Imoto kagesi izolo, namuhla, kusasa: ingxenye 1

Uchungechunge lwezinselelo ezivelayo ze-E-Mobility

Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo nokuhlelwa kwamasu kuyizayensi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi isimo sezempilo esikhona njengamanje, isimo senhlalo nezombusazwe emhlabeni siyakufakazela lokhu. Okwamanje, akekho ongasho ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngemuva kokuphela kobhadane ngokwebhizinisi lezimoto, ikakhulukazi ngoba akwaziwa ukuthi kuzokwenzeka nini. Ngabe izidingo zokukhishwa kwesikhutha kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli zizoshintsha emhlabeni futhi ikakhulukazi eYurophu? Ukuthi lokhu, kuhlanganiswe namanani aphansi kawoyela kanye nokwehla kwemali engenayo yomgcinimafa, kuzothinta kanjani ukuhamba. Ngabe imixhaso yabo izoqhubeka nokwanda, noma kuzokwenzeka okuphambene nalokho? Ngabe imali izonikezwa ukusiza (uma ikhona) izinkampani zezimoto ukuthi zitshale ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza.

I-China, esivele ilulama kule nkinga, ngokuqinisekile izoqhubeka nokufuna indlela yokuba ngumholi ekuhambeni okusha, ngoba ayikaze ibe yi-vanguard yezobuchwepheshe kokudala. Iningi labenzi bezimoto namuhla lisathengisa ikakhulukazi izimoto ezijwayelekile, kepha litshalile imali enkulu ekuhambeni eminyakeni yamuva ngakho-ke zilungele izimo ezahlukahlukene ngemuva kwenkinga. Vele, nezimo ezimnyama kakhulu zokubikezela azibandakanyi okuthile okuqine njengale nto eyenzekayo. Kepha, njengoba uNietzsche esho, "Okungangibulali kuyangiqinisa." Ukuthi izinkampani zezimoto nosonkontileka abancane bazoyishintsha kanjani ifilosofi yabo nokuthi impilo yabo izoba njani kusazobonakala. Ngokuqinisekile kuzoba nomsebenzi kubakhiqizi bamaseli e-lithium-ion. Futhi ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke nezixazululo zobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wama-motors kagesi namabhethri, sizokukhumbuza ezinye izingxenye zendaba nezixazululo zepulatifomu kuzo.

Okuthile njengesingeniso ...

Umgwaqo yindawo lapho uya khona. Lo mcabango obonakala ulula ngeLao Tzu unikeza incazelo ezinqubweni eziguquguqukayo ezenzeka embonini yezimoto njengamanje. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinkathi ezihlukahlukene emlandweni wawo nazo ziye zachazwa ngokuthi "eziguquguqukayo" njengezingqinamba ezimbili zikawoyela, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi izinqubo zoguquko ezibalulekile zenzeka ngempela kule ndawo namuhla. Mhlawumbe isithombe esihle kakhulu sokucindezeleka sizovela eminyangweni yokuhlela, yokuthuthukisa, noma yobudlelwano nabahlinzeki. Izoba yini ivolumu nesabelo esihlobene sezimoto zikagesi ekukhiqizeni izimoto eziphelele eminyakeni ezayo? Ungahlela kanjani ukunikezwa kwezingxenye ezifana namaseli e-lithium-ion amabhethri, futhi ngubani ozoba umphakeli wezinto zokwakha nemishini yokukhiqiza amamotho kagesi namandla kagesi. Tshala imali entuthukweni yakho noma tshala, thenga amasheya futhi ungene ezinkontilekeni nabanye abahlinzeki babakhiqizi bamadrayivu kagesi. Uma amaplathifomu omzimba amasha azoklanywa ngokuya ngemininingwane yedrayivu okukhulunywa ngayo, ingabe kufanele kushintshwe izinkundla ezikhona emhlabeni wonke noma kudalwe izinkundla ezintsha zomhlaba wonke? Inani elikhulu lemibuzo ngesisekelo okufanele kwenziwe izinqumo ezisheshayo, kodwa ngesisekelo sokuhlaziya okungathí sina. Ngoba zonke zihlanganisa izindleko ezinkulu engxenyeni yezinkampani kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha, okungafanele neze kulimaze ukuthuthukiswa kwenjini yakudala enenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo (kuhlanganise nenjini ye-diesel). Kodwa-ke, ekupheleni kosuku, yibo abenza inzuzo ezinkampanini zezimoto futhi kufanele banikeze izinsiza zezezimali zokuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwamamodeli amasha kagesi. Futhi manje inkinga...

Uphethiloli kadizili

Ukuhlaziya okusekelwe kwizibalo nezibikezelo kuwumsebenzi onzima. Ngokwezibikezelo eziningi zango-2008, intengo kawoyela manje kufanele idlule u-$250 emgqonyeni ngamunye. Kwabe sekufika ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, futhi zonke izingxoxo zabo zawa. Inkinga yaphela futhi kwa-VW Bordeaux bamemezela injini kadizili futhi baba umphathi ojwayelekile womqondo kadizili, ngezinhlelo ezibizwa nge-"Diesel Day" noma i-D-Day ngokufanisa ne-Normandy D-Day. Imibono yakhe iqale ukumila ngempela ngesikhathi kuvela ukuthi ukwethulwa kukadizili akwenziwanga ngendlela eqotho nehlanzekile. Izibalo azibali izehlakalo ezinjalo zomlando nezigigaba, kodwa akukho mpilo yezimboni noma yezenhlalo eyinyumba. Ezombangazwe nezinkundla zokuxhumana zaphuthuma ukuyobulala injini ye-diesel ngaphandle kwesisekelo sobuchwepheshe, futhi iVolkswagen ngokwayo yathela amafutha emlilweni futhi, njengendlela yokubuyisela, yawuphonsa emlilweni, futhi ngokuziqhenya yanyakazisa ifulege lokuhamba kukagesi emlilweni.

Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi bawele kulolu gibe ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo. Inkolo elandela i-D-Day yasheshe yaba yimbuka, yaguqulwa yaba yi-E-Day, futhi wonke umuntu waqala ukuzibuza le mibuzo engenhla. Eminyakeni emine nje kusukela ehlazweni likadizili ngo-2015 kuze kube namuhla, ngisho nalabo abakhuluma kakhulu ngokungabaza ngogesi baye bayeka ukumelana nezimoto zikagesi baqala ukufuna izindlela zokuzakha. Ngisho ne-Mazda, eyayithi “isuka enhliziyweni” kanye ne-Toyota inamathele ngokuzidela kuma-hybrids ayo kangangokuthi bathumela imilayezo yokuthengisa engenangqondo efana ne-"self-charging hybrids", manje isilungile nesiteji esivamile sikagesi.

Manje, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto sebeqala ukufaka izimoto zikagesi noma ezifakwe ugesi ebangeni labo. Lapha, ngeke singene ngokuningiliziwe ngokuthi ngobani ngempela ukuthi mangaki amamodeli kagesi nakagesi azokwethulwa eminyakeni ezayo, hhayi nje ngoba izinombolo ezinjalo zifika futhi zihambe njengamaqabunga ekwindla, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi le nkinga izoshintsha amaphuzu amaningi okubheka. Izinhlelo zibalulekile eminyangweni yokuhlela ukukhiqiza, kodwa njengoba sishilo ngenhla, "umgwaqo uwumgomo." Njengomkhumbi ohamba olwandle, ukubonakala komkhathizwe kuyashintsha futhi kuvuleka ama-vista amasha ngemva kwawo. Amanani ebhethri ayehla, kodwa kanjalo namanani kawoyela. Osopolitiki benza izinqumo namuhla, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwemisebenzi, futhi izinqumo ezintsha zibuyisela isimo. Bese kuthi yonke into ima kungazelelwe...

Kodwa-ke, sikude nokucabanga ukuthi ukuhamba kagesi akwenzeki. Yebo, "kuyenzeka" futhi kungenzeka kuqhubeke. Kepha njengoba sikhulume ngathi kaningi emkhakheni we-motorsport nakwezemidlalo, ulwazi luseqhulwini, futhi ngalolu chungechunge sifuna ukusiza ukukhulisa lolo lwazi.

Ubani ozokwenzani - esikhathini esizayo esiseduze?

Amandla kazibuthe ka-Elon Musk kanye nokungeniswa kukaTesla (njengenkampani esetshenziswa kakhulu yenkampani yokungenisa noma yokungenisa) kuthinta imboni yezimoto kuyinto emangalisayo. Ukushiya eceleni izinhlelo zenkampani zokuthola imali, asikwazi ukuzibamba simdumisa umuntu othole indawo yakhe embonini yezimoto futhi wakhuthaza "ukwethulwa" kwakhe phakathi kwama-mastodon. Ngikhumbula ngivakashele umbukiso owawuseDetroit ngo-2010, lapho uTesla ekhombisa ingxenye yesikhulumi se-aluminium se-Model S yesikhathi esizayo etendeni elincane. Kubonakala sengathi wayekhathazekile ukuthi unjiniyela wamadokodo akahlonishwanga futhi wanakwa ngokukhethekile kwabaningi bezindaba. Akunazintatheli zaleso sikhathi ezazicabanga ukuthi leli khasi elincane emlandweni kaTesla lalizobaluleka kangako ekuthuthukisweni kwalo. NjengeToyota, eyayifuna zonke izinhlobo zemiklamo namalungelo obunikazi ukubeka izisekelo zobuchwepheshe bayo be-hybrid, abasunguli bakaTesla ngaleso sikhathi babefuna izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokwenza imoto kagesi enenani elanele. Lokhu kusesha kusebenzisa ama-asynchronous motors, kuhlanganisa izinto ezijwayelekile ze-laptop kumabhethri nokuzilawula ngokukhalipha, nokusebenzisa ipulatifomu yokwakha engasindi yeLotus njengesisekelo seRoadster yokuqala. Yebo, wona lowo mshini uMusk awuthumele esikhaleni ngeFalcon Heavy.

Kwenzeka lokhu nje, ngawo lowo nyaka wezi-2010 olwandle, ngaba nenhlanhla yokuhambela omunye umcimbi othokozisayo ohlobene nezimoto zikagesi - ukwethulwa kweBMW MegaCity Vehicle. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuhla kwentengo kawoyela kanye nokuntula isithakazelo ngokuphelele ezimotweni zikagesi, i-BMW yethule imodeli eklanywe ngokuphelele ngokuvumelana nemininingwane yedrayivu kagesi, enohlaka lwe-aluminium oluthwala ibhethri. Ukuze kuncishiswe isisindo samabhethri, okwathi ngo-2010 ayenamaseli angenawo amandla aphansi kuphela kodwa ayebiza ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunamanje, onjiniyela bakwaBMW, kanye nedlanzana losonkontileka abancane babo, bakha uhlaka lwekhabhoni olungakhiqizwa ngobuningi. amanani.. Ngo-2010, iNissan yethula ukuhlasela kukagesi ngeLeaf kwathi iGM yethula iVolt/Ampera yayo. Lezi kwakuyizinyoni zokuqala zokuhamba kukagesi okusha...

Emuva ngesikhathi

Uma sibuyela emlandweni wezimoto, sithola ukuthi kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuze kube yilapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe I, imoto kagesi yayibhekwa njengokuncintisana ngokugcwele nenjini kagesi yangaphakathi evuthayo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi amabhethri ayengasebenzi kahle ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi injini evuthayo yangaphakathi yayisanda kuqala. Ukusungulwa kwesiqalisi sikagesi ngo-1912, ukutholakala kwezizinda ezinkulu zikawoyela eTexas ngaphambi kwalokho, nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo eyengeziwe e-United States, kanye nokusungulwa komugqa wokuhlanganisa, injini eqhutshwa ngenjini yaba nezinzuzo ezihlukile. phezu kukagesi. Amabhethri e-alkaline "athembisayo" kaThomas Edison abonakale engasebenzi futhi engathembeki futhi engeza uphethiloli emlilweni wemoto kagesi. Zonke izinzuzo zaqhubeka phakathi nekhulu lama-20, lapho izimoto zikagesi zenkampani zazakhiwe ngenxa yentshisekelo yobuchwepheshe. Ngisho nangesikhathi sezinkinga zamafutha ezishiwo ngenhla, akuzange kwenzeke kunoma ubani ukuthi imoto kagesi ingaba enye indlela, futhi nakuba i-electrochemistry yamaseli e-lithium yayaziwa, yayingakafiki "ihlanzwa". Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu ekwakhiweni kwemoto kagesi yesimanjemanje kwaba i-GM EV1, indalo eyingqayizivele yobunjiniyela yama-1990s, umlando wayo uchazwe kahle enkampanini Ubani Obulale Imoto Yogesi.

Uma sibuyela ezinsukwini zethu, sithola ukuthi izinto eziseqhulwini sezivele zishintshile. Isimo esikhona manje ngezimoto zikagesi ze-BMW siyinkomba yezinqubo ezisheshayo ezibilayo ensimini, futhi i-chemistry iba yiyona nto ehamba phambili kule nqubo. Akusadingeki ukuklama nokwakha izakhiwo zekhabhoni ezingasindi ukuqeda isisindo samabhethri. Okwamanje kungumsebenzi wamakhemikhali (e-electro) avela ezinkampanini ezinjenge-Samsung, i-LG Chem, i-CATL, neminye, iminyango yayo ye-R & D efuna izindlela zokwenza kahle kakhulu izinqubo zamaseli abo e-lithium-ion. Ngoba womabili amabhethri athembisayo e- "graphene" na "solid" empeleni ahlukile we-lithium-ion. Kepha ake singazihambeli thina.

UTesla nabo bonke abanye abantu

Muva nje, engxoxweni, u-Elon Musk uthe uzothola ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezimoto zikagesi, okusho ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe njengephayona wokuthonya abanye usuqediwe. Lokhu kuzwakala kuwukuzicabangela, kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi kunjalo. Kulo mongo, noma yiziphi izimangalo mayelana nokudalwa kwababulali be-Tesla abahlukahlukene noma izitatimende ezinjengokuthi "singcono kunoTesla" azisho lutho futhi azinamsebenzi. Lokho inkampani ekwazile ukukwenza akunakuqhathaniswa, futhi lawa amaqiniso - ngisho noma abakhiqizi abaningi beqala ukunikeza amamodeli angcono kunoTesla.

Abakhiqizi bezimoto baseJalimane basemaphethelweni oguquko oluncane lukagesi, kodwa isitha sokuqala esikahle sikaTesla siwele kwiJaguar nge-I-Pace yayo, engenye yezimoto ezimbalwa (ezisamile) ezakhiwe endaweni yesikhulumi esizinikele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho konjiniyela abavela kwaJaguar / Land Rover kanye nenkampani yabazali iTata emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokucubungula i-aluminium alloy, kanye neqiniso lokuthi iningi lamamodeli enkampani anjalo, futhi ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge oluphansi kukuvumela ukuthi ungene intengo ephezulu. ,

Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi abakhiqizi baseChina bathuthukisa amamodeli kagesi aklanywe ngokukhethekile, avuselelwa ngamakhefu entela, kuleli, kepha mhlawumbe umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu emotweni edume kakhulu uzovela "emotweni yabantu" yakwa-VW.

Njengengxenye yokuguqulwa ngokuphelele kwefilosofi yayo yokuphila nokuqhelelana nezinkinga zikadizili, i-VW ithuthukisa uhlelo lwayo lokuvelela oluncike esakhiweni somzimba se-MEB, esizosuselwa kumamodeli amaningi eminyakeni ezayo. Konke lokhu kuqhutshwa ngamazinga aqinile wokukhishwa kwe-CO2021 e-European Union, adinga inani elilinganiselwe le-CO2 ebangeni kusuka kumkhiqizi ngamunye ukuthi lehliswe laya ku-95 g / km ngo-3,6. Lokhu kusho ukusetshenziswa okumaphakathi kwamalitha kadizili angu-4,1 noma amalitha angu-XNUMX kaphethiloli. Ngokuncipha kwesidingo sezimoto zikadizili nokwanda kwesidingo samamodeli we-SUV, lokhu ngeke kwenziwe ngaphandle kokwethulwa kwamamodeli kagesi, okuthi, yize kungenawo ngokuphelele, kwehlise kakhulu isilinganiso.