Indlela yokusabalalisa igesi yenjini, ukuklama kanye nomgomo wokusebenza

I-gas distribution mechanism (GRM) iyisethi yezingxenye nama-assemblies avula futhi avale ama-valve okungenisa nokukhipha umoya enjini ngesikhathi esithile. Umsebenzi oyinhloko womshini wokusabalalisa igesi ukunikezwa ngesikhathi esifanele kwe-air-fuel noma uphethiloli (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwenjini) ekamelweni elivuthayo kanye nokukhululwa kwamagesi okukhipha umoya. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, yonke inkimbinkimbi yezindlela isebenza kahle, ezinye zazo zilawulwa nge-elekthronikhi.

Sinjani isikhathi

Ezinjinini zanamuhla, indlela yokusabalalisa igesi itholakala ekhanda le-cylinder yenjini. Iqukethe izici ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:

• I-Camshaft. Lona umkhiqizo womklamo oyinkimbinkimbi, owenziwe ngensimbi eqinile noma insimbi ekhonjiwe ngokunemba okuphezulu. Ngokuya ngomklamo wesikhathi, i-camshaft ingafakwa ekhanda le-cylinder noma ku-crankcase (okwamanje leli lungiselelo alisetshenzisiwe). Lena ingxenye eyinhloko enesibopho sokuvula nokuvala okulandelanayo kwama-valve.

I-shaft inamajenali namakhamera aphusha isiqu se-valve noma i-rocker. Ukuma kwekhamera kune-geometry echazwe ngokuqinile, ngoba ubude kanye nezinga lokuvulwa kwe-valve kuncike kulokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhamera aklanywe ngezindlela ezahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuhlukile kwamasilinda.

• I-Actuator. I-torque esuka ku-crankshaft idluliselwa ngedrayivu iye ku-camshaft. Idrayivu iyahluka kuye ngesixazululo sokuklama. Igiya le-crankshaft lilingana nohhafu wegiya le-camshaft. Ngakho-ke, i-crankshaft ijikeleza kabili ngokushesha. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokushayela, kuhlanganisa:

1. iketango noma ibhande;
2. amagiya e-shaft;
3. i-tensioner (i-tension roller);
4. damper nesicathulo.

• Amaphayiphu wokungenisa nokukhipha. Zitholakala ekhanda lesilinda futhi ziyizinduku ezinekhanda eliyisicaba ekugcineni, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-poppet. Ama-valve okungena nawokuphuma ayahluka ngomklamo. I-inlet yenziwe ngesiqephu esisodwa. Iphinde ibe noqweqwe olukhudlwana lokugcwalisa kangcono isilinda ngokushaja okusha. Indawo yokuphuma ivamise ukwenziwa ngensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa futhi inesiqu esingenalutho sokupholisa kangcono, njengoba ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngaphakathi komgodi kune-sodium filler encibilika kalula futhi isuse okunye ukushisa epuletini kuya endukwini.

Amakhanda e-valve aklanywe ukuze anikeze ukulingana okuqinile emigodini yekhanda lesilinda. Le ndawo ibizwa ngesihlalo. Ngaphezu kwama-valve ngokwawo, izakhi ezengeziwe zinikezwa kumshini wokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo okufanele:

1. Iziphethu. Buyisela ama-valve endaweni yawo yasekuqaleni ngemva kokucindezela.
2. Izimpawu ze-valve stem. Lezi zimpawu ezikhethekile ezivimbela uwoyela ukuthi ungangeni ekamelweni elivuthayo eduze kwesiqu se-valve.
3. I-Guiding bushing. Ifakwe kundlu yekhanda le-cylinder futhi inikeza ukunyakaza kwe-valve okunembile.
4. Ama-Rusks. Ngosizo lwabo, isiphethu sinamathele esiqwini se-valve.

• Abasunduza. Ngama-pushers, amandla adluliselwa kusuka kukhamera ye-camshaft kuya endongeni. Kwenziwe ngensimbi enamandla amakhulu. Ziyizinhlobo ezahlukene:

1. mechanical - izibuko;
2. i-roller;
3. izinxephezelo ze-hydraulic.

Igebe elishisayo phakathi kwama-pusher mechanical kanye ne-camshaft lobes lilungiswa ngesandla. Izinxephezelo zeHydraulic noma ompompi abadonsa amanzi ngokuzenzakalelayo bagcina imvume edingekayo futhi abadingi ukulungiswa.

