Imoto kagesi kaNikola Tesla

Izinjini zikagesi zisebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo. Kungani futhi nini

Iqiniso eliyisisekelo liwukuthi izinkinga zezimoto zikagesi zihlobene nomthombo wamandla, kodwa zingabhekwa ngombono ohlukile. Njengezinto eziningi ekuphileni esizithatha kalula, injini kagesi kanye nesistimu yokulawula ezimotweni zikagesi zibhekwa njengethuluzi elisebenza kahle nelithembekile kulezi zimoto. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuzuzwe lesi simo, baye bahamba ibanga elide ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo - kusukela ekutholeni ukuxhumana phakathi kukagesi kanye nozibuthe ekuguquleni kwawo okusebenzayo kube amandla omshini. Lesi sihloko sivame ukubukelwa phansi esimweni sokukhuluma ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe benjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, kodwa kuya ngokuya kudingekile ukukhuluma kabanzi ngomshini obizwa ngokuthi i-electric motor.

Imoto eyodwa noma amabili

Uma ubheka igrafu yokusebenza yemoto kagesi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iluhlobo luni, uzoqaphela ukuthi isebenza kahle ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-85, ngokuvamile ibe ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90, nokuthi isebenza kahle kakhulu ekulayisheni cishe ngamaphesenti angu-75. esiphezulu. Njengoba amandla nobukhulu bemoto kagesi bukhula, ububanzi bokusebenza kahle bukhula ngokufanele, lapho bungakwazi ukufinyelela khona ubuningi babo ngisho nangaphambili - ngezinye izikhathi kumthwalo wamaphesenti angu-20. Kodwa-ke, kunolunye uhlangothi ohlamvu lwemali - naphezu kobubanzi obunwetshiwe bokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini ezinamandla kakhulu ezinomthwalo ophansi kakhulu kungaphinda kuholele ekungeneni njalo endaweni ephansi yokusebenza kahle. Ngakho-ke, izinqumo mayelana nobukhulu, amandla, inombolo (eyodwa noma ezimbili) nokusetshenziswa (okukodwa noma okubili kuye ngomthwalo) wama-motor kagesi yizinqubo eziyingxenye yomsebenzi wokuklama ekwakhiweni kwemoto. Kulo mongo, