Imoto kagesi izolo, namuhla nakusasa: Ingxenye 1
Uchungechunge ngezinselelo ezintsha zokuhamba kukagesi
Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo nokuhlelwa kwamasu kuyisayensi enzima kakhulu futhi isimo samanje nesimo sezempilo, sezenhlalo nezepolitiki emhlabeni siyakufakazela lokho. Okwamanje, akekho ongasho ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngemuva kokuphela kobhubhane ngokombono webhizinisi lezimoto, ikakhulukazi ngoba akwaziwa ukuthi kuzoba nini. Ngabe izidingo eziphathelene nokukhishwa kwesikhutha kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli emhlabeni naseYurophu zizoshintsha ngokukhethekile? Ukuthi lokhu, kuhlanganiswe namanani aphansi kawoyela kanye nemali engenayo eyehlisiwe yomcebo, kuzokuthinta kanjani ukuhamba kukagesi. Ngabe ukwanda koxhaso lwabo kuzoqhubeka noma kuzokwenzeka okuphambene nalokho? Ngabe imali yosizo (uma ikhona) yezinkampani zezimoto inganikezwa ngemfuneko yokutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe "obuluhlaza".
I-China, esivele ishukumisa lesi simo esibucayi, ngokuqinisekile izoqhubeka nokufuna indlela yokuba ngumholi ekuhambeni okusha, ngoba ayizange ibe yingcweti kwezobuchwepheshe kokudala. Iningi labenzi bezimoto namuhla lisathengisa izimoto ezinamandla ajwayelekile, kepha litshalile imali kakhulu ekuhambeni kukagesi eminyakeni yamuva, ngakho-ke zilungele izimo ezahlukahlukene zangemva kwenhlekelele. Vele, nezimo ezimnyama kakhulu zokubikezela azibandakanyi okuthile okunzima njengalokho okwenzekayo. Kepha njengoba uNietzsche esho, "Okungangibulali kuyangiqinisa." Ukuthi izinkampani zezimoto nosonkontileka abancane bazoyishintsha kanjani ifilosofi yabo nokuthi impilo yabo izoba njani kusazobonakala. Ngokuqinisekile kuzoba nomsebenzi kubakhiqizi bamaseli e-lithium-ion. Futhi ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke nezixazululo zobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wama-motors kagesi namabhethri, sizokukhumbuza ezinye izingxenye zomlando nezixazululo zabo zepulatifomu.
Okuthile okufana nesingeniso…
Umgwaqo umgomo. Lo mcabango obonakala ulula we-Lao Tzu ugcwalisa ngokuqukethwe izinqubo eziguquguqukayo ezenzeka embonini yezimoto okwamanje. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinkathi ezihlukahlukene emlandweni wawo ziye zachazwa ngokuthi "eziguquguqukayo" - njengezinkinga ezimbili zikawoyela, kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi namuhla kunezinqubo ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kule ndawo. Mhlawumbe isithombe esihle kakhulu sengcindezi singachazwa yiminyango yokuhlela, yokuthuthukisa noma yokuxhumanisa abahlinzeki. Azoba yini amavolumu nesabelo esihlobene sezimoto zikagesi ekukhiqizeni izimoto eziphelele eminyakeni ezayo? Ungahlela kanjani ukunikezwa kwezingxenye ezifana namaseli e-lithium-ion amabhethri futhi ngubani ozoba umphakeli wezinto zokwakha kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza amamotho kagesi namandla kagesi. Ukuthi utshala imali ekuzithuthukiseni noma ukutshala imali, uthenge amasheya futhi ungene ezinkontilekeni nabanye abahlinzeki babakhiqizi bamadrayivu kagesi. Uma amapulatifomu emizimba emisha eklanywa ngokuhambisana nemininingwane yedrayivu okukhulunywa ngayo, uma lezo ezikhona zingashintshwa noma uma kwakhiwa izinkundla ezintsha zomhlaba wonke. Inani elikhulu lemibuzo ngesisekelo okufanele kwenziwe izinqumo ezisheshayo, kodwa ngesisekelo sokuhlaziya okungathí sina. Ngoba zonke zihlanganisa izindleko ezinkulu engxenyeni yezinkampani kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha, okungafanele neze kulimaze umsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa kwe-propulsion yakudala enenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo (kuhlanganise nenjini ye-diesel). Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwakho konke, yibo abaletha inzuzo yezinkampani zezimoto futhi kufanele banikeze izinsiza zezezimali zokuthuthukiswa nokwethulwa ekukhiqizeni amamodeli amasha kagesi. Ah, manje sekunenkinga...
Izinkuni zikadizili
Ukuhlaziya okusekelwe kwizibalo nezibikezelo kuwumsebenzi onzima. Ngokwezibikezelo eziningi ezivela ku-2008, namuhla intengo kawoyela kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-$ 250 emgqonyeni ngamunye. Kwabe sekufika isimo esibucayi somnotho futhi zonke izingxoxo zabo zawa. Inkinga isiphelile, futhi i-VW Bordeaux yamemezela injini kadizili futhi yaba umphathi ojwayelekile womqondo kadizili ngezinhlelo ezibizwa nge-"Diesel Day" noma i-D-Day, ngokufanisa nosuku lokufika eNormandy. Imibono yakhe iqale ukumila ngempela ngesikhathi kuvela ukuthi ukwethula udizili akwenziwanga ngendlela eqotho nehlanzekile. Izibalo azibandakanyi izehlakalo ezinjalo zomlando nezigigaba, kodwa akukho mpilo yezimboni noma yezenhlalo eyinyumba. Ezombangazwe nezinkundla zokuxhumana zashesha ukuhlazisa injini ye-diesel ngaphandle kwesisekelo sobuchwepheshe, futhi iVolkswagen ngokwayo yathela amafutha emlilweni futhi njengendlela yokubuyisela isinxephezelo yawaphonsa esigxotsheni, futhi emalangabini ngokuziqhenya anyakazisa ifulegi lokuhamba kukagesi.
Abenzi bezimoto abaningi babanjwe kulolu gibe ngentuthuko esheshayo. Inkolo eyayisisekelo se-D-Day yasheshe yaba yimbuka, yaguqulwa yaba yi-E-day, futhi wonke umuntu ngokudinwa waqala ukuzibuza le mibuzo engenhla. Eminyakeni engaphezudlwana nje kwemine - kusukela ngehlazo likadizili ngonyaka ka-2015 kuze kube namuhla, ngisho nama-electrosceptics aphumele obala ashiye ukumelana nezimoto zikagesi futhi aqala ukufuna izindlela zokwakha lezo zimoto. Ngisho neMazda, ebizisholo ukuthi "inenhliziyo efudumele" neToyota, inamathele ngokuzidela ezinhlanyelweni zabo kangangokuthi baze baletha nemiyalezo yokumaketha engenangqondo efana "nezinhlamvu ezizidayisayo", manje sebemi ngomumo ngogesi ojwayelekile.
Manje bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto, ngaphandle kokukhetha, sebeqala ukufaka izimoto zikagesi noma ezifakwe ugesi ebangeni labo. Lapha ngeke singene emininingwaneni yokuthi mangaki amamodeli kagesi nakagesi azokwethula eminyakeni ezayo, hhayi nje ngoba izinombolo ezinjalo zidlula futhi zihamba njengamaqabunga ekwindla, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi le nkinga izoshintsha amaphuzu amaningi wokubuka. Izinhlelo zibalulekile eminyangweni yokuhlela ukukhiqiza, kodwa njengoba sishilo ngenhla, “umgwaqo uwumgomo”. Njengomkhumbi ohamba olwandle, ukubonakala komkhathizwe kuyashintsha kanye nemibono emisha evuleka ngemva kwawo. Amanani ebhethri ayehla, kodwa kanjalo nentengo kawoyela. Osopolitiki namuhla benza isinqumo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuholela ekuncishweni okukhulu kwemisebenzi nezinqumo ezintsha zibuyela esimweni esasikhona. Bese kuthi yonke into ima kungazelelwe...
Kodwa-ke, asikukholelwa neze ukuthi ukuhamba kwamandla kagesi akwenzeki. Yebo, "kuyenzeka" futhi mhlawumbe kuzoqhubeka ukwenzeka. Kepha njengoba sishilo kaningi ngathi nge-auto motor und sport, ulwazi luyinto ehamba phambili futhi ngalolu chungechunge sifuna ukusiza ukukhulisa lolu lwazi.
Ubani ozokwenza ini - maduze nje?
Amandla kazibuthe ka-Elon Musk kanye nokungeniswa kukaTesla (njengenkampani esetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-asynchronous noma induction motors) okukhona embonini yezimoto kuyamangalisa. Uma sishiya eceleni amacebo okuthola imali yenkampani, asikwazi ukuzibamba simdumise lo muntu owathola indawo yakhe embonini yezimoto waphinde waqhuba "ukuqala" kwakhe phakathi kwamamaston. Ngikhumbula ngivakashela umbukiso waseDetroit ngo-2010, lapho esiteji esincane uTesla akhombisa ingxenye yesikhulumi se-aluminium seModel S. esizayo Kubonakala sengathi ukhathazekile, unjiniyela wokuma akazange ahlonishwe futhi abhekwe ngokukhethekile ngabezindaba abaningi. Akukho noyedwa wezintatheli ngaleso sikhathi owayecabanga ukuthi leli khasi elincane emlandweni weTesla lalizobaluleka kangako ekuthuthukisweni kwalo. NjengeToyota, eyayifuna zonke izinhlobo zemiklamo namalungelo obunikazi ukubeka izisekelo zobuchwepheshe bayo be-hybrid, abasunguli beTesla ngaleso sikhathi babefuna izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokwenza imoto kagesi ngezindleko ezanele. Njengengxenye yalolu phenyo ukusetshenziswa kwama-motors asynchronous, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli we-laptop avamile kumabhethri nokuphathwa kwawo okunengqondo, nokusetshenziswa kwesikhulumi sokwakha esisindayo seLotus njengesisekelo semodeli yokuqala yeRoadster. Yebo, yona leyo moto uMusk ayithumele esikhaleni ngeFalcon Heavy.
Kwenzeka lokhu nje, ngonyaka ofanayo ka-2010 ngaphesheya kolwandle ngaba nenhlanhla yokuhambela omunye umcimbi othakazelisayo ohlobene nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi - ukwethulwa kweMegaCity Vehicle yakwaBMW. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuwa kwamanani kawoyela nokungabi nandaba ngokuphelele nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, iBMW yethule imodeli eyenziwe ngokuphelele ngokuya ngemininingwane yedrayivu kagesi, enohlaka olunamabhethri aluminium. Ukunxephezela isisindo samabhethri, okwathi ngo-2010 abenamaseli angagcini nje ngokuba namandla amancane kodwa abiza kakhulu kahlanu kunamanje, onjiniyela beBMW kanye nosonkontileka babo abambalwa basebenze umklamo wekhabhoni ongakhiqizwa ngamanani amakhulu. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-2010, abakwaNissan baqala ukuhlasela ngogesi ngeLeaf, kwathi abakwaGM bathula iVolt / Ampera yayo. Lezi bekuyizinyoni zokuqala ukuhamba okusha kukagesi…
Emuva ngesikhathi
Uma sibuyela emuva emlandweni wemoto, sizothola ukuthi kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuze kube sekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, imoto kagesi yathathwa njengokuncintisana ngokuphelele naleyo enikwa amandla yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi amabhethri ayengasebenzi kahle ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yayisanda kuqala. Ukusungulwa kwesiqalo sikagesi ngo-1912, ukutholakala kwezinkundla ezinkulu zikawoyela eTexas ngaphambi kwalokho, nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo eminingi ngokwengeziwe e-United States, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigqa yokuhlangana, injini eyayinenjini yathola izinzuzo ezicacile kunale kagesi. Amabhethri ane-alikhali "athembisayo" kaThomas Edison kuvele ukuthi awasebenzi kahle futhi awathembekile futhi athela uwoyela kuphela ezinkuni zokubasa zemoto kagesi. Zonke izinzuzo zigcinwa cishe kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20, lapho izinkampani zezimoto zikagesi zakhiwa kuphela ngenxa yenzalo yezobuchwepheshe. Ngisho nangesikhathi sezinkinga zikawoyela okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, akukaze kwenzeke kunoma ngubani ukuthi imoto kagesi ingaba enye indlela, futhi yize i-electrochemistry yamaseli e-lithium yayaziwa, yayingakacwengisiswa. Intuthuko yokuqala enkulu ekwakhiweni kwemoto kagesi yesimanje kakhulu kwakuyi-GM EV1, indalo eyingqayizivele yobunjiniyela kusukela ngeminyaka yama-90, umlando wayo ochazwe kahle enkampanini ethi "Who Killed the Electric Car."
