Isithuthuthu sikagesi, sisebenza kanjani?
Okuqukethwe
Ukusebenza okunyukile futhi kusebenze empilweni yebhethri, kwesinye isikhathi inkinga ukushaja
Akukho ukwesekwa okuvela ezikhungweni zikahulumeni ekukhuthazeni le ndlela yezokuthutha "eluhlaza".
Emkhakheni wezimoto, isabelo sezimoto zikagesi sidlule i-1% emakethe yaseFrance ekupheleni kuka-2015: ihlala i-niche, kodwa i-niche encane, eqala ukugxila endaweni, ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwabadlali abakhulu imboni yezimoto (i-Renault-Nissan, i-BMW, i-Mercedes, i-Kia , i-Volkswagen, i-PSA, i-SEAT) kanye nobushoshovu abasanda kungena Imakethe iphindeke kane eminyakeni emi-5 elandelayo.
Futhi izithuthuthu kukho konke lokhu? Ngo-2019 kuphela, izimoto zikagesi zadlula i-1% yemakethe enamasondo amabili (1,3% eFrance ngo-2020). Asikabi sezingeni le-niche okwamanje, sisezingeni nje lenja ngaphansi kwesitsha. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokukhula kokuhlanganyela kwezithuthuthu ezinkulu (BMW, KTM, Harley-Davidson, Polaris) kanye nomsebenzi wabasanda kungena (Zero Motorcycle, Energica, Lightning ...). I-Dynamism namuhla ivela ikakhulukazi kuma-scooters, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo yomlando efana ne-Vespa ne-Elettrica yayo. Lapha sikhuluma kabanzi ngemikhiqizo engaziwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengeCake, Niu, Super Socco, Xiaomi.
EFrance, cishe eminyakeni engu-10 yasungulwa ngo-2006, iZero Motorcycles isadayisa izimoto ezingu-50 kuphela ngonyaka, uBruno Müller, ongumqondisi wayo eFrance, wasitshela embukisweni wokugcina wezimoto iParis Motor Show. I-BMW ngaleso sikhathi kwaba iyona yodwa egcine isithuthuthu sayo i-C Evolution, idayisa cishe amayunithi angu-500 ngonyaka, okungaphezu kwalokho okwakulindelwe kanye nezibikezelo zomkhiqizi waseBavaria kanye nokungafakwa kwe-French.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akusekho isonto ngaphandle kokubona umqondo omusha wamasondo amabili kagesi, futhi inyanga ngaphandle kwamamodeli amasha ezithuthuthu zikagesi.
Umhlaba wezithuthuthu ngokwesiko ungowokugcina izinto kunezwe lezimoto, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, awuzijabuleli izinxephezelo zentela ezifanayo ezivumela abangani bethu be-6300WD ukuthi bashayele buthule, bexhaswa ngontanga yabo (khumbula ukuthi ukuthenga imoto kagesi kukuvumela ukuba usebenzise yebhonasi engu-€ 10, ikhuphuke yafinyelela ku-€ 000 uma ususa endala Nokho, ithi “Ukulingana” phezu kwawo wonke amahholo edolobha lethu, kodwa hey ... Umqondo kumele uguquke ukuze uhlanganise izithiyo zangempela noma ezicatshangwayo, phakathi okuyinto ukuzimela kwangempela namashaja angekho ngaphansi, noma ngabe athuthuka unyaka nonyaka.
Bese kuba nombuzo wentengo: isithuthuthu sikagesi sisabiza. Ibanga likaZero, amanani alo ehle kusukela lapho, liqala ku-€ 10 futhi likhuphukele ku-€ 220 (noma ngisho izinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezengeziwe ngezinketho zokushaja okusheshayo), kuyilapho isikuta sakwaBMW sivela ku-€ 17 kanye ne-Energica ngaphezu kuka-€ 990 njenge uHarley Livewire. Ngakho-ke, ithikithi lokungena liphezulu, ngisho noma izindleko zabasebenzisi kamuva zehliswa kakhulu. I-Zero Motorcycles ithi izindleko "zikaphethiloli" zilinganiselwa ku-€ 15 njalo ngamakhilomitha ayi-400 kanye nezithuthuthu ezidinga ukulungiswa okuncane. Ah, kungazelelwe kuba mnandi kakhudlwana.
