I-EURO - Amazinga E-European Emission
I-European Emissions Standards iyisethi yemithetho nemithethonqubo ebeka imingcele ekubunjweni kwamagesi e-exhaust azo zonke izimoto ezikhiqizwa emazweni angamalungu e-EU. Le miyalelo ibizwa nge-Euro emission standards (Euro 1 kuya ku-Euro 6).
Ukwethulwa ngakunye kwezinga elisha lokukhishwa kwe-euro kuyisenzo esihamba kancane.
Izinguquko zizothinta ikakhulukazi amamodeli asanda kwethulwa emakethe yaseYurophu (ngokwesibonelo, izinga lamanje le-Euro 5 lisethwe ngoSepthemba 1, 9). Izimoto ezithengiswayo akudingeki zihambisane nezinga le-Euro 2009. Kusuka ngonyaka we-5, i-Euro 2011 kumele ithobele zonke izimoto ezintsha ezikhiqizwayo, kufaka phakathi amamodeli amadala anomkhiqizo wokubamba. Abanikazi bezimoto ezindala esezithengiwe bangahlala bodwa, abaphansi kwemithetho emisha.
Izinga elisha ngalinye le-EURO liqukethe imithetho nemikhawulo emisha. Izinga lamanje lokukhishwa kwe-EURO 5, ngokwesibonelo, linomthelela omkhulu ezinjinini zikadizili futhi lihlose ukuzisondeza ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli ngokuya ngomkhizo we-exhaust. I-EURO 5 inciphisa umkhawulo wokukhishwa kwe-PM (Particulate Particulate Soot) ngesilinganiso sesihlanu ngokuqhathaniswa nesimo samanje, esingatholwa kuphela ngokufaka izihlungi ze-particulate, ezingezona ezishibhile. Kwakudingeka futhi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze kufinyelelwe emikhawulweni ye-NO.2... Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinjini eziningi zikaphethiloli esezivele zikhiqizwa namuhla zihambisana nomyalelo omusha we-EURO 5. Kubo, bekungukuncishiswa okungu-25% kuphela kwemikhawulo ye-HC ne-NO.2, Ukukhishwa kwe-CO kuhlala kungashintshiwe. Konke ukwethulwa kwezinga lokukhishwa kuhlangabezana nokuphikisana nabakhiqizi bezimoto ngenxa yezindleko ezengeziwe zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ukwethulwa kwezinga le-EURO 5 ekuqaleni kuhlelwe u-2008, kepha ngenxa yengcindezi evela embonini yezimoto, ukwethulwa kwaleli zinga kwabambezeleka kwaze kwaba nguSepthemba 1, 9.
Ngabe le miyalelo yokukhipha iguquke kanjani?
Euro 1... Isiqondisi sokuqala kwakuyisiqondiso se-EURO 1, ebesisebenza kusukela ngo-1993 futhi besinomusa ngokwedlulele. Izinjini zikaphethiloli nedizili, ibeka umkhawulo wekhabhoni monoxide cishe u-3 g / km futhi AKUKHO ukukhishwa.x futhi i-HC ingeziwe. Umkhawulo wokukhishwa kwezinhlayiyana kusebenza kuphela kuzinjini zikadizili. Izinjini zikaphethiloli kumele zisebenzise uphethiloli ongenawo uhla.
Euro 2. Izinga le-EURO 2 selivele lihlukanise lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini - izinjini zikadizili zinenzuzo ethile ekukhiqizweni OKUNGEKHO.2 kanti i-HC, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho i-cap isetshenziswa kwisamba sayo, izinjini zikaphethiloli zingakwazi ukukhokhela ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-CO. Lesi siqondisi sikhombise nokwehliswa kwezinto ezinomthofu kumagesi e-exhaust.
Euro 3... Ngokwethulwa kwezinga le-EURO 3, ebelisebenza kusukela ngo-2000, i-European Commission yaqala ukuqina. Kuzinjini zikadizili, yehlise u-PM ngo-50% futhi yasetha umkhawulo onqunyelwe wokungabikho kwe-NO.2 ngo-0,5 g / km. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayala ukwehliswa okungu-36% kokukhishwa kwe-CO. Leli zinga lidinga izinjini zikaphethiloli ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile ze-NO.2 kanye ne-HC.
Euro 4... Izinga le-EURO 4, elaqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthoba 1.10, 2006, laqinisa futhi imingcele yokuphuma. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga langaphambilini le-Euro 3, ihlukanise uhhafu wezinhlayiyana kanye nokukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxide emagesi aqeda imoto. Endabeni yezinjini zikadizili, lokhu kuphoqe abakhiqizi ukuthi banciphise kakhulu i-CO, NO emissions.2, ama-hydrocarbon angashiswanga nezinhlayiya.
Euro 5... Kusukela ngo-1.9. Izinga lokukhishwa lika-2009 lalibhekiswe kakhulu ekwehliseni inani lezingxenye ze-PM foam kuya kwengxenye yesihlanu yenani loqobo (0,005 uma kuqhathaniswa no-0,025 g / km). Amanani we-NOx kaphethiloli (0,08 kuya ku-0,06 g / km) nezinjini zedizili (0,25 kuya ku-0,18 g / km) nawo ehle kancane. Endabeni yezinjini zikadizili, kwehlisiwe nokuqukethwe kwe-HC + NO.X z 0,30 ng 0,23 g / km.
I-EURO 6... Leli zinga lokukhipha laqala ukusebenza ngoSepthemba 2014. Kusebenza ezinjinini zikadizili, okungukuthi ukwehliswa kwamanani we-NOx kusuka ku-0,18 kuye ku-0,08 g / km naku-HC + NO.X 0,23 na 0,17 g / km
Izakhi zokukhishwa ezilawulwayo
I-Carbon monoxide (CO) iyigesi engenambala, engenaphunga, enganambitheki futhi elula kunomoya. Okungacasuli futhi akuqhumi. Ibophezela ku-hemoglobin, i.e. i-pigment egazini futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukudluliselwa komoya kusuka emaphashini kuya ezicutshini - ngakho-ke kuwubuthi. Ekugxilweni okujwayelekile emoyeni, i-CO i-oxidize ngokushesha uma iqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide.2.
Isikhutha (CO2) iyigesi engenambala, engenambitheki futhi engenaphunga. Ngokwalo, akuwona ubuthi.
Ama-hydrocarbon angashiswa (HC) - phakathi kwezinye izakhi, aqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbons anuka umdlavuza, ama-aldehyde anobuthi nama-alkane angenabuthi nama-alkene.
Ama-nitrogen oxides (NOx) - ezinye ziyingozi empilweni, zithinta amaphaphu nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Zakhiwa injini emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi ngesikhathi sokusha, ne-oxygen eyeqile.
Isulfure dioxide (SO2) iyigesi eyi-caustic, enobuthi, engenambala. Ingozi yayo ukuthi ikhiqiza i-sulfuric acid emgudwini wokuphefumula.
Umthofu (Pb) uyinsimbi enzima enobuthi. Okwamanje, uphethiloli utholakala kuphela eziteshini ezingenamthofu. Izakhiwo zayo zokugcoba zithathelwa indawo izithasiselo.
I-Carbon black (PM) - izinhlayiya ze-carbon black zibangela ukucasuka kwemishini futhi zisebenze njengabathwali be-carcinogens nama-mutagens.
Ezinye izingxenye zikhona ngesikhathi somlilo wephethiloli
I-nitrogen (N2) iyigesi engashi, engenambala, engenaphunga. Akunashevu. Iyingxenye eyinhloko yomoya esiwuphefumulayo (78% N2, 21% O2, 1% amanye amagesi). Iningi le-nitrogen libuyiselwa emkhathini emagesini akhipha umoya ekupheleni kwenqubo yokuvutha. Ingxenye encane isabela nomoya-mpilo yakhe i-nitrogen oxides NOx.
Oxygen (O2) iyigesi engenambala engenabuthi. Ngaphandle kokunambitha nokuhogela. Lokhu kubalulekile ngenqubo yokuvutha.
Amanzi (H2O) - amuncwa kanye nomoya ngesimo somhwamuko wamanzi.
