Ikhanda lesilinda. Inhloso kanye nedivayisi

Injini yesimanje yangaphakathi evuthayo iyiyunithi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ehlanganisa inani elikhulu lezingxenye nezingxenye. Ingxenye eyinhloko yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi yikhanda le-cylinder (ikhanda le-cylinder). Ikhanda le-cylinder, noma nje ikhanda, lisebenza njengohlobo lwekhava oluvala phezulu kwamasilinda enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukude nenhloso yokusebenza kwekhanda kuphela. Ikhanda lesilinda linomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi, futhi isimo salo sibalulekile ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo.

Wonke umshayeli kufanele aqonde idivayisi yekhanda futhi aqonde ukuthi lesi sici sisebenza kanjani.

Amakhanda e-cylinder akhiqizwa ngokusakazwa kwensimbi eyi-alloyed cast noma ama-alloys asekelwe ku-aluminium. Imikhiqizo ye-aluminium alloy ayinawo amandla njengensimbi ekhonjiwe, kodwa ilula futhi ayinakho ukugqwala, yingakho isetshenziswa ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zezimoto eziningi zabagibeli.

Ukuze kuqedwe ukucindezeleka okusele kwensimbi, ingxenye icutshungulwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile. kulandele ukugaya nokubhola.

Kuye ngokucushwa kwenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo (ukuhlelwa kwamasilinda, i-crankshaft nama-camshafts), ingaba nenani elihlukile lamakhanda angama-cylinder. Eyunithi yomugqa owodwa, kunekhanda elilodwa, ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zolunye uhlobo, isibonelo, i-V-shaped noma W-shaped, kungase kube ezimbili. Izinjini ezinkulu zivame ukuba namakhanda ahlukene kusilinda ngasinye.

Ukwakhiwa kwekhanda le-cylinder nakho kuyahluka kuye ngenombolo nendawo yama-camshafts. Ama-Camshafts angafakwa endaweni eyengeziwe yekhanda, futhi angafakwa ku-cylinder block.

Ezinye izici zokuklama zingenzeka, ezincike kwinombolo kanye nokuhlelwa kwamasilinda nama-valve, ukuma nomthamo wamagumbi omlilo, indawo yamakhandlela noma ama-nozzles.

Ku-ICE ngohlelo lwe-valve ephansi, ikhanda linomshini olula kakhulu. Ineziteshi zokujikeleza ezinqanda ukuqhwalela kuphela, izihlalo zamapulaki ezinhlansi nezixhumi. Kodwa-ke, amayunithi anjalo asebenza kahle futhi awazange asetshenziswe embonini yezimoto isikhathi eside, nakuba asengatholakala emishini ekhethekile.

Inhloko yesilinda, ngokuhambisana negama layo, itholakala phezulu kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Eqinisweni, lena yindlu lapho izingxenye zomshini wokusabalalisa igesi (isikhathi) zifakwe, okulawula ukufakwa kwengxube ye-air-fuel kumasilinda kanye namagesi aphumayo. Ingaphezulu lamakamelo omlilo atholakala ekhanda. Inezimbobo ezinentambo zokukulungela kuma-spark plug nama-injector, kanye nezimbobo zokuxhuma ama-manifolds okungenisa kanye nokukhipha umoya.

Ukuze kusetshenziswe i-coolant, iziteshi ezikhethekile (okuthiwa ijaji lokupholisa) zisetshenziswa. Ukugcotshwa kunikezwa ngamashaneli kawoyela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezihlalo zama-valve aneziphethu nama-actuator. Esimweni esilula, kukhona ama-valve amabili nge-cylinder ngayinye (i-inlet ne-outlet), kodwa kungase kube nokunye. Ama-valve e-inlet engeziwe enza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa indawo ephelele ye-cross-sectional, kanye nokunciphisa imithwalo eguquguqukayo. Futhi ngama-valve okukhipha amandla engeziwe, ukuchithwa kokushisa kungathuthukiswa.

Isihlalo se-valve (isihlalo), esenziwe ngethusi, insimbi eyinsimbi noma insimbi engamelana nokushisa, icindezelwa endlini yekhanda le-cylinder noma ingenziwa ekhanda ngokwalo.

Iziqondiso zamavalvu zinikeza izihlalo eziqondile. Izinto zokwenziwa kwazo zingaba insimbi, ithusi, i-cermet.

Inhloko ye-valve ine-chamfer e-tapered eyenziwe nge-engeli engu-30 noma engu-45 degrees. Le chamfer iyindawo yokusebenza yevalvu futhi iseduze ne-chamfer yesihlalo se-valve. Womabili ama-bevel akhiwe ngokucophelela futhi ahlanganiswe ukuze alingane kahle.

Ukuvalwa okuthembekile kwe-valve, kusetshenziswa isiphethu, esenziwe ngensimbi ye-alloy ngokucubungula okukhethekile okulandelayo. Inani lokuqiniswa kwayo kokuqala lithinta kakhulu imingcele yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi.

Ilawula ukuvulwa/ukuvalwa kwamavalvu e-camshaft. Inamakhamera amabili ku-cylinder ngayinye (eyodwa eyokuthatha, enye i-valve yokukhipha umoya). Nakuba ezinye izinketho zingenzeka, kuhlanganise nokuba khona kwama-camshafts amabili, enye yawo elawula ukungenisa, enye ilawula ukuphuma. Ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zezimoto zabagibeli zesimanje, imvamisa isetshenziswa ncamashi ama-camshaft amabili afakwe phezulu, futhi inani lama-valve angama-4 kusilinda ngasinye.

Njengendlela yokushayela yokulawula ama-valve, ama-levers (izingalo ze-rocker, ama-rocker) noma ama-pusher ngendlela yamasilinda amafushane asetshenziswa. Enguqulweni yokugcina, igebe ku-drive lilungiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa izinxephezelo ze-hydraulic, ezithuthukisa ikhwalithi yazo futhi zandise impilo yazo yenkonzo.

Indawo engezansi yekhanda le-cylinder, eliseduze ne-cylinder block, lenziwa ngisho futhi licutshungulwe ngokucophelela. Ukuvimbela ukungena kwe-antifreeze ohlelweni lokugcoba noma uwoyela we-injini ohlelweni lokupholisa, kanye nokungena kwalezi zidakamizwa ezisebenzayo ekamelweni elivuthayo, i-gasket ekhethekile ifakwe phakathi kwekhanda nesilinda ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ingenziwa nge-asbestos-rubber composite material (paronite), ithusi noma insimbi ene-polymer interlayers. I-gasket enjalo ihlinzeka ngezinga eliphakeme lokuqina, ivimbela ukuxuba uketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-lubrication nezinhlelo zokupholisa, futhi ihlukanise amasilinda komunye nomunye.

Ikhanda lixhunywe ku-cylinder block ngama-bolts noma izigxobo ezinamantongomane. Ukuqiniswa kwamabhawodi kumele kusondele kakhulu ngokuzibophezela. Kufanele ikhiqizwe ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nemiyalelo ye-automaker ngokusho kohlelo oluthile, olungase luhluke ezinjini ezahlukene zangaphakathi ezivuthayo. Qinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa i-torque wrench futhi ubheke i-torque yokuqinisa ecacisiwe, okumele ikhonjiswe emiyalweni yokulungisa.

Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nenqubo kuzoholela ekwephuleni kokuqina, ukukhululwa kwamagesi ngokuhlanganyela, ukuncipha kokucindezelwa kumasilinda, kanye nokwephulwa kokuhlukaniswa komunye nomunye kweziteshi zokugcoba kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa. Konke lokhu kuzobonakala ngokusebenza okungazinzile kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, ukulahlekelwa amandla, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngokweqile. Okungenani, kuzodingeka ushintshe i-gasket, uwoyela wenjini kanye ne-antifreeze ngamasistimu wokuguquguquka. Izinkinga ezingathi sína zingenzeka, kuze kufike esidingweni sokukhanda kanzima kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi.

kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-cylinder head gasket ayifanele ukufakwa kabusha. Uma ikhanda lisusiwe, i-gasket kufanele ishintshwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sayo. Okufanayo kusebenza kuma-bolts afakayo.

Kusukela ngenhla, ikhanda le-cylinder livaliwe ngesembozo sokuzivikela (kubizwa nangokuthi ikhava ye-valve) nge-rubber seal. Ingenziwa ngeshidi lensimbi, i-aluminium noma ipulasitiki. Ikepisi ngokuvamile linentamo yokuthela amafutha enjini. Lapha kuyadingeka futhi ukubheka ama-torque athile okuqinisa lapho uqinisa ama-bolts okuqinisa futhi ushintshe irabha yokuvala isikhathi ngasinye lapho kuvulwa ikhava.

Izinkinga zokuvimbela, ukuxilongwa, ukulungiswa nokushintshwa kwekhanda le-cylinder kufanele zithathwe ngokungathí sina ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba lokhu kuyisici esibucayi senjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhekene nemithwalo ebaluleke kakhulu yemishini neyokushisa.

Izinkinga ngokushesha noma kamuva ziphakama ngisho nokusebenza kahle kwemoto. Sheshisa ukubonakala kokungasebenzi kahle enjinini - kanye nekhanda ikakhulukazi - izici ezilandelayo:

• ukunganaki ukushintsha ngezikhathi ezithile;
• ukusetshenziswa kwezithambiso zekhwalithi ephansi noma uwoyela ongahlangabezani nezidingo zale njini evuthayo yangaphakathi;
• ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha asezingeni eliphansi;
• izihlungi ezivaliwe (umoya, amafutha);
• ukungabikho isikhathi eside kwesondlo esijwayelekile;
• isitayela sokushayela esibukhali, ukuhlukunyezwa kwesivinini esikhulu;
• uhlelo lomjovo olungalungile noma olungalawulwa;
• isimo esingagculisi sesistimu yokupholisa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukushisa ngokweqile kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Ukuwohloka kwe-cylinder head gasket kanye nezinye izinkinga ezihlobene nazo sezishiwo ngenhla. Ungafunda okwengeziwe ngalokhu kwehlukile. Okunye ukuhluleka kwekhanda okungenzeka:

• izihlalo ze-valve eziqhekekile;
• iziqondiso ze-valve ezigugile;
• izihlalo ze-camshaft eziphukile;
• ama-fasteners owonakele noma izintambo;
• imifantu ngqo endlini yekhanda le-cylinder.

Izihlalo kanye nezihlahla zokuqondisa zingashintshwa, kodwa lokhu kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile. Imizamo yokwenza ukulungiswa okunjalo endaweni yegaraji cishe izoholela esidingweni soshintsho oluphelele lwekhanda. Ngokwakho, ungazama ukuhlanza nokugaya ama-chamfers ezihlalo, kuyilapho ungakhohlwa ukuthi kufanele ahambisane kahle nama-chamfers okukhwelana ama-valve.

Ukubuyisela imibhede egugile ngaphansi kwe-camshaft, kusetshenziswa izihlahla zokulungisa zethusi.

Uma intambo esokhethi yekhandlela iphukile, ungafaka i-screwdriver. Izigxobo zokulungisa zisetshenziswa esikhundleni sezibophelelo ezilimele.

Imifantu esezindlini zamakhanda ingazanywa ukuze ishiselwe uma ingekho lapho kuhlangene khona igesi. Akusizi ngalutho ukusebenzisa amathuluzi afana nokushisela okubandayo, ngoba ane-coefficient ehlukile yokwandisa okushisayo futhi avele aqhekeke ngokushesha. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-welding ukuqeda imifantu edlula ekuhlanganyeleni kwegesi akunakwenzeka - kulokhu, kungcono ukufaka esikhundleni sekhanda.

Kanye nekhanda, kubalulekile ukushintsha i-gasket yayo, kanye nophawu lwenjoloba lwekhava.

Lapho uxazulula inkinga yekhanda le-cylinder, ungakhohlwa futhi ukuxilonga izingxenye zesikhathi ezifakwe kuyo - ama-valve, iziphethu, izingalo ze-rocker, ama-rockers, ama-pusher kanye, yiqiniso, i-camshaft. Uma udinga ukuthenga izingxenye eziyisipele ezintsha ukuze ubuyisele ezigugile, ungakwenza esitolo se-inthanethi.

Kulula kakhulu futhi kulula ukuthenga nokufaka umhlangano wekhanda le-cylinder lapho izingxenye zomshini wokusabalalisa igesi (i-camshaft, ama-valve aneziphethu nama-actuator, njll) sezivele zifakiwe kuwo. Lokhu kuzoqeda isidingo sokufaneleka nokulungiswa, okuzodingeka uma izingxenye zesikhathi ezivela ekhanda le-cylinder elidala zifakwe endlini entsha yekhanda.