Kunezinhlayiya eziningi ezengeziwe, eziningi ezengeziwe
Izazi zefiziksi zifuna izinhlayiya ezingaqondakali okufanele zidlulisele ulwazi phakathi kwezizukulwane zama-quark namaleptons futhi zinesibopho sokusebenzisana kwazo. Ukusesha akulula, kodwa imivuzo yokuthola ama-leptoquark ingaba mikhulu.
Ku-physics yesimanje, ezingeni eliyisisekelo kakhulu, i-matter ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlayiya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ama-quark, avame ukuhlangana ndawonye ukuze akhe ama-proton nama-neutron, abe ama-nuclei ama-athomu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ama-leptons, okungukuthi, yonke enye into enesisindo - kusukela kuma-electron ajwayelekile kuya kuma-muon angavamile namathoni, ukuquleka, ama-neutrino cishe angabonakali.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, lezi zinhlayiya zihlala ndawonye. Ama-Quarks asebenzisana kakhulu namanye ama-quarks, namaleptoni namanye amaleptoni. Nokho, izazi zefiziksi zisola ukuthi kunezinhlayiya eziningi kunamalungu ezizwe ezishiwo ngenhla. Okuningi okwengeziwe.
Enye yalezi zigaba ezintsha zezinhlayiya ezihlongozwe kamuva ibizwa ngokuthi leptovarki. Akekho owake wathola ubufakazi obuqondile bokuba khona kwazo, kodwa abacwaningi babona izinkomba ezithile zokuthi kungenzeka. Uma lokhu kungase kuqinisekiswe ngokuqinisekile, ama-leptoquarks angavala igebe phakathi kwamaleptoni nama-quarks ngokubophezela kuzo zombili izinhlobo zezinhlayiya. NgoSepthemba 2019, kuseva yokuphrinta kabusha yesayensi ar xiv, abahloli abasebenza eLarge Hadron Collider (LHC) bashicilela imiphumela yokuhlolwa okuningana okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa noma ukukhipha ubukhona be-leptoquarks.
Lokhu kushiwo isazi sesayensi ye-LHC uRoman Kogler.
Yiziphi lezi zinkinga? Ukuhlola kwangaphambilini e-LHC, e-Fermilab, nakwezinye izindawo kuye kwaveza imiphumela eyinqaba—izenzakalo eziningi zokukhiqiza izinhlayiyana kunokubikezela kwe-physics evamile. Ama-leptoquarks abola emithonjeni yezinye izinhlayiya ngemva nje kokwakheka kwawo angachaza lezi zenzakalo ezengeziwe. Umsebenzi wezazi zefiziksi uye wakhipha isinqumo sokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-leptoquarks, uveza ukuthi izinhlayiya "eziphakathi" ezingabopha ama-leptons kumazinga athile wamandla azikakaveli emiphumeleni. Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi kusenezinhlobonhlobo zamandla okungena kuzo.
Izinhlayiya Zezizukulwane
U-Yi-Ming Zhong, isazi se-physics e-Boston University kanye nomlobi wephepha lethiyori lika-Okthoba 2017 ngale ndaba, elishicilelwe ku-Journal of High Energy Physics njenge "The Leptoquark Hunter's Guide," wathi nakuba ukusesha ama-leptoquarks kuthakazelisa kakhulu. , seyamukelwa manje umbono wezinhlayiyana mncane kakhulu.
Izazi ze-particle physics zihlukanisa izinhlayiya zendaba hhayi nje kuphela kuma-leptons nama-quarks, kodwa ngezigaba abazibiza ngokuthi "izizukulwane." Ama-quarks aphezulu naphansi, kanye ne-electron ne-electron neutrino, "isizukulwane sokuqala" sama-quark nama-leptons. Isizukulwane sesibili sihlanganisa ama-quark athakazelisayo futhi angavamile, kanye nama-muons nama-muon neutrinos. Futhi ama-quark amade namahle, ama-tau nama-taon neutrino akha isizukulwane sesithathu. Izinhlayiya zesizukulwane sokuqala zilula futhi zizinzile, kuyilapho izinhlayiya zesizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu ziba ngobuningi futhi zinesikhathi sokuphila esifushane.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi olushicilelwe ososayensi e-LHC luphakamisa ukuthi ama-leptoquarks alalela imithetho yokukhiqiza elawula izinhlayiya ezaziwayo. Ama-leptoquark esizukulwane sesithathu angahlangana ne-taon kanye ne-quark enhle. Isizukulwane sesibili singahlanganiswa ne-muon kanye ne-quark engavamile. njll.
Kodwa-ke, uZhong, engxoxweni nenkonzo ethi "Live Science", uthe ukusesha kufanele kucabange ubukhona babo. "I-Multigenerational leptoquarks", ukusuka kuma-electron esizukulwane sokuqala kuya kuma-quark esizukulwane sesithathu. Wengeze ngokuthi ososayensi bakulungele ukuhlola lokhu okungenzeka.
Umuntu angabuza ukuthi kungani ubheka ama-leptoquark nokuthi angasho ukuthini. Ngokusobala inkulu kakhulu. abanye ngoba ithiyori enkulu yokuhlanganisa ku-physics, babikezela ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezihlangana nama-leptons nama-quark, okuthiwa ama-leptoquark. Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala kwabo kungase kungakatholakali, kodwa ngokungangabazeki lokhu kuyindlela eya eGrail Engcwele yesayensi.