Kodwa-ke, sisebenza kanjani isithuthuthu sikagesi?
Injini
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-motor kagesi isebenza kanjani kudinga imiqondo eminingana eyisisekelo ye-physics. Ingabe benazi nonke ukuthi kuye ngokuthi i-polarity yabo, odonsa bangadonsa noma baxoshene? Hhayi-ke, uma ukwazi lokho, uhlomile ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-motor kagesi isebenza kanjani: ngokuyisisekelo, vele ubeke izingxenye ezimbili zamagnetic ubuso nobuso, ama-polarity azo ahlukene: ingxenye emile ye-motor ibizwa ngokuthi i-stator. Lapho i-current idlula kuyo, idonsela i-polarity ephambene: itholakala ku-axis, ngaleyo ndlela iqala ukujikeleza futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-rotor. Kanje. Khona-ke kwanele ukuthi i-rotor ixhunywe ku-axis yokudlulisela: khona-ke amandla kagesi abe ngumshini. Lapha unamandla anele okugijima I-Magic Mixer Super Blender kusuka ku-Télé-Achat (“yebo Maryse, ngenxa yezesekeli zayo ezingu-320 ungenza kokubili izaqathe ezigayiwe kanye nama-milkshakes amnandi” / “Kuhle, Pierre nakho konke lokhu ngenani elilinganiselwe lama-euro angu-199,99 kuphela, ngomzimba wevawusha yomqeqeshi webhonasi ") noma, okungcono kakhulu, susa imoto. Sikhona.
Ephepheni, injini kagesi inezinzuzo eziningi: izingxenye ezimbalwa ezihambayo, ukungqubuzana kwemishini okuncishisiwe (futhi ngenxa yalokho "ukuchithwa kwamandla") okulinganiselwe, akukho uketshezi lwangaphakathi (ngakho-ke akukho madrayini noma ukuvuza), izidingo zokupholisa ezincishisiwe (abanye bajabule ngendawo ebazungezile) umoya futhi, ngakho-ke, futhi akudingi ukupholisa uketshezi oluyinkimbinkimbi), ingasaphathwa into esemqoka: akukho ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi, akukho ukungcola, ukuthula okukhulu kokusebenza kanye ne-torque ephezulu ngesivinini esiphansi sokujikeleza. Ubulula bomklamo wayo futhi buqinisekisa ukuqina okuhle kakhulu. Ngokungafani nenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, i-motor kagesi ayidingi ukushiswa: ungagxuma ngesithuthuthu, uthungele igesi! Ekugcineni, ama-watts ... (yebo, leli hlaya liyanya, kodwa bekusadingeka ngilithumele endaweni ethile ...).
Manje ake sibuyele emuva: siyiphakelani, le njini?
Amabhethri: kunalokho i-Li-Ion noma i-Ni-Mh?
Ngokungafani nezimoto ezilula ezifana neToyota Prius, amabhethri ezithuthuthu zikagesi ayashajwa. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kunemiphumela emibili: amandla abo kufanele abe mkhulu, futhi ubuchwepheshe babo buhlukile.
Amabhethri aphinde ashajwe ajwayelekile i-lithium ion (Lithium-ion) ubuchwepheshe, obunamandla ngokuphindwe kathathu kumthamo ofanayo (kodwa futhi kubiza kakhulu) kunobuchwepheshe besibili, i-nickel metal hydride (Ni-Mh). I-Energica inamabhethri e-lithium polymer. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion nawo anomphumela omncane wenkumbulo, yingakho avamile kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, u-Zero uthembisa ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-300 ngenkathi egcina okungenani u-000% womthamo webhethri. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingozi zezifunda ezimfushane zinkulu nge-Li-Ion: ngakho-ke imishini eyinkimbinkimbi, empeleni enzima futhi ebiza kakhulu.
