Ungabheka kuphi ukuphila nokuthi ungakubona kanjani

Uma sibheka ukuphila emkhathini, sizwa indida ye-Fermi ishintshana ne-equation ka-Drake. Zombili zikhuluma ngezindlela zokuphila ezihlakaniphile. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ukuphila kwabafokazi kungahlakaniphile? Phela, lokho akukwenzi kube mnandi ngokwesayensi. Noma mhlawumbe akafuni nhlobo ukuxhumana nathi - noma uyacasha noma wenza okungaphezu kwalokho esingakucabanga?

Kokubili Indida kaFermi ("Baphi?!" - njengoba amathuba okuphila emkhathini akumancane) futhi Izibalo zikaDrake, ukulinganisa inani lempucuko yezobuchwepheshe ethuthukisiwe, igundane elincane. Njengamanje, izinkinga ezithile ezifana nenani lamaplanethi asemhlabeni endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi indawo yokuphila ezungeze izinkanyezi.

Ngokusho kwePlanetary Habitability Laboratory e-Arecibo, ePuerto Rico, Kuze kube manje, sekutholakele imihlaba engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu okuhlalwa kuyo. Ngaphandle kokuthi asazi ukuthi ziyakwazi ukuhlalwa ngazo ngayo yonke indlela, futhi ezikhathini eziningi ziqhelelene kakhulu nathi ukuze siqoqe ulwazi esiludingayo ngezindlela esizaziyo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba sibheke ingxenye encane ye-Milky Way kuze kube manje, kubonakala sengathi sesikwazi okuningi. Nokho, ukushoda kolwazi kusasikhungathekisa.

Ungabheka kuphi

Omunye wale mihlaba engase ube nobungane ukude ngeminyaka yokukhanya engama-24 futhi ungaphakathi umlaza scorpio, i-exoplanet Gliese 667 Cc ezungezayo idlozi elibomvu. Ngesisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-3,7 kunoMhlaba kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-0°C, ukube iplanethi ibinomkhathi ofanele, bekungaba indawo ekahle yokubheka ukuphila. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-Gliese 667 Cc cishe ayizungezi eksisini yayo njengoba kwenza uMhlaba - olunye uhlangothi lwayo luhlala lubhekene neLanga kanti olunye lusethunzini, kodwa umkhathi oshubile ongaba khona ungadlulisela ukushisa okwanele ohlangothini lwethunzi futhi ulondoloze. izinga lokushisa elizinzile emngceleni wokukhanya nesithunzi.

Ngokusho kososayensi, kungenzeka ukuthi uphile ezintweni ezinjalo ezizungeza ama-dwarfs abomvu, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezinkanyezi ku-Galaxy yethu, kodwa udinga nje ukwenza imibono ehluke kancane mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunoMhlaba, esizobhala ngawo kamuva.

Enye iplanethi ekhethiwe, i-Kepler 186f (1), ikude ngeminyaka yokukhanya engamakhulu amahlanu. Kubonakala sengathi kukhulu ngo-10% kuphela kunoMhlaba futhi cishe kubanda njenge-Mars. Njengoba sesivele sikuqinisekisile ukuthi kukhona iqhwa lamanzi ku-Mars futhi sazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa alibandi kakhulu ukuvimbela ukusinda kwamagciwane aqine kakhulu aziwa eMhlabeni, lo mhlaba ungase ubonakale ungelinye elithembisa kakhulu izidingo zethu.

Elinye ikhandidethi eliqinile I-Kepler 442b, etholakala eminyakeni yokukhanya engaphezu kwe-1100 ukusuka eMhlabeni, itholakala kumlaza weLyra. Nokho, kokubili yona kanye ne-Gliese 667 Cc eshiwo ngenhla ilahlekelwa amaphuzu emimoyeni enamandla yelanga, enamandla kakhulu kunaleyo ekhishwa ilanga lethu siqu. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokuba khona kokuphila lapho, kodwa izimo ezengeziwe kuzodingeka zihlangabezane, isibonelo, isenzo sensimu yamagnetic evikelayo.

Enye yezinto ezintsha ezitholwe yizazi zezinkanyezi ezifana noMhlaba yiplanethi eqhele ngebanga elingama-light-year angama-41, emakwe ngokuthi I-LHS 1140b. Ngezikhathi ezingu-1,4 ubukhulu boMhlaba futhi uminyene ngokuphindwe kabili, itholakala endaweni yasekhaya yesistimu yenkanyezi yasekhaya.

"Lena into engcono kakhulu engiyibonile kule minyaka eyishumi edlule," kusho u-Jason Dittmann we-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ngentshiseko enkulumweni yabezindaba mayelana nokutholwa. “Okucatshangelwe esikhathini esizayo kungase kubone umkhathi okungenzeka kuhlalwa kuwo ngokokuqala ngqá. Sihlela ukuyofuna amanzi lapho, futhi ekugcineni i-oksijini yamangqamuzana.”

Kukhona ngisho nesistimu yenkanyezi yonke edlala indima ecishe ibe yinkanyezi esigabeni sama-exoplanets asemhlabeni asebenzayo. Lena yi-TRAPPIST-1 kumlaza we-Aquarius, 39 light years away. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi kukhona okungenani amaplanethi amancane ayisikhombisa azungeza inkanyezi emaphakathi. Ezintathu zazo zisendaweni yokuhlala.

“Lesi isimiso samaplanethi esimangalisayo. Hhayi nje ngoba sithole amaplanethi amaningi kuwo, kodwa futhi ngoba wonke afana ngokuphawulekayo ngobukhulu noMhlaba, ”kusho uMikael Gillon waseNyuvesi yaseLiege eBelgium, owenza ucwaningo lwalolu hlelo ngo-2016, ekukhululweni kwabezindaba. . Amabili kula maplanethi I-TRAPPIST-1b Oraz I-TRAPPIST-1sbhekisisa ngaphansi kwengilazi yokukhulisa izingane. Baphenduka izinto ezinamatshe njengoMhlaba, okubenza babe abantu abafaneleka kakhulu ukuphila.

TRAPPIST-1 iwumbala obomvu, inkanyezi ngaphandle kweLanga, futhi izifaniso eziningi zingase zingasehluleki. Kuthiwani uma sifuna ukufana okuyinhloko nenkanyezi yethu engumzali? Khona-ke inkanyezi izungeza kumlaza iCygnus, efana kakhulu neLanga. Inkulu ngo-60% kunoMhlaba, kodwa kusazohlonzwa ukuthi iyiplanethi enamatshe kanye nokuthi inamanzi awuketshezi.

“Lo mhlaba usuchithe iminyaka engu-6 billion endaweni okuyikhaya lenkanyezi. Lide kakhulu kunoMhlaba,” kuphawula uJohn Jenkins we-NASA's Ames Research Center enkulumweni yabezindaba esemthethweni. "Kusho amathuba amaningi okuthi impilo ivele, ikakhulukazi uma zonke izithako nezimo ezidingekayo zikhona lapho."

Ngempela, muva nje, ngo-2017, ku-Astronomical Journal, abacwaningi bamemezele ukutholakala. umkhathi wokuqala ozungeze iplanethi elingana noMhlaba. Ngosizo lwesibonakude seSouthern European Observatory eChile, ososayensi babona ukuthi phakathi nohambo lwashintsha kanjani ingxenye yokukhanya kwenkanyezi eyayisingethe. Lo mhlaba owaziwa ngokuthi GJ 1132b (2), iwubukhulu obuwuphinda izikhathi ezingu-1,4 kuneplanethi yethu futhi ukude ngeminyaka yokukhanya engama-39.

2. Ukubukwa kwengcweti komkhathi ozungeze i-exoplanet GJ 1132b.

Okubonwayo kusikisela ukuthi "i-super-Earth" imbozwe ungqimba olukhulu lwamagesi, umhwamuko wamanzi noma i-methane, noma ingxube yakho kokubili. Inkanyezi okuzungeza kuyo i-GJ 1132b incane kakhulu, ibanda futhi imnyama kuneLanga lethu. Kodwa-ke, kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi le nto ikwazi ukuhlala - izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingama-370 ° C.

Indlela yokusesha

Okuwukuphela kwemodeli efakazelwe ngokwesayensi engasisiza ekufuneni kwethu ukuphila kwamanye amaplanethi (3) i-Biosphere Yomhlaba. Singenza uhlu olukhulu lwezinhlelo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene umhlaba wethu okufanele uzinikeze.okuhlanganisa: ama-hydrothermal vents ekujuleni kolwandle, imigede yeqhwa yase-Antarctic, amachibi entaba-mlilo, ukuchitheka kwe-methane ebandayo esuka phansi olwandle, imigede egcwele i-sulfuric acid, izimayini nezinye izindawo eziningi noma izenzakalo ezisukela ku-stratosphere kuya esivalweni. Konke esikwaziyo mayelana nokuphila ezimweni ezimbi kangaka emhlabeni wethu kuwukhulisa kakhulu umkhakha wocwaningo lwasemkhathini.

3. Umbono wobuciko we-exoplanet

Izazi kwesinye isikhathi zibiza uMhlaba njengoFr. uhlobo lwe-biosphere 1. Iplanethi yethu ibonisa izimpawu eziningi zokuphila endaweni yayo, ikakhulukazi emandleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikhona eMhlabeni ngokwawo. uhlobo lwe-biosphere 2okuningi kufihlwe. Izibonelo zaso emkhathini zihlanganisa amaplanethi afana ne-Mars yanamuhla kanye nezinyanga ezineqhwa zesiqhwaga segesi, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi.

Okusanda kwethulwa Isathelayithi yezokuthutha yokuhlola i-exoplanet (TES) ukuqhubeka nokusebenza, okungukuthi, ukuthola nokukhombisa amaphuzu athakazelisayo ku-Universe. Siyethemba ukuthi kuzokwenziwa ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwama-exoplanets atholakele. James Webb Space Telescope, esebenza kububanzi be-infrared - uma igcina ingena ku-orbit. Emkhakheni womsebenzi womqondo, sekuvele kuneminye imisebenzi - Indawo okuhlala kuyo i-exoplanet (HabEx), uhla oluningi Umhloli omkhulu we-UV Optical Infrared (LUVUAR) noma I-Origins Space Telescope i-infrared (OST), okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlinzeka ngedatha eyengeziwe nge-exoplanet atmospheres kanye nezingxenye, ngokugxila ekusesheni ama-biosignatures okuphila.

4. Izinhlobonhlobo zeminonjana yobukhona bokuphila

Esokugcina isayensi yezinkanyezi. Ama-Biosignatures yizinto, izinto noma izenzakalo eziwumphumela wokuba khona kanye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. (4). Imvamisa, ohambweni babheka amasiginesha ezinto eziphilayo ezisemhlabeni, njengamagesi athile omkhathi nezinhlayiya, kanye nemifanekiso engaphezulu ye-ecosystem. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe be-National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), ngokubambisana ne-NASA, kuyadingeka ukuthi usuke kule geocentrism.

- amanothi u-prof. UBarbara Lollar.

Ithegi ejwayelekile ingaba ushukela. Ucwaningo olusha luphakamisa ukuthi i-molecule kashukela kanye nengxenye ye-DNA engu-2-deoxyribose kungase kube khona emakhoneni akude omkhathi. Ithimba lezazi zezinkanyezi ze-NASA likwazile ukuyidala ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri ezilingisa indawo ephakathi kwezinkanyezi. Encwadini ethi Nature Communications, ososayensi babonisa ukuthi amakhemikhali angasakazwa kabanzi endaweni yonke.

Ngo-2016, elinye iqembu labacwaningi eFrance bathola okufanayo mayelana ne-ribose, ushukela we-RNA osetshenziswa umzimba ukwenza amaprotheni futhi okucatshangwa ukuthi ungaba ngumanduleli we-DNA ekuqaleni kokuphila eMhlabeni. Ushukela oyinkimbinkimbi engeza ohlwini olukhulayo lwenhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala kuma-meteorite futhi akhiqizwa elabhorethri elingisa indawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-amino acid, izakhi zamaprotheni, izisekelo ze-nitrogen, amayunithi ayisisekelo ekhodi yofuzo, nesigaba sama-molecule asetshenziswa ukuphila ukuze akhe ulwelwesi ezizungeze amangqamuzana.

UMhlaba wakuqala cishe wawuthelwa ngezinto ezinjalo ngama- meteoroids kanye nenkanyezi enomsila ethinta indawo yawo. Okuphuma kushukela kungashintsha kube ushukela osetshenziswa ku-DNA ne-RNA lapho kukhona amanzi, okuvula amathuba amasha okutadisha i-chemistry yempilo yakuqala.

“Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili sizibuza ukuthi amakhemikhali esiwathola emkhathini angakwazi yini ukudala izinhlanganisela ezidingekayo ekuphileni,” kubhala uScott Sandford we-NASA ye-Ames Laboratory of Astrophysics and Astrochemistry, umbhali ngokubambisana wocwaningo. “Umkhathi ungusokhemisi wezinto eziphilayo. Inemikhumbi emikhulu nesikhathi esiningi, futhi umphumela uba yizinto eziningi eziphilayo, ezinye zazo ezihlala ziwusizo ekuphileni.

Njengamanje, alikho ithuluzi elilula lokuthola impilo. Ikhamera kuze kube yilapho ithwebula isiko lebhaktheriya elikhulayo edwaleni le-Martian noma i-plankton ebhukuda ngaphansi kweqhwa lase-Enceladus, ososayensi kufanele basebenzise uchungechunge lwamathuluzi nedatha ukuze babheke amasignesha ezinto eziphilayo noma izimpawu zokuphila.

5. Isimo selabhorethri esinothiswe yi-CO2 esingaphansi kokukhishwa kwe-plasma

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanelekile ukuhlola ezinye izindlela nama-biosignatures. Izazi ziye zaqaphela ngokwesiko, isibonelo, ukuba khona kwe-oxygen emkhathini iplanethi njengophawu oluqinisekile lokuthi ukuphila kungase kube khona kuwo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olusha lwe-Johns Hopkins University olushicilelwe ngoDisemba 2018 ku-ACS Earth and Space Chemistry luncoma ukuthi kubhekwe imibono efanayo.

Ithimba labacwaningi lenze izivivinyo zokulingisa egumbini laselabhorethri elaklanywa ngu-Sarah Hirst (5). Ososayensi bahlole izingxube zegesi eziyisishiyagalolunye ezingabikezelwa emkhathini we-exoplanetary, njenge-super-Earth ne-minineptunium, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamaplanethi. umthamo wezinkanyezi. Badalula lezi zingxube kolunye lwezinhlobo ezimbili zamandla, afana nalawo abangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emkhathini weplanethi. Bathola izimo eziningi ezikhiqiza kokubili umoya-mpilo kanye nama-molecule ephilayo angakha ushukela nama-amino acid. 

Nokho, kwakungekho ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi komoyampilo nezingxenye zokuphila. Ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi umoya-mpilo ungakhiqiza ngempumelelo izinqubo ze-abiotic, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuphambene nalokho - iplanethi lapho kungekho izinga elibonakalayo le-oksijeni liyakwazi ukwamukela ukuphila, okwenzeka ngempela ngisho nasemhlabeni ..., ngaphambi kokuba i-cyanobacteria iqale. ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo omkhulu.

Izindawo zokubuka izinto ezicatshangelwayo, kuhlanganise nalezo zasemkhathini, zinganakekela ukuhlaziywa kwe-spectrum yeplanethi ngifuna ama-biosignatures ashiwo ngenhla. Ukukhanya okuvela ezitshalweni, ikakhulukazi kumaplanethi amadala, afudumele, kungaba uphawu olunamandla lokuphila, ucwaningo olusha oluvela kososayensi base-Cornell University luyabonisa.

Izitshalo zimunca ukukhanya okubonakalayo, zisebenzisa i-photosynthesis ukuze zikuguqule zibe amandla, kodwa zingamumbi ingxenye eluhlaza ye-spectrum, yingakho siyibona iluhlaza. Ikakhulukazi ukukhanya kwe-infrared nakho kuyavezwa, kodwa ngeke sisakwazi ukukubona. Ukukhanya kwe-infrared okubonisiwe kudala ukuphakama okubukhali kugrafu ye-spectrum, eyaziwa ngokuthi "unqenqema olubomvu" lwemifino. Akukacaci ngokuphelele ukuthi kungani izitshalo zibonisa ukukhanya kwe-infrared, nakuba ucwaningo oluthile luphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kwenzelwa ukugwema ukulimala kokushisa.

Ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi ukutholakala konqenqema lwezitshalo kwamanye amaplanethi kungaba ubufakazi bokuba khona kokuphila lapho. Ababhali bamaphepha e-astrobiology uJack O'Malley-James noLisa Kaltenegger baseCornell University bachaze ukuthi umkhawulo obomvu wezitshalo ungase ushintshe kanjani phakathi nomlando woMhlaba (6). Izimila eziphansi ezifana nobulembu zaqala ukuvela eMhlabeni phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-725 nezingu-500 edlule. Izitshalo nezihlahla zesimanje eziqhakazayo zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-130 edlule. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zezitshalo zibonisa ukukhanya kwe-infrared ngokuhlukile kancane, ngeziqongo ezihlukene namaza wamaza. Ubulembu bakudala yibo okukhanya okubuthaka kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zesimanje. Ngokuvamile, isignali yezitshalo ku-spectrum ikhula kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

6. Ukukhanya okukhazimulayo okuvela eMhlabeni kuye ngohlobo lwekhava yezitshalo

Olunye ucwaningo, olwanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Science Advances ngoJanuwari 2018 yiqembu likaDavid Catling, usokhemisi wasemkhathini eNyuvesi yaseWashington eSeattle, lubheka ngokujulile umlando weplanethi yethu ukuze kwakhiwe iresiphi entsha yokuthola ukuphila okuneseli elilodwa izinto ezikude esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. . Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine yomlando woMhlaba, eyokuqala emibili ingachazwa ngokuthi "izwe elincane" elibuswa ama-microorganisms asekelwe ku-methanekubo umoya-mpilo owawungeyona igesi enikeza ukuphila, kodwa wawuwushevu obulalayo. Ukuvela kwe-cyanobacteria, okungukuthi i-cyanobacteria eluhlaza ye-photosynthetic etholakala ku-chlorophyll, yanquma iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ezalandela, isusa ama-microorganisms "i-methanogenic" ibe ama-nooks nama-crannies lapho umoya-mpilo wawungenakutholakala khona, okungukuthi imigede, ukuzamazama komhlaba, njll. I-Cyanobacteria yashintsha kancane kancane iplanethi yethu eluhlaza, igcwalisa umkhathi onomoya-mpilo futhi udala isisekelo sezwe lesimanje elaziwayo.

Akukusha ngokuphelele izimangalo zokuthi impilo yokuqala eMhlabeni yayingaba nsomi, ngakho-ke ukuphila okucatshangelwayo kwama-alien kuma-exoplanets nakho kungaba nsomi.

Isazi sezinto eziphilayo ezincane u-Shiladitya Dassarma wase-University of Maryland School of Medicine kanye nomfundi oneziqu u-Edward Schwiterman wase-University of California, e-Riverside bangababhali bocwaningo ngale ndaba, olwanyatheliswa ngo-Okthoba 2018 ku-International Journal of Astrobiology. Hhayi kuphela i-Dassarma ne-Shwiterman, kodwa nezinye izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi omunye wezakhamuzi zokuqala zeplanethi yethu i-halobacteria. La magciwane amunca i-spectrum eluhlaza yemisebe futhi ayiguqule ibe amandla. Abonisa imisebe ye-violet eyenza iplanethi yethu ibukeke kanje lapho ibhekwa emkhathini.

Ukuze amunce ukukhanya okuluhlaza, ama-halobacteria asebenzisa i-retina, umbala onsomi obonakalayo otholakala emehlweni ezilwane ezinomgogodla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuphela, amagciwane aqala ukubusa iplanethi yethu, esebenzisa i-chlorophyll, edonsa ukukhanya okuluhlaza futhi ibonise ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Yingakho umhlaba ubukeka ngendlela obukeka ngayo. Kodwa-ke, izazi zezinkanyezi zisola ukuthi i-halobacteria ingase iguquke nakakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zamaplanethi, ngakho-ke ziphakamisa ukuba khona kokuphila kumaplanethi ansomi (7).

Ama-Biosignatures ayinto eyodwa. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi basafuna izindlela zokuthola ama-technosignatures futhi, i.e. izimpawu zokuba khona kwempilo ephakeme kanye nempucuko yobuchwepheshe.

I-NASA yamemezela ngo-2018 ukuthi iqinisa ukufuna kwayo impilo yangaphandle isebenzisa "amasignesha ezobuchwepheshe," okuthi, njengoba i-ejensi ibhala kuwebhusayithi yayo, "izibonakaliso noma izimpawu ezisivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuba khona kwempilo yezobuchwepheshe endaweni ethile endaweni yonke. .” . Indlela edume kakhulu engatholakala amasignali omsakazo. Kodwa-ke, siyazi nabanye abaningi, ngisho neminonjana yokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezakhiwo ezicatshangelwayo, ezifana nalezo ezibizwa ngokuthi. Dyson spheres (isishiyagalombili). Uhlu lwabo lwahlanganiswa ngesikhathi somhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi owawubanjwe yi-NASA ngoNovemba 8 (bheka ibhokisi eliphambene).

- iphrojekthi yabafundi base-UC Santa Barbara - isebenzisa uchungechunge lwezibonakude eziqondiswe kumthala oseduze we-Andromeda, kanye neminye imithala, kuhlanganise nowethu, ukuze kutholwe ama-technosignatures. Abahloli bamazwe abasebasha bafuna impucuko efana neyethu noma ephakeme kuneyethu, bezama ukukhombisa ubukhona bayo nge-optical beam efana namalaser noma ama-maser.

Ukusesha okuvamile—ngokwesibonelo, ngezibonakude zomsakazo ze-SETI—kunemikhawulo emibili. Okokuqala, kucatshangwa ukuthi abafokazi abahlakaniphile (uma bekhona) bazama ukukhuluma nathi ngokuqondile. Okwesibili, sizoyibona le miyalezo uma siyithola.

Intuthuko yakamuva ku-(AI) ivula amathuba athokozisayo okuhlola kabusha yonke idatha eqoqiwe ngokungahambisani okucashile obekunganakwa kuze kube manje. Lo mbono usenhliziyweni yesu elisha le-SETI. skena okudidayookungezona ngempela izimpawu zokuxhumana, kodwa kunalokho okuvela empucukweni yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Umgomo uwukuthuthukisa ikhono eliphelele nelihlakaniphile "injini engavamile“ekwazi ukunquma ukuthi imaphi amanani edatha namaphethini okuxhumana angajwayelekile.

I-Technosignature

Ngokusekelwe kumbiko wangomhla zingama-28 kuNovemba 2018 we-NASA, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa zama-technosignatures.

Ukuxhumana

"Imilayezo esebhodleleni" nezinto zobuciko zangaphandle. Sazithumelela le miyalezo thina e-Pioneer naseVoyager. Lokhu kokubili yizinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemisebe ehambisana nazo.

Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela. Njengoba sifunda ukusebenzisa i-AI ukuze sizuze thina, sikhulisa ikhono lethu lokubona amasiginali we-AI angaba khona. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ukuxhumana kuzosungulwa phakathi kwesistimu yomhlaba enobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nefomu elisekelwe emkhathini lobuhlakani bokwenziwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-AI ekusesheni ubuchwepheshe obungajwayelekile, kanye nosizo ekuhlaziyeni idatha enkulu nokuqashelwa kwephethini, kubukeka kuthembisa, nakuba kungaqinisekisi nhlobo ukuthi i-AI izokhululeka ekucabangeni okujwayelekile kwabantu.

Umkhathi

Enye yezindlela zokwenziwa ezisobala kakhulu zokushintsha izici ezibonwa yisintu ukungcola komkhathi. Ngakho-ke noma ngabe lezi kuyizinto zokwenziwa zomkhathi ezidalwe njengemikhiqizo ephuma embonini engafunwa noma uhlobo lwamabomu lwe-geoengineering, ukuthola ubukhona bempilo ebudlelwaneni obunjalo kungaba obunye bobuchwepheshe obunamandla kakhulu nobungadideki.

Okwesakhiwo

Ama-megastructure okwenziwa. Akumele kube yizindilinga ze-Dyson ezizungeza inkanyezi engumzali. Futhi zingaba izakhiwo ezincane kunamazwekazi, njengezakhiwo ezikhanyayo kakhulu noma ezimunca kakhulu ze-photovoltaic (amajeneretha wamandla) atholakala ngaphezu kwendawo noma endaweni eyindilinga ngaphezu kwamafu.

Iziqhingi ezishisayo. Ukuba khona kwazo kusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi izimpucuko ezithuthuke ngokwanele zikusingatha ngenkuthalo ukushisa okulahlwayo.

ukukhanya okwenziwayo. Njengoba amasu okubuka ethuthuka, imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa kufanele itholakale ohlangothini lwasebusuku lwama-exoplanets.

Ngesilinganiso seplanethi

Ukuchithwa kwamandla. Kuma-biosignatures, amamodeli wamandla akhishwe yizinqubo zokuphila kuma-exoplanets athuthukisiwe. Lapho kunobufakazi bokuba khona kwanoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe, ukudalwa kwamamodeli anjalo ngokusekelwe empucukweni yethu kungenzeka, nakuba kungase kungathembeki. 

Ukuzinza kwesimo sezulu noma ukungazinzi. Ama-technosignatures aqinile angahlotshaniswa kokubili nokuzinza, lapho kungekho mibandela yawo, noma ngokungazinzi. 

I-Geoengineering. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi impucuko ethuthukile ingase ifune ukudala izimo ezifanayo nalezo ezaziyo embulungeni yasekhaya, emaplanethini ayo andayo. Obunye bobuchwepheshe obungaba khona kungaba, isibonelo, ukutholwa kwamaplanethi amaningana ohlelweni olulodwa olunesimo sezulu esifana nesisolisayo.

Indlela yokubona ukuphila?

Izifundo zamasiko zanamuhla, i.e. etemibhalo kanye ne-cinematic, imibono mayelana nokuvela kwabafokazi ngokuyinhloko yayivela kumuntu oyedwa kuphela - UHerbert George Wells. Kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, esihlokweni esithi "The Million Man of the Year," wabona kusengaphambili ukuthi eminyakeni eyisigidi kamuva, ngo-1895, encwadini yakhe ethi The Time Machine, wadala umqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesikhathi esizayo komuntu. I-prototype yabafokazi yethulwa ngumlobi encwadini ethi The War of the Worlds (1898), ethuthukisa umqondo wakhe we-Selenite emakhasini anoveli ethi The First Men in the Moon (1901).

Kodwa-ke, izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi iningi lempilo esiyoke siyithole eMhlabeni kuzoba ama-unicellular organisms. Bakucabangela lokhu ngonya lweningi lemihlaba esesiyitholile kuze kube manje kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izindawo zokuhlala, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ukuphila eMhlabeni kwaba khona endaweni eyodwa cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 ngaphambi kokuguqukela kuzinhlobo zamangqamuzana amaningi.

Kungenzeka ngempela ukuthi umthala ugcwele izinto eziphilayo, kodwa mhlawumbe ubonakala ungabonakali kakhulu.

Ekwindla ka-2017, ososayensi baseNyuvesi yase-Oxford e-UK bashicilela isihloko esithi "I-Darwin's Aliens" ku-International Journal of Astrobiology. Kuyo, baphikisa ngokuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaba khona zingaphansi kwemithetho eyisisekelo yokuzikhethela kwemvelo njengathi.

“Emthaleni wethu wodwa, cishe kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaplanethi okuhlalwa kuwo,” kusho uSam Levin we-Oxford Department of Zoology. "Kodwa sinesibonelo esisodwa seqiniso sokuphila, ngesisekelo lapho singenza khona imibono nezibikezelo zethu - lowo ovela eMhlabeni."

U-Levin nethimba lakhe bathi kuhle kakhulu ukubikezela ukuthi impilo ingaba njani kwamanye amaplanethi. imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kufanele nakanjani athuthuke kancane kancane ukuze abe namandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho ebhekene nezinselele ezihlukahlukene.

“Ngaphandle kokuzikhethela kwemvelo, ukuphila ngeke kuzuze imisebenzi eyidingayo ukuze iphile, njengokugayeka kokudla, ikhono lokunyakaza noma ukuba nezitho zengqondo,” kusho lesi sihloko. "Ngeke ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo yayo, iguqukela enqubweni ibe yinto eyinkimbinkimbi, ebonakalayo futhi ethakazelisayo."

Nomaphi lapho lokhu kwenzeka khona, impilo iyohlale ibhekene nezinkinga ezifanayo - kusukela ekutholeni indlela yokusebenzisa kahle ukushisa kwelanga kuya esidingweni sokuxhaphaza izinto endaweni yalo.

Abaphenyi base-Oxford bathi kube nemizamo engathi sína esikhathini esedlule yokwengeza umhlaba wethu kanye nolwazi lwabantu lwe-chemistry, i-geology kanye ne-physics kumpilo okuthiwa ayifani.

ULevin uthi. -.

Abacwaningi bakwa-Oxford baye baze bakha izibonelo ezimbalwa zokuqagela ezabo. amafomu okuphila angaphandle komhlaba (9).

9 Abafokazi Ababonwayo abavela e-Oxford University

Kuchaza u-Levine. -

Iningi lamaplanethi okuhlalwa kuwo ngokwethiyori esiwaziwa namuhla azungeza ama-dwarf abomvu. Zivinjwe amagagasi, okungukuthi, uhlangothi olulodwa luhlala lubheke inkanyezi efudumele, kanti olunye lubheke emkhathini.

kusho uphrof. Graziella Caprelli waseNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Australia.

Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono, amaciko ase-Australia adale izithombe ezijabulisayo zezidalwa ezicatshangelwayo ezihlala emhlabeni ozungeza into encane ebomvu (10).

10. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo isidalwa esicatshangelwayo eplanethini ezungeza into encane ebomvu.

Imibono kanye nokucabangela okuchazwe ukuthi ukuphila kuzosekelwe kukhabhoni noma ku-silicon, evamile endaweni yonke, kanye nemigomo yendawo yonke yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, noma kunjalo, kungase kungqubuzane ne-anthropocentrism yethu kanye nokungakwazi ukubandlulula ukuqaphela "okunye". Kwachazwa ngokuthakazelisayo nguStanislav Lem ku-"Fiasco" yakhe, abalingiswa babo babheka ama-Aliens, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile bayaqaphela ukuthi bangabafokazi. Ukukhombisa ubuthakathaka bomuntu ekuboneni into emangazayo futhi "yangaphandle", ososayensi baseSpain basanda kwenza ucwaningo oluphefumulelwe ucwaningo oludumile lwezengqondo lwango-1999.

Khumbula ukuthi enguqulweni yokuqala, ososayensi bacela abahlanganyeli ukuthi baqedele umsebenzi ngenkathi bebuka indawo lapho kwakukhona okuthile okumangazayo - njengendoda egqoke i-gorilla - umsebenzi (njengokubala inani lokudlula emdlalweni we-basketball). . Kwavela ukuthi iningi lababukeli abanentshisekelo emisebenzini yabo ... alizange liqaphele i-gorilla.

Kulokhu, abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yaseCadiz bacele ababambiqhaza abangu-137 ukuba baskene izithombe zasemoyeni zezithombe ezihlanganisa amaplanethi futhi bathole izakhiwo ezakhiwe izidalwa ezihlakaniphile ezibonakala zingezona ezemvelo. Esithombeni esisodwa, abacwaningi bafake nesithombe esincane sendoda ezifihle njengegorilla. Bangu-45 kuphela kwabangu-137 ababambiqhaza, noma u-32,8% wabahlanganyeli, abaqaphele i-gorilla, nakuba "i-alien" abayibona ngokucacile phambi kwamehlo abo.

Kodwa-ke, nakuba ukumela nokuhlonza umfokazi kusengumsebenzi onzima kithina bantu, inkolelo yokuthi "Balapha" indala njengempucuko namasiko.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2500 edlule, isazi sefilosofi u-Anaxagoras sasikholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kukhona emhlabeni wonke ngenxa “yembewu” eyasakaza endaweni yonke. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, u-Epicurus waphawula ukuthi uMhlaba ungase ube njengomunye wemihlaba eminingi eyakhiwe, futhi emakhulwini amahlanu eminyaka ngemva kwakhe, omunye umcabango ongumGreki, uPlutarch, wasikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iNyanga yayihlalwe abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Njengoba ubona, umbono wempilo yangaphandle akuyona imfashini yesimanje. Namuhla, nokho, sesivele sinezindawo zombili ezithakazelisayo zokubheka, kanye namasu okusesha athakazelisayo, kanye nokuzimisela okukhulayo ukuthola into ehluke ngokuphelele kulokho esikwazi kakade.

Nokho, kukhona imininingwane encane.

Ngisho noma singakwazi ukuthola iminonjana yokuphila endaweni ethile, ngeke yini kusenze sizizwe singcono ngokungakwazi ukusheshe sifike kule ndawo?

Izimo zokuphila ezikahle

Iplanethi eku-ecosphere/i-ecozone/indawo yokuhlala,

okungukuthi, endaweni ezungeze inkanyezi efana nesimo songqimba oluyindilinga. Ngaphakathi kwendawo enjalo, izimo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zingase zibe khona eziqinisekisa ukuvela, ukugcinwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuba khona kwamanzi awuketshezi kubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu. Izimo ezikahle ezizungeze inkanyezi zaziwa nangokuthi "Indawo ye-Goldilocks" - kusukela enganekwaneni yezingane eyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wama-Anglo-Saxon.

Isisindo esanele seplanethi. Isimo sento efana nenani lamandla. Isisindo asikwazi ukuba sikhulu kakhulu, ngoba amandla adonsela phansi anamandla awakufanelanga. Nokho, okuncane kakhulu ngeke kugcine umkhathi, ukuba khona kwawo, ngokombono wethu, kuyisimo esidingekayo sokuphila.

I-Atmosphere + greenhouse effect. Lezi ezinye izici ezicabangela umbono wethu wamanje ngokuphila. Umkhathi uyashisa njengoba amagesi asemkhathini ehlangana nemisebe yenkanyezi. Ukuphila njengoba sikwazi, ukugcinwa kwamandla ashisayo emkhathini kubaluleke kakhulu. Okubi nakakhulu, uma umphumela we-greenhouse unamandla kakhulu. Ukuze ube "kulungile", udinga izimo zezoni ye-"Goldilocks".

Insimu kazibuthe. Ivikela iplanethi emisebeni eqinile ye-ionizing yenkanyezi eseduze.