulisa, i-E 350 Bluetec ingahamba ngegiya lesishiyagalolunye ku-120 km / h ngo-1350 rpm nje. Amandla okuhamba ngejubane eliphansi futhi asekelwa i-torsion damper esikhundleni se-flywheel, ngokuhlanganiswa nedivayisi ye-centrifugal pendulum. Yize ikwazi ukuphatha kufinyelela ku-1000 Nm ye-torque, le drivetrain, ngokususelwa kunani elikhulu lokulinganiswa kwamakhompyutha, ilula futhi icwebile kakhulu kunangaphambili. Lezi zindlu ezimbili zenziwe nge-aluminium ku-hydrodynamic torque converter nama-magnesium alloys ngenye indlela nge-polymer crankcase. Ukuhlaziywa okuningi kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuthi kutholakale ukutholakala kwamagiya ayisishiyagalolunye anamagiya amane kuphela eplanethi. Lokhu kudluliswa kuzosetshenziswa kabanzi kwamanye amamodeli we-transverse-mount, kanti i-DSG izosetshenziselwa amamodeli ahlangene.
Ukubuyiselwa okuhle kwe-ZF: 9HP
Izimpande ze-9HP zingalandelwa emuva ku-2006, lapho i-ZF ithathe isinqumo sokubuyela esigabeni esinqamulelayo (imikhiqizo yangaphambilini kwakudluliswa ngejubane eline ne-CVT, eyanqanyulwa ngeminyaka yama-90s). Imvamisa kuthatha iminyaka emi-4 ukuthuthuka, kepha inkampani ayifuni ukuthi babuye ne-6-speed automatic transmission ngoba isivele ikhona. Iqiniso lokuthi inkampani ithatha iminyaka engu-7 ukuqedela inhloso likhuluma nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuklama owenze lokhu kudluliswa. Isixazululo yisixazululo sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngendlela emangalisayo, okuthi noma kunguqulo ene-torque engu-480 Nm isisindo esingu-86 kg kuphela. Ngenxa ka-gearbox omusha, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuncishiswe cishe ngo-10% uma kuqhathaniswa no-gearbox onamagiya ayisi-6, kanti ngejubane elihlala njalo lika-120 km / h kwehliswa ngamaphesenti ayi-16. Ukwakhiwa kobuhlakani kufaka ukufakwa kwamagiya amane eplanethi afakwe ngaphakathi komunye nomunye kanye nokufakwa kwezixhumi ezengeziwe zepini ezinokungqubuzana okuvulekile okusalile okuncane. Isistimu yokuthambisa yamanyathelo amaningi ingezwe kwisiguquli se-torque.
Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev
