isikhathi se-hybrid

Esimeni lapho kunzima khona ukubeka yonke imali ezimotweni zikagesi kuphela, uma kuphela ngenxa yobubanzi obungagculisi, ukungapheleli kwebhethri, ukushaja okude okukhathazayo kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo, izixazululo ze-hybrid ziba incazelo yegolide enengqondo. Lokhu kubonakala emiphumeleni yokuthengiswa kwezimoto.

Imoto eyiHybrid le moto ohlelweni olujwayelekile oluhlomile injini kanye noyedwa noma ngaphezulu (1). Idrayivu kagesi ingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha, kodwa futhi nokwandisa amandla. Izimoto zesimanje ezixubile sebenzisa izindlela ezengeziwe zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, njenge. Kwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo, injini evuthayo yangaphakathi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi ukunika amandla injini kagesi.

1. Umdwebo wemoto eyingxube ye-diesel-electric hybrid

Emiklamweni eminingi eyi-hybrid ukukhishwa kwe-exhaust iphinde incitshiswe ngokucisha injini evuthayo yangaphakathi uma imile bese uyibuyisela emuva uma kudingeka. Abaqambi balwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana nemoto kagesi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo, isibonelo, lapho injini evuthayo yangaphakathi isebenza ngesivinini esiphansi, ukusebenza kahle kwayo kuphansi, ngoba idinga amandla amaningi ukunqoba ukumelana kwayo. Kuhlelo oluyingxubevange, lokhu kugcinwa kungasetshenziswa ngokukhuphula isivinini senjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ibe sezingeni elifanele ukushaja ibhethri.

Cishe indala njengezimoto

Umlando wezinhlobonhlobo zezimoto ngokuvamile uqala ngo-1900, lapho uFerdinand Porsche ethula imodeli embukisweni womhlaba eParis. I-Hybrid Lohner-Porsche Mixte (2), imoto eyihybrid yokuqala emhlabeni esebenza ngodizili nogesi. Kamuva kwathengiswa amakhophi angamakhulu amaningana alo mshini. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, u-Knight Neftal wakha imoto yomjaho eyi-hybrid. Ngo-1905, u-Henri Pieper wethula i-hybrid lapho injini kagesi ingashaja amabhethri.

Ngo-1915, i-Woods Motor Vehicle Company, umkhiqizi wezimoto zikagesi, yakha imodeli Yamandla Amabili ngenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi engu-4-cylinder kanye nenjini kagesi. Ngaphansi kwejubane lika-24 km / h, imoto yasebenza kuphela ku-motor kagesi kuze kube yilapho kuze kuphele ibhethrifuthi ngaphezu kwalesi sivinini, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yavulwa, engasheshisa imoto ibe ngu-56 km / h. Amandla Amabili kwaba ukuhluleka kwezentengiso. Yayihamba kancane ngentengo yayo futhi inzima kakhulu ukuyishayela.

Ngo-1931, u-Erich Geichen wenza isiphakamiso semoto amabhethri ayo ashajwa ngenkathi yehla entabeni. Amandla ahlinzekwa nge-cylinder yomoya ocindezelwe, owampontshwa ngenxa amandla kinetic izingxenye zemoto ezehlayo.

Sukubuyisela amandla ngesikhathi sokubhuleka, ukusungulwa okuyinhloko kobuchwepheshe besimanje obuyingxube, yathuthukiswa ngo-1967 yi-AMC ye-American Motors futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Energy Regeneration Brake.

Ngo-1989, i-Audi yakhulula imoto yokuhlola i-Audi Duo. Kwakuhambisana i-hybrid ngokusekelwe ku-Audi 100 Avant Quattro. Imoto ibifakwe injini kagesi engu-12,8 hp eyayishayela i-asi yangemuva. Wathola amandla ibhethri ye-nickel cadmium. I-asi yangaphambili ibihamba ngenjini engu-2,3 litre five-cylinder esebenzisa upetrol enamandla angu-136 hp. Inhloso ye-Audi bekuwukwakha imoto ezosetshenziswa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngaphandle kwedolobha kanye nenjini kagesi edolobheni. Umshayeli ukhethe imodi yomlilo noma imodi yokushayela kagesi. I-Audi ikhiqize amakhophi ayishumi kuphela ale modeli. Intshisekelo ephansi yamakhasimende kuthiwa ibangelwa ukusebenza okuphansi kune-Audi 100 ejwayelekile ngenxa yomsebenzi owengeziwe.

Impumelelo yavela eMpumalanga Ekude

Usuku lapho izimoto ze-hybrid zangena khona emakethe kabanzi futhi zathola ukuthandwa kwangempela ngo-1997 kuphela, lapho zingena emakethe yaseJapane. I-Toyota Prius (3). Ekuqaleni, lezi zimoto zathola abathengi ikakhulukazi emibuthanweni ezwela imvelo. Isimo sashintsha eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, lapho amanani kawoyela eqala ukukhuphuka ngokushesha. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yeshumi leminyaka elidlule, abanye abakhiqizi nabo baqale ukuletha emakethe amamodeli we-hybrid, ngokuvamile ngokusekelwe kuzixazululo ze-Toyota hybrid ezinelayisensi. E-Poland, i-Prius yabonakala kuma-showrooms ngo-2004. Ngawo lowo nyaka, isizukulwane sesibili se-Prius sakhululwa, futhi ngo-2009, sesithathu.

Alandele uToyota Honda, omunye umdondoshiya wezimoto waseJapan. ukudayiswa kwemodeli Insight (4), i-hybrid parallel hybrid, eyasungulwa ngo-1999 e-US nase-Japan. Bekuyimoto eyonga kakhulu kunomkhiqizo wakwaToyota. I-Prius sedan yesizukulwane sokuqala idle amalitha angu-4,5/100 edolobheni kanti idle amalitha angu-5,2/100 ngaphandle kwedolobha. I-Honda Insight enamasondo amabili Isizukulwane sokuqala sadla amalitha angu-3,9/100 edolobheni kanti ngaphandle kwedolobha ngu-3,5 l/100 km.

IToyota ikhiphe izinhlobo ezintsha zezimoto eziyingxubevange. Ukukhiqiza I-Toyota Auris Hybrid waqala ngoMeyi 2010. Bekuyihybrid yokuqala yokukhiqiza e-Europe ukudayisa ngemali engaphansi kune-Prius. I-Auris Hybrid yayinedrayivu efanayo nePrius, kodwa i-gas mileage yayingaphansi - 3,8 l / 100 km emjikelezweni ohlangene.

NgoMeyi 2007, iToyota Motor Corporation yayisidayise izigidi zayo zokuqala eziyingxube. Izigidi ezimbili ngo-August 2009, 6 million ngoDisemba 2013. NgoJulayi 2015, inani eliphelele lama-hybrids eToyota lidlule izigidi eziyisi-8. Ngo-Okthoba 2015, ukuthengiswa kwe-Toyota hybrids eYurophu kuphela kudlule amayunithi ayisigidi. Ngekota yokuqala ka-2019, ama-hybrids asevele afinyelela kumaphesenti angama-50. ukuthengiswa okuphelele kweToyota ezwenikazi lethu. Amamodeli Aziwa Kakhulu kulesi sigaba, nokho, awasekho ama-Priuse, kodwa ngokungaguquki I-Yaris Hybrid, I-C-HR Hybrid Oraz I-Corolla Hybrid. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, iToyota ihlose ukuthengisa ama-hybrids ayizigidi ezingu-15, ngokusho kwenkampani, okwenziwe ngoJanuwari kulo nyaka, i.е. ekuqaleni. Kakade ngo-2017, ngokusho komkhiqizi, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-85 akhishwe emkhathini. isikhutha Ngaphansi.

Ngesikhathi somsebenzi ojwayelekile othatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili inhlanganisela yezimoto sekuvele okusha. IHybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI (5), eyaqala ukudayiswa eSouth Korea ngoJulayi 2009, bekuyingxube yokuqala yangaphakathi yenjini evuthayo enikwa amandla yi-LPG. Elantra iyihybrid eyingxenye esebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium polymer, futhi okokuqala ngqa. I-Elantra idla u-5,6L kaphethiloli ngebanga lika-100km futhi ikhipha u-99g/km we-COXNUMX.₂. Ngo-2012, abakwaPeugeot baqhamuke nesixazululo esisha ngokwethula i-3008 Hybrid4 emakethe yase-Europe, okuyihybrid yokuqala kadizili ekhiqizwa ngobuningi. Ngokusho komkhiqizi, i-3008 Hybrid van idle u-3,8 l/100 km kaphethiloli wedizili futhi ikhiphe u-99 g/km we-CO.₂.

5. IHybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI

Imodeli yethulwa e-New York International Auto Show ngo-2010. I-Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, inguqulo yokuqala eyingxube ezonikezwa inani elifanayo nenguqulo evamile yemodeli efanayo.

Ngo-April 2020, kusukela ngonyaka oyingqopha-mlando ka-1997, sekudayiswe izimoto zikagesi eziyi-hybrid ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-17 emhlabeni wonke. Izwe elihamba phambili emakethe yiJapan, edayise izimoto ezingama-hybrid ezingaphezu kuka-2018 million ngoMashi 7,5, ilandelwe yi-US edayise isamba esingu-2019 million ngo-5,4, kanye nezimoto ezingama-hybrid ezidayiswa e-Europe ngoJulayi 2020. Izibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu zama-hybrids atholakala kakhulu, ngaphezu kwe-Prius, izinguqulo ezihlanganisiwe zezinye izinhlobo zeToyota: i-Auris, i-Yaris, i-Camry ne-Highlander, i-Honda Insight, i-Lexus GS3h, i-Chevrolet Volt, i-Opel Ampera, i-Nissan Altima Hybrid.

Ukuhambisana, uchungechunge nokuxubile

Izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene okwamanje zifihliwe ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile elithi "hybrid". amasistimu okuhambisa kanye nemibono yokusebenza kahle kakhulu. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi manje, njengoba umklamo ukhula futhi uthuthuka, ukuhlukaniswa okucacile ngezinye izikhathi kuyahluleka, ngoba inhlanganisela yezixazululo ezihlukahlukene ziyasetshenziswa kanye nokusungulwa okusha okwephula ubumsulwa bencazelo. Ake siqale ngokuhlukanisa ngokumisa idrayivu.

W idrayivu eyi-hybrid uhlobo oluhambisanayo injini evuthayo yangaphakathi kanye ne-motor kagesi zixhunywe ngokuzenzakalelayo kumasondo okushayela. Imoto ingase inikezwe amandla injini evuthayo yangaphakathi, injini kagesi, noma kokubili. Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa ezimotweni zakwaHonda: Insight, Civic, Accord. Esinye isibonelo sohlelo olunjalo yi-General Motors ibhande elishintshashintshayo/eliqalayo kuChevrolet Malibu. Kumamodeli amaningi, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi nayo isebenza njenge ijeneretha yamandla.

Amadrayivu afanayo njengamanje aziwa emakethe ahlanganisa izinjini ezinamandla aphelele zangaphakathi kanye namamotho kagesi amancane (afinyelela ku-20 kW), kanye namabhethri amancane. Kule miklamo, ama-motor kagesi adinga kuphela ukusekela injini eyinhloko futhi angabi umthombo wamandla oyinhloko. Amadrayivu ayingxube ayi-Parallel abhekwa njengesebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinhlelo ezisuselwe kuphela ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezinosayizi ofanayo, ikakhulukazi ekushayeleni kwedolobha nothelawayeka.

Kusistimu ye-hybrid elandelanayo, imoto ishayelwa ngokuqondile injini kagesi kuphela, futhi injini evuthayo yangaphakathi isetshenziselwa ukuhambisa uhlelo. ijeneretha yamanje kagesi kanye ne. Isethi yamabhethri kulolu hlelo ngokuvamile inkulu kakhulu, okuthinta izindleko zokukhiqiza. Lolu hlelo kukholakala ukuthi lunyusa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma ushayela edolobheni. Isibonelo i-serial hybrid Lena iNissan e-Power.

I-hybrid drive ehlanganisiwe ihlanganisa izinzuzo zazo zombili izixazululo ezingenhla - parallel kanye ne-serial. Lawa "hybrid hybrids" abhekwa njengefaneleka kakhulu ngokusebenza, uma kuqhathaniswa nochungechunge, olusebenza kahle kakhulu ngesivinini esiphansi, nokuhambisanayo, okuyilona elilungile ngesivinini esiphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwabo njengamasekethe ayinkimbinkimbi kuyabiza kakhulu kune ama-parallel motors. Umkhiqizi ovelele wama-mixed hybrid powertrains yiToyota. Asetshenziswa kwaToyota kanye neLexus, Nissan kanye neMazda (ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwelayisensi yakwaToyota), Ford kanye neGeneral Motors.

Amandla avela ezinjinini ezimbili ezivuthayo zangaphakathi kanye nenye ehambisanayo angadluliselwa ku-wheel drive kusetshenziswa idivayisi yohlobo (power distributor), okuyisethi elula yamagiya eplanethi. Ishafi yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi exhunywe kwimfoloko yamagiya eplanethi yebhokisi legiya, ijeneretha kagesi - ngegiya layo eliphakathi, kanye nemoto kagesi ngebhokisi legiya - ngegiya langaphandle, lapho i-torque idluliselwa khona emasondweni. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi udlulise ingxenye isivinini sokujikeleza kanye ne-torque yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi emasondweni kanye nengxenye kujeneretha. Ngalokho injini ingasebenza ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele le-RPM kungakhathaliseki isivinini semoto, isibonelo lapho iqala, futhi yamanje ekhiqizwa i-alternator isetshenziselwa ukunika amandla injini kagesi, i-torque yayo ephezulu igcinwa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ukushayela amasondo. Ikhompiyutha, exhumanisa ukusebenza kwalo lonke uhlelo, ilawula umthwalo kujeneretha kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla enjini kagesi, ngaleyo ndlela ilawula ukusebenza kwebhokisi leplanethi njenge electromechanical ngokuqhubekayo variable transmission. Ngesikhathi sokunciphisa kanye ne-braking, i-motor kagesi isebenza njengejeneretha ukuze ishaje ibhethri, futhi lapho iqala injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, i-generator isebenza njenge-generator. ukuqala.

W idrayivu ephelele ye-hybrid imoto inganikwa amandla yinjini iyodwa, noma ibhethri iyodwa, noma kokubili. Izibonelo zalolu hlelo yilezi I-Hybrid Synergy Drive iToyota, uhlelo oluxubile isibuko, I-hybrid yemodi ekabili ukukhiqiza General Motors / ChryslIzibonelo zezimoto: Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, neLexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h kanye CT200h. Lezi zimoto zidinga amabhethri amakhulu, asebenza kahle. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokwabelana ngamandla, izimoto zithola ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe ngezindleko zokukhula kwesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi.

ingxenye ye-hybrid empeleni, lena imoto evamile ene-starter enwetshiwe, evumela injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ukuthi ivalwe njalo lapho imoto yehla, ukuze ibhuleki noma ime, futhi iqale ngokushesha injini uma kunesidingo.

Isiqalo ivamise ukufakwa phakathi kwenjini nokudluliswa, ingena esikhundleni se-torque converter. Inikeza amandla engeziwe uma kubasiwe. Izinsiza ezifana nomsakazo kanye nesiphephetha-moya zingavulwa uma injini evuthayo ingasebenzi. Amabhethri ayashajwa uma ubhuleka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-hybrids agcwele ama-hybrid ayingxenye anamabhethri amancane kanye nenjini encane kagesi. Ngakho-ke, isisindo sabo esingenalutho kanye nezindleko zabo zokukhiqiza ziphansi. Isibonelo salo mklamo kwakuyi-Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid egcwele usayizi, eyakhiqizwa ngo-2005-2007. Wonga kuze kufike kumaphesenti ayishumi. lapho ucisha futhi uvula injini yomlilo yangaphakathi kanye nokuthola amandla ngesikhathi sokubhuleka.

Izinhlobonhlobo zama-hybrids kanye nogesi

Esinye isigaba sama-hybrids kufanele sinikezwe isikhathi esengeziwe, okuyinto ngezinye izindlela esinye isinyathelo esibheke "kugesi ohlanzekile". Lezi izimoto eziyi-hybrid (PHEVs) lapho amabhethri esebenza khona idrayivu kagesi ingakhokhiswa futhi emthonjeni wangaphandle (6). Ngakho-ke, i-PHEV ingathathwa njenge-hybrid ye-hybrid kanye nemoto kagesi. Ihlonyiswe ipulaki yokushaja. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhethri nawo aphindwe izikhathi eziningana, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukufaka i-motor kagesi enamandla kakhulu.

6. Umdwebo wemoto eyi-hybrid

Ngenxa yalokho, izimoto ezihlanganisiwe zisebenzisa uphethiloli omncane kunama-hybrids asendulo, ngokuvamile zingagijima cishe amakhilomitha angama-50-60 "kumanje" ngaphandle kokuqalisa injini, futhi ziphinde zibe nokusebenza okungcono kakhulu, ngoba ama-hybrids ngokuvamile ayizinketho ezinamandla kakhulu. le modeli.

Ibanga lemoto kagesi i-PHEV likhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunelemoto eyingxube engenaso lesi sici. Lawa makhilomitha ambalwa anele ukuhambahamba edolobheni, emsebenzini noma esitolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku I-Skoda Superb iV (7) Ibhethri lingagcina ugesi ofika ku-13kWh, ohlinzeka ngebanga elingafika ku-62km kumodi ye-zero emission. Ngenxa yalokhu, lapho sipaka i-hybrid yethu ekhaya futhi sibuyela ekhaya, singakwazi ukuzuza isilinganiso sokusebenzisa uphethiloli ongu-0 l/100 km. Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ivikela ibhethri ekukhishweni endaweni lapho kungekho khona ukufinyelela kumthombo wamandla, futhi, yiqiniso, ikuvumela ukuthi ungakhathazeki mayelana nobubanzi ohambweni olude.

7. I-Skoda Superb iV hybrid ngesikhathi sokushaja

kubaluleke ngokulinganayo uhlobo oluxubile ifakwe izinjini zikagesi ezinamandla I-Skoda Superb iV imingcele yayo 116 hp. kanye ne-torque engu-330 Nm. Ngenxa yalokhu, imoto ayisheshi nje ngokushesha (i-motor kagesi ishayela imoto ngokushesha nje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isivinini sihamba kanjani okwamanje), ngoba i-Skoda ibika ukuthi i-Superb isheshisa ku-60 km / h ngemizuzwana emi-5, ingakwazi futhi ukusheshisa imoto iye ku-140 km/h - lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ushayele ngaphandle kokucindezeleka futhi kumodi ye-zero-emission, isibonelo emigwaqweni ekhalayo noma emigwaqweni emikhulu.

Ngenkathi ushayela, imoto ivamise ukuba namandla yizo zombili izinjini (injini evuthayo yangaphakathi inikwa amandla kagesi, ngakho isebenzisa uphethiloli omncane kunasemotweni evamile), kodwa uma udedela igesi, ibhuleki noma ushayela ngesivinini esingaguquki, ingaphakathi. injini yomlilo ivala injini futhi ngemva kwalokho imoto kagesi ishayela amasondo. Ngakho-ke umshini usebenza ngendlela efanayo I-hybrid yakudala futhi ibuyisela amandla ngendlela efanayo - nge-braking ngayinye, amandla abuyiselwa futhi aya kumabhethri ngendlela yamanje kagesi; ngokuzayo, isebenza ngokunembile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ingacishwa kaningi.

Imoto yokuqala eyi-plug-in hybrid yethulwa emakethe ngumkhiqizi waseShayina i-BYD Auto ngoDisemba 2008. Kwakuyimodeli ye-F3DM PHEV-62. I-Premiere yenguqulo ye-plug-in hybrid yemoto kagesi edume kakhulu emhlabeni, I-Chevrolet Voltkwenzeka ngo-2010. T.uyotha iqale ukukhonjiswa ngo-2012.

Nakuba kungezona zonke izinhlobo ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo, iningi lingasebenza ngezindlela ezimbili noma ngaphezulu: "zonke zikagesi" lapho injini nebhethri kunikeza wonke amandla emoto, kanye "ne-hybrid" esebenzisa kokubili ugesi nophethiloli. Ama-PHEV ngokuvamile asebenza ngemodi kagesi wonke, asebenza ngogesi kuze kuphele ibhethri. Amanye amamodeli ashintshela kumodi exubile ngemva kokufinyelela isivinini esiqondiwe kuthelawayeka, ngokuvamile esiba ngu-100 km/h.

Ngaphandle kweSkoda Superb iV echazwe ngenhla, izinhlobo eziyingxube ezidumile nezidumile yiKia Niro PHEV, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, BMW 530e neX5 xDrive45e, Mercedes E 300 ei E 300 de, Volvo XC60 Recharge, Ford Kuga PHEV, Audi Q5 TFSI e, Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid.

Ingxubevange ukusuka ekujuleni kolwandle kuya esibhakabhakeni

Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula lokho idrayivu eyi-hybrid isetshenziswa hhayi kuphela engxenyeni yezimoto nezimoto ngokujwayelekile. Ngokwesibonelo ama-hybrid drive systems sebenzisa izinjini zikadizili noma i-turboelectric ukuze kuphehlwe izitimela zikaloliwe, amabhasi, amaloli, imishini ehambisa amanzi ahambayo kanye nemikhumbi.

Ezakhiweni ezinkulu, ngokuvamile kubonakala kanje injini ye-diesel/turbine ushayela i-generator kagesi noma iphampu ye-hydrauliceshayela i-electric/hydraulic motor. Ezimotweni ezinkulu, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ahlobene kuyehla futhi izinzuzo zokusabalalisa amandla ngamakhebula noma amapayipi kunokuba izingxenye zemishini ziba sobala kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma amandla edluliselwa kumasistimu okushayela amaningi njengamasondo noma ama-propeller. Kuze kube muva nje, izimoto ezisindayo bezinomthombo omncane wamandla wesibili, njengama-accumulators / accumulators we-hydraulic.

Eminye yemiklamo emidala yama-hybrid yayikhona amadrayivu angaphansi kwe-nuclear submarineesebenza ngodizili ongahluziwe namabhethri angaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhumbi-ngwenya yeMpi Yezwe II yasebenzisa izimiso ezilandelanayo nezihambisanayo.

Ayaziwa kangako, kodwa ayikho imiklamo ethakaselekayo amafutha-hydraulic hybrids. Ngo-1978, abafundi baseMinnesota Hennepin Vocational and Technical Centre eMinneapolis baguqula iVolkswagen Beetle yaba i-petroli-hydraulic hybrid enezingxenye eziqediwe. Ngawo-90s, onjiniyela baseMelika abavela elabhorethri ye-EPA bathuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-"petro-hydraulic" ye-sedan yaseMelika ejwayelekile.

Imoto yokuhlola ifinyelele isivinini esingaba ngu-130 km/h emijikelezweni exubile yokushayela yasemadolobheni nothelawayeka. Ukusheshisa ukusuka ku-0 iye ku-100 km/h bekuyimizuzwana engu-8 usebenzisa injini kadizili engu-1,9 litre. I-EPA ilinganisela ukuthi izakhi zamanzi ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi zengeze u-$700 kuphela enanini lemoto. Ukuhlolwa kwe-EPA kuhlole idizayini ye-Ford Expedition kaphethiloli-hydraulic hybrid, edla amalitha kaphethiloli angu-7,4 ngekhilomitha elingu-100 kuthrafikhi yedolobha. Inkampani yase-US ehambisa izincwadi i-UPS njengamanje isebenzisa amaloli amabili isebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe (8).

8. Hydraulic hybrid enkonzweni ye-UPS

Ibutho laseMelika belihlola I-Humvee hybrid SUVs kusukela ngo-1985. Ukuhlola akubonanga nje kuphela ukuguquguquka okukhulu nomnotho omkhulu kaphethiloli, kodwa futhi, isibonelo, isiginesha encane yokushisa nokusebenza okuthulile kwale mishini, okungenzeka ukuthi, njengoba ungase ucabange, ingabaluleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi.

Ifomu lakuqala i-hybrid propulsion system yokuthutha olwandle kwakukhona imikhumbi enoseyili ezinsikeni futhi izinjini zomusi ngaphansi kwedekhi. Esinye isibonelo sesishiwo umkhumbi-ngwenya we-diesel-electric. Okusha, nakuba kuyisidala, izinhlelo ze-hybrid propulsion zemikhumbi zihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, ama-kite amakhulu avela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-SkySails. Ukudonsa amakhayithi zingandizela ezindaweni eziphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunezinsika zomkhumbi eziphakeme kakhulu, zinqamule imimoya enamandla futhi ezinzile.

Imiqondo yamaHybrid ekugcineni isiyitholile indlela yokungena kwezokundiza. Isibonelo, indiza eyisibonelo (9) yayifakwe i-hybrid exchangeable membrane system (PEM) kuze kufike motor power supplyexhunywe kuphephela ojwayelekile. I-fuel cell ihlinzeka ngawo wonke amandla esigaba sokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Ngesikhathi sokusuka nokukhuphuka, ingxenye yendiza edinga amandla kakhulu, isistimu isebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion angasindi. Indiza ekhombisayo iphinde ibe yiDimona motor glider, eyakhiwe yinkampani yase-Austrian Diamond Aircraft Industries, eyenze izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwendiza. Ngamaphiko angama-16,3 amamitha, indiza izokwazi ukundiza ngesivinini esingaba ngu-100 km / h, isebenzisa amandla atholwe esitokisini sikaphethiloli.

Indiza engu-9 yeBoeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator

Akuyona yonke into ebomvana

Ngeke kuphikwe ukuthi, ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bokuklanywa kwezimoto eziyingxubevange kunezimoto ezijwayelekile, ukuncipha kokukhishwa kwezimoto kungaphezu kokunxephezela lokhu kukhishwa. Izimoto eziyingxubevange zinganciphisa ukungcola okubangela intuthu ngamaphesenti angama-90. futhi unciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesigamu.

Noma Imoto eyiHybrid sebenzisa uphethiloli omncane kunezimoto ezijwayelekile, kusenokukhathazeka mayelana nomthelela wemvelo webhethri yemoto eyi-hybrid. Amabhethri amaningi ezimoto ezixubile namuhla awela kolunye lwezinhlobo ezimbili: i-nickel-metal hydride noma i-lithium-ion. Kodwa-ke, womabili asabhekwa njengobungani bemvelo kunamabhethri omthofu, okwamanje akha iningi lamabhethri aqalayo ezimotweni zikaphethiloli.

Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi idatha ayiyona into engacacile. Ubuthi obujwayelekile kanye namazinga okuchayeka kwemvelo amabhethri e-nickel hydride kubhekwa njengephansi kakhulu kunasesimeni amabhethri e-acid eholayo noma usebenzisa i-cadmium. Eminye imithombo ithi amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride anobuthi kakhulu kunamabhethri e-lead-acid, nokuthi ukugaywa kabusha nokulahlwa okuphephile kuwumthwalo omkhulu kakhulu. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-nickel ezincibilikayo nezingancibiliki, njenge-nickel chloride ne-nickel oxide, ziboniswe zinemiphumela eyaziwayo ye-carcinogenic eqinisekisiwe ekuhlolweni kwezilwane.

Amabhethri litowo-jonowe Manje sezibhekwa njengenye indlela ekhangayo ngenxa yokuthi zinokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kakhulu kwanoma yiliphi ibhethri futhi zingakhiqiza okungaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu komthamo wamaseli ebhethri e-NiMH kuyilapho zigcina amavolumu aphezulu. Amandla kagesi. Lawa mabhethri aphinde akhiqize amandla amaningi futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu, agwema amandla amoshekayo ngokwezinga elikhulu futhi anikeze ukuqina okuphakeme, nempilo yebhethri isondela kweyemoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion kunciphisa isisindo esiphelele semoto, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uthole amaphesenti angu-30. ngcono ukonga kukaphethiloli kunezimoto ezisebenza ngophethiloli, nokwehliswa okulandelayo kokukhishwa kwe-CO₂.

Ngeshwa, ubuchwepheshe obucutshungulwayo bumiselwe ukuncika ezintweni okunzima ukuzithola nezimba eqolo. Phansi motor design nezinye izingxenye zezimoto eziyingxubevange zidinga, phakathi kokunye, izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Ngokwesibonelo i-dysprosium, ingxenye yomhlaba eyivelakancane edingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamamotho kagesi athuthukisiwe namasistimu ebhethri kumasistimu e-hybrid propulsion. Noma i-neodymium, enye insimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane eyingxenye ebalulekile yamazibuthe anamandla amakhulu asetshenziswa kumamotho kagesi azibuthe unomphela.

Cishe yonke imihlaba engavamile emhlabeni ivela ikakhulukazi eChina. Imithombo eminingana engeyona yamaShayina njenge I-Hoidas Lake enyakatho yeCanada noma Mount Veld e-Australia okwamanje isathuthukiswa. Uma singazitholi ezinye izixazululo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyi-deposit entsha noma izinto ezizothatha indawo yezinsimbi ezingavamile, khona-ke kuzoba nokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo yezinto zokwakha. Futhi lokhu kungase kuphazamise izinhlelo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngokuqeda kancane kancane uphethiloli emakethe.

Kukhona nezinkinga, ngaphandle kokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, okungokwemvelo. Ngo-2017, umbiko we-UN wembula ukuhlukumeza izingane ezimayini ye-cobalt, impahla eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu yobuchwepheshe bethu obuluhlaza, okuhlanganisa isizukulwane sakamuva samamotho kagesi e-Democratic Republic of the Congo (DCR). Izwe lafunda ngezingane ezaphoqeleka ukuthi zisebenze ezimayini ze-cobalt ezingcolile, eziyingozi futhi ngokuvamile ezivame ukuba nobuthi lapho ziseneminyaka emine ubudala. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ilinganisela ukuthi cishe izingane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ziyafa kulezimayini minyaka yonke. Izingane ezifika ku-40 zaziphoqeleka ukuthi zisebenze nsuku zonke. Kwesinye isikhathi leyo yintengo engcolile yama-hybrid ethu amsulwa.

Izindlela ezintsha zamapayipi okukhipha umoya ziyakhuthaza

Nokho, kukhona izindaba ezinhle for izindlela ezixubile kanye nesifiso esijwayelekile sezimoto ezihlanzekile. Abacwaningi basanda kuthuthukisa indlela ethembisayo nemangazayo ukuguqulwa okulula kwezinjini ze-dieselengahlanganiswa ne-electric drive kuma-hybrid systems. Amadrayivu edizili lokhu kungawenza abe mancane, ashibhe, futhi kube lula ukuwanakekela. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, zizohlanzeka.

UCharles Mueller kanye nozakwabo abathathu esikhungweni socwaningo seSandia National Laboratory bebesebenzela ukuguqulwa okwaziwa ngokuthi I-Channel Fuel Injection (DFI-). Isekelwe kumgomo olula we-bunsen burner. Ososayensi bathi i-DFI inganciphisa isisi esikhipha umoya kanye nokuthambekela kwe-DPF kokuvala umule. Ngokuka-Muller, ukusungulwa kwakhe kunganwebisa ngisho nezikhawu zokushintsha uwoyela ngokunciphisa inani lensisi ku-crankcase.

Pho isebenza kanjani? Nozzles ku-diesel evamile bakha izingxube ezicebile ezindaweni zegumbi elivuthayo. Nokho, ngokososayensi, lezi zindawo ziqukethe uphethiloli ophindwe izikhathi ezimbili kuya kweziyishumi kunalokho okudingekile ukuze ushise ngokuphelele. Ngobuningi obunjalo bamafutha ekushiseni okuphezulu, kufanele kube nokuthambekela kokwenza inani elikhulu le-soot. Ukufakwa kwamapayipi e-DFI kuvumela ukuvutha okuphumelelayo kukaphethiloli wedizili ngokwakheka okuncane noma okungekho nhlobo. “Izingxube zethu ziqukethe uphethiloli omncane,” kuchaza uMüller encwadini ephathelene nobuchwepheshe obusha.

Iziteshi uMnu. Muller akhuluma ngazo ngamashubhu afakwe ebangeni elifushane ukusuka lapho ephuma khona emigodini yomlomo. Afakwe ngaphansi kwekhanda le-cylinder eduze komjovo. UMüller ukholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni zizokwenziwa ngengxube ekwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze zimelane namandla okushisa omlilo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwakhe, izindleko ezengeziwe ezihambisana nokuqaliswa kokusungulwa okwenziwe yithimba lakhe zizoba zincane.

Uma uhlelo oluvuthayo lukhiqiza umule omncane, lungasetshenziswa kahle kakhulu. i-exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) ukunciphisa ama-nitrogen oxides, i-NOx. Ngokusho kwabathuthukisi besixazululo, lokhu kunganciphisa inani le-soot kanye ne-NOx ephuma enjinini ibe ingxenye yeshumi yezinga lamanje. Baphinde baqaphele ukuthi umqondo wabo uzosiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO.₂ nezinye izinto ezibangela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.

Lokhu okungenhla akuyona nje isibonakaliso sokuthi, mhlawumbe, ngeke sivalelise ngokushesha ezinjini zedizili, lapho abaningi sebeye bayeka. Ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe bedrayivu evuthayo kuwukuqhutshekiselwa phambili kokucabanga okusemuva kokuduma okukhulayo kwama-hybrids. Kuyisu lezinyathelo ezincane, kancane kancane ukunciphisa umthwalo endaweni ezungezile ovela ezimotweni. Kuhle ukwazi ukuthi izinto ezintsha kule ndlela azibonakali kuphela engxenyeni kagesi ye-hybrid, kodwa futhi kuphethiloli.