Njengomphumela, ucwaningo luyasheshiswa kuleveli yebhethri ngomthamo omkhulu futhi ngokuhlangana kakhulu kanye nezinsimbi ezimbalwa ezingavamile.
Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwemoto kagesi kuncike emandleni enjini, kanye nekhono lamabhethri okuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kugcinwa isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, ngobubanzi.
Namuhla, umthamo webhethri le-BMW C Evolution scooter ngu-11 kWh, kanti i-Zero range isekelwe ezimotweni ezisuka ku-3,3 kuya ku-13 kWh. I-Energica kuphela enebhethri engu-21,5 kWh.
Esinye isici: isisindo. Ngakho-ke, i-BMW iqinisekisa amakhilomitha ayikhulu ububanzi be-scooter yayo (esenesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-265), kanti i-Zero ingahamba ukusuka kumakhilomitha angu-66 (ngo-2015 nge-FX ZF3.3 encane, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-112 kuphela) kuya ku-312 km (i-DS ne-DSR ZF13.0 ne-Power Tank, ibhethri elengeziwe eliletha yonke inguqulo ye-Enduro noma ye-Supermoto ayikwazanga ukufika kude kakhulu ngamabhethri angu-80 kWh. imizuzu engu-7 yokushushuluza-ipaki nama-hops Kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi lokhu kwakamuva kwadingeka kuhlale kukhanye ngangokunokwenzeka. I-Energica imemezela ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-400 (emadolobheni), kodwa empeleni sisuke sizungeza amakhilomitha angu-180, okusengaphezu kwamashumi amakhilomitha eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Namuhla, imoto kagesi enamasondo amabili ingadlula ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-100.
Kodwa kulapho i-equation iba yinto ekhohlisayo, njengoba kufanele ubeke ikhesa ngobuhlakani phakathi kwamabhethri amakhulu nesisindo esilinganiselwe, wazi ukuthi isisindo simosha ibhethri ... Akulula. Kunoma ikuphi, sesingavele sicabangele i-13 kWh ye-Zero Motorcycles DS kanye ne-DSR njengenani elihloniphekile, elicishe libe elikhethekile! Ukubeka izinto ngombono, yazi ukuthi iBMW X5 40th (Plug-in Hybrid) inamabhethri angu-9,2 kWh, okuvumela le SUV enkulu engu-2,2 ton SUV ukuthi ihambe amakhilomitha angamashumi amathathu isebenzisa ugesi wonke; INissan Leaf ka-2016 inamandla angu-30 kWh, ifuna ibanga elingu-250 km kanti empeleni ihamba amakhilomitha angu-200.
umthamo wemvula
Ibhethri liqukethe amabhethri / amaseli amaningi. Uziro ungu-128. Uma eqala ukushajwa ngokugcwele, ngokuvamile acishe abe ngu-85%, i-BMS (Isistimu Yokulawula Ibhethri) ikhipha ama-electron. Futhi uma amaseli engeziwe, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuwahlunga ukuze siwathumele endaweni efanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ibhethri lithatha isikhathi eside ukushajwa ngamaphesenti okugcina. Yingakho abanye abakhiqizi bekhuluma kakhulu ngezikhathi zokushaja ezingaba ngu-80%.
Ngoba isikhathi sokushaja kungenye inkinga ngezimoto zikagesi. Ngoba ukushajwa kwebhethri kuthatha isikhathi eside. Mhlawumbe uhlelo lokushintshisana olusheshayo njenge xhuma futhi udlalenjengoba amahhashi ashintsha ku-Middle Ages Post relays. Abanye sebevele basebenzela kulokhu futhi basikisela imiqondo efana ne-Gogoro noma i-Silence model, kodwa asikho isisombululo esivela esikhathini esifushane.
Iyashaja kunethiwekhi
Ngakho-ke, lapho kungabikho ukushintshwa okusheshayo, kufanele ushaje ibhethri kumapayipi amakhulu. Izinkinga lapha zilula futhi zihlobene nokulinganiswa kokugeleza kwamandla angenayo naphumayo. Endleleni evamile yokuphuma odongeni ekhaya lakho, kuyishwa ukuthi amanzi agelezayo aphansi kakhulu: ngakho-ke bala ubuningi obungu-1,8 kWh noma amahora ambalwa wokushaja kuye ngamandla ebhethri neshaja. Ngakho ibhethri elingu-5,6kWh elineshaja engu-600W lidinga amahora angu-9 wokushajwa, kodwa kuhle ukuthi lihlolwe ngumuntu osebenza ngogesi ngoba kuzomele ligeleze amahora amaningi futhi kufanele uvinjwe ukuthi lingashisi ngokweqile.
Ukushaja kumatheminali
Thayipha amatheminali angu-3 (isitayela se-Autolib) anenzwa yokulayisha kutheminali futhi angageleza aze afike ku-3,7 kWh. Ekugcineni, amatheminali okushaja okusheshayo akwaTesla namashaja amakhulu angashaja kufika ku-50 kWh. Izithuthuthu eziningi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, azihlonyiselwe ukwamukela lezi zitolo ezishesha kakhulu (ngaphandle kwe-Energica enesokhethi ye-CCS). Nokho, njengakuZero, bangasebenzisa insiza ye-"Charge Tank", esebenza njengeamplifier futhi ishaje imodeli engu-13 kWh cishe amahora ama-3 kanye nemodeli engu-9,8 kWh cishe amahora ama-2.
Ezimotweni, abanye abakhiqizi basiza amakhasimende ukuthi ahlomise isiteshi sokushaja esisheshayo ekhaya futhi kwesinye isikhathi ajabulele ukusekelwa okugcwele kokusebenza. Okwamanje, isithuthuthu asinikezi lutho olulinganayo, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngoJulayi 12, 2011, umthetho waphasiswa "ilungelo lokudoba" kuma-condominiums: uma omunye wabanikazi bendawo efaka isicelo sokufakwa. isokhethi yokushaja endaweni yokupaka noma ingxenye evamile, akanakunqatshwa (nge-akhawunti yakho).
Ukunethezeka kuyindawo...
Ukuqala ngo- Akazange ajabule 1899 (imoto yokuqala eyadlula i-100 km / h yayivele iyimoto kagesi), inkinga ngezimoto zikagesi yayilula: sinamathisela amabhethri phansi ngoba sekukhona indawo, futhi iphinde iqinise yonke futhi singagcwalisa. bona. Ezithuthuthuni, inkinga inzima, ngakho-ke inselele yonjiniyela ukufaka yonke into endaweni etholakalayo ngesithuthuthu, empeleni (amahlaya anzima, lapho) anomkhawulo.
Abaqambi nabo banendima okufanele bayidlale ngokuhlanganisa lawa mabhethri angabukeki. Njenge-Brammo, ama-Zero okuqala ayebukeka njengeziqandisi ezinamasondo ezinamabhethri azo ahlanganiswe kabi ngobuhle, kodwa izinto ziye zaba ngcono kusukela lapho. Isibonelo, i-Harley-Davidson Livewire inhle ekufihleni umdlalo wayo kanye ne-Energy ye-Ego RS +. Okwamanje, izithuthuthu zikagesi ziyasuka emfashinini enamasondo, njengoba zazinjalo ekuqaleni. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bukuvumela ukuthi ugade izinga lokushaja noma ukulihlela usebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-smartphone yakho. Konke lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uthole isithuthuthu, ulandelele ukusetshenziswa kwaso ohambweni ngalunye futhi ube nokuzimela kwaso ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ngakho-ke, ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, izithuthuthu zikagesi kufanele zikwazi ukuthembela ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda, okungaba nomthelela kuphela ekubunjweni kwentando yeningi kanye namanani aphansi. Lona umnyombo wenhloso ye-GEME, inhlangano yaseYurophu yezithuthuthu zikagesi, ezoba khona kwi-EVER elandelayo eMonaco.