• Ingalo ye-rocker noma izinsimbi. I-rocker elula i-lever enezingalo ezimbili eyenza ukunyakaza okunyakazayo. Ngezakhiwo ezahlukene, izingalo ze-rocker zingasebenza ngokuhlukile.
• Amasistimu wesikhathi se-valve aguquguqukayo. Lawa masistimu awafakiwe kuzo zonke izinjini. Imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nedivayisi kanye nesimiso sokusebenza kwe-CVVT ingatholakala esihlokweni esihlukile kuwebhusayithi yethu.

Incazelo yesikhathi

Ukusebenza komshini wokusabalalisa igesi kunzima ukucabangela ngokuhlukana nomjikelezo wokusebenza wenjini. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukuvula nokuvala ama-valve ngesikhathi isikhathi esithile. Ngakho-ke, ekushayweni kokungena, ukungena kuvula, futhi ku-stroke yokukhipha, i-exhaust ivula. Okusho ukuthi, empeleni, umshini kufanele usebenzise isikhathi se-valve esibaliwe.

Ngobuchwepheshe kuhamba kanje:

1. I-crankshaft idlulisa i-torque ngedrayivu iye ku-camshaft.
2. Ikhamera ye-camshaft icindezela ku-pusher noma i-rocker.
3. I-valve ihamba ngaphakathi kwegumbi elivuthayo, evumela ukufinyelela eshajeni entsha noma ephumayo yegesi.
4. Ngemuva kokuthi ikhamera isidlulile isigaba esisebenzayo sesenzo, i-valve ibuyela endaweni yayo ngaphansi kwesenzo sentwasahlobo.

Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi umjikelezo ophelele wokusebenza, i-camshaft yenza izinguquko ezi-2, ngokushintshana ivula ama-valve ku-cylinder ngayinye, kuye ngokuthi isebenza kanjani. Okusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ngohlelo lokusebenza lwe-1-3-4-2, ama-valve okungena esilindani sokuqala kanye nama-valve okukhipha okwesine azovuleka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kweyesibili neyesithathu amavalvu azovalwa.

Izinhlobo zendlela yokusabalalisa igesi

Izinjini zingase zibe nezikimu zesikhathi ezihlukene. Cabangela ukuhlukaniswa okulandelayo.

Ngesikhundla se-camshaft

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-camshaft isikhundla:

• phansi;
• phezulu.

Esikhundleni esiphansi, i-camshaft itholakala ku-cylinder block eduze kwe-crankshaft. Umthelela ovela kumakhamera ngokusebenzisa ama-pushers udluliselwa ezingalweni ze-rocker, usebenzisa izinduku ezikhethekile. Lezi izinduku ezinde ezixhumanisa ama-pushrod ngaphansi nezingalo ze-rocker phezulu. Indawo ephansi ayibhekwa njengephumelele kakhulu, kodwa inezinzuzo zayo. Ikakhulukazi, ukuxhumana okuthembekile phakathi kwe-camshaft ne-crankshaft. Lolu hlobo lwedivayisi alusetshenziswa ezinjinini zesimanje.

Esikhundleni esiphezulu, i-camshaft isekhanda lesilinda, ngaphezu kwama-valve. Kulesi sikhundla, izinketho ezimbalwa zokuthonya ama-valve zingasetshenziswa: usebenzisa ama-rocker pushers noma ama-levers. Lo mklamo ulula, uthembekile futhi uhlangene. Isikhundla esiphezulu se-camshaft sesivame kakhulu.

Ngenombolo yama-camshafts

Izinjini ezisemgqeni zingafakwa i-camshaft eyodwa noma amabili. Izinjini ezine-camshaft eyodwa ziqokwa ngesifinyezo I-SOHC(I-Single Overhead Camshaft), futhi enamabili - I-DOHC(I-Double Overhead Camshaft). I-shaft eyodwa inesibopho sokuvula ama-valve okungenisa, kanti enye i-exhaust. Ama-V-engine asebenzisa ama-camshaft amane, amabili ebhange ngalinye lamasilinda.

Ngenombolo yamavalvu

Ukuma kwe-camshaft kanye nenani lamakhamera kuzoncika kwinani lama-valve ngesilinda. Kungase kube namavalvu amabili, amathathu, amane noma amahlanu.

Inketho elula kakhulu inama-valve amabili: eyodwa eyokuthatha, enye eyokukhipha umoya. Injini enama-valve amathathu inama-valve amabili okukhiphayo kanye neyodwa yokukhipha umoya. Enguqulweni enama-valve amane: ama-take amabili kanye ne-exhaust amabili. Ama-valve amahlanu: amathathu awokudonsa futhi amabili awokukhipha umoya. Lapho ama-valve amaningi okungenisa, ingxube kaphethiloli yomoya ingena egunjini elivuthayo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, amandla kanye namandla enjini ayanda. Ukwenza okungaphezu kwezinhlanu ngeke kuvumele ubukhulu bekamelo lomlilo kanye nokuma kwe-camshaft. Ama-valve amane asetshenziswa kakhulu isilinda.

Ngohlobo lokushayela

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamadrayivu e-camshaft:

1. igiya. Lolu khetho lokushayela lungenzeka kuphela uma i-camshaft isendaweni ephansi ye-cylinder block. I-crankshaft necamshaft ishayelwa ngamagiya. Inzuzo eyinhloko yeyunithi enjalo ukwethembeka. Uma i-camshaft isendaweni ephezulu ekhanda le-cylinder, kokubili i-chain kanye ne-belt drive iyasetshenziswa.
2. Chain. Lokhu kushayela kubhekwa njengokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kweketango kudinga izimo ezikhethekile. Ukuze kudambise ukudlidliza, ama-dampers afakwa, futhi ukungezwani kweketango kulawulwa ama-tensioners. Amaketanga amaningana angasetshenziswa kuye ngenani lama-shafts.
   

   Insiza ye-chain yanele isilinganiso samakhilomitha ayi-150-200 ayizinkulungwane.

   Inkinga enkulu ye-chain drive ibhekwa njengokungasebenzi kahle kwama-tensioners, ama-dampers noma ikhefu ku-chain ngokwayo. Ngokungezwani okunganele, iketanga ngesikhathi sokusebenza lingashelela phakathi kwamazinyo, okuholela ekwephuleni isikhathi se-valve.

   Isiza ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuqina kweketango ama-hydraulic tensioners. Lawa ama-piston acindezela kulokhu okubizwa ngokuthi isicathulo. Isicathulo sihlanganiswe ngqo neketango. Lona ucezu olunoqweqwe olukhethekile, olugobile ku-arc. Ngaphakathi kwe-hydraulic tensioner kune-plunger, isiphethu kanye nendawo yokusebenza kawoyela. Amafutha angena ku-tensioner bese ephusha isilinda ezingeni elifanele. Ivalvu ivala iphaseji kawoyela futhi ipiston igcina ukushuba kweketango okulungile ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-chain damper imunca ukudlidliza okusele okungadaniswanga yisicathulo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphelele nokunembe kwe-chain drive.

   Inkinga enkulu ingavela kumjikelezo ovulekile.

   I-camshaft iyeka ukuzungeza, kodwa i-crankshaft iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza futhi inyakazisa amapiston. Ama-bottoms ama-piston afinyelela kuma-valve discs, okubangela ukuthi akhubazeke. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-cylinder block nayo ingalimala. Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa amaketango anemigqa emibili. Uma omunye ephuka, omunye uyaqhubeka nokusebenza. Umshayeli uzokwazi ukulungisa isimo ngaphandle kwemiphumela.

3. ibhande.I-belt drive ayidingi ukugcotshwa, ngokungafani ne-chain drive.
   

   Insiza yebhande nayo ilinganiselwe futhi ilinganiselwa kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-60-80.

   Amabhande anamazinyo asetshenziselwa ukubamba okungcono nokuthembeka. Lena ilula kakhulu. Ibhande eliphukile elinenjini egijima lizoba nemiphumela efanayo neketango eliphukile. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokushayela ibhande kulula ukusebenza nokushintshwa, izindleko eziphansi nokusebenza okuthulile.

Ukusebenza kwenjini, amandla ayo namandla kuncike ekusebenzeni kahle kwawo wonke umshini wokusabalalisa igesi. Uma sikhulu inombolo nomthamo wamasilinda, idivayisi yokuvumelanisa izoba nzima kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuthi umshayeli ngamunye aqonde ukwakheka komshini ukuze abone ukungasebenzi kahle ngesikhathi.