Uma sibuyela ezinsukwini zethu, sizothola ukuthi izinto eziseqhulwini sezivele zishintshile. Isimo samanje ngezimoto zikagesi ze-BMW siyinkomba yezinqubo ezisheshayo ezishubile emkhakheni futhi i-chemistry iba yiyona nto ehamba phambili kule nqubo. Akusadingeki ukuklama nokwakha izakhiwo zekhabhoni engasindi ukukhokhela isisindo samabhethri. Manje sekuwumsebenzi (wama-electro) osokhemisi abavela ezinkampanini ezinjenge-Samsung, i-LG Chem, i-CATL, njll., Abeminyango yabo yezentuthuko nezokukhiqiza bafuna izindlela zokwenza ukusetshenziswa kahle kakhulu kwezinqubo ze-lithium-ion cell. Ngoba womabili amabhethri athembisayo e- "graphene" na "solid" empeleni ahlukile we-lithium-ion. Kepha masingahambi ngaphambi kwemicimbi.
UTesla nabo bonke abanye abantu
Muva nje, kwinhlolokhono, u-Elon Musk ubalule ukuthi angakujabulela ukungena okugcwele kwezimoto zikagesi, okusho ukuthi inhloso yakhe njengephayona lokuthonya abanye isifezekile. Kuzwakala kungathandeki, kepha ngikholelwa ukuthi kunjalo. Kulo mongo, noma yiziphi izitatimende mayelana nokwakhiwa kwababulali abahlukahlukene beTesla noma izitatimende ezinjengokuthi "singcono kuneTesla" azisho lutho futhi azisebenzi. Lokho inkampani ekwazile ukukwenza akunakuqhathaniswa futhi lawa amaqiniso - noma ngabe abakhiqizi abaningi ngokwengeziwe beqala ukunikeza amamodeli angcono kunalawo kaTesla.
Abenzi bezimoto baseJalimane basengcupheni yenguquko encane kagesi, kepha udumo lomphikisi wokuqala ofanelekile kaTesla wehlela kuJaguar nge-I-Pace yayo, engenye yezimoto ezimbalwa (ezisekhona) ezakhiwe endaweni yesikhulumi esizinikele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe bonjiniyela abavela kwaJaguar / Land Rover kanye nenkampani yabazali iTata emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe be-aluminium alloy processing kanye neqiniso lokuthi amamodeli amaningi enkampani anjalo, futhi ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge oluphansi kuvumela ukumunca intengo ephezulu.
Akufanele sikhohlwe iqulu labakhiqizi baseChina abathuthukisa amamodeli kagesi aklanywe ngokukhethekile ashukunyiswa izaphulelo zentela kuleli, kepha mhlawumbe umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemoto ethandwa kakhulu uzoqhamuka "emotweni yabantu" i-VW.
Njengengxenye yokuguqulwa okuphelele kwefilosofi yempilo yakhe nokuziqhelelanisa nezinkinga zikadizili, i-VW ithuthukisa uhlelo lwayo olukhulu olususelwa ekwakhiweni komzimba we-MEB, lapho inqwaba yamamodeli izosekelwa eminyakeni ezayo. Okukhuthaza konke lokhu yizindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide kwe-European Union, ezidinga ngo-2021 inani elijwayelekile le-CO2 ebangeni lomkhiqizi ngamunye ukuba lehliswe libe ngama-95 g / km. Lokhu kusho ukusetshenziswa okumaphakathi kwamalitha kadizili angu-3,6 noma amalitha ayi-4,1 kaphethiloli. Ngokuncipha kwesidingo sezimoto zikadizili nokwanda kwesidingo samamodeli we-SUV, lokhu akunakwenziwa ngaphandle kokwethulwa kwamamodeli kagesi, okuthi, yize engaqhutshwa ngumoya ophelele, anciphise kakhulu izinga elijwayelekile.
(ukulandela)
Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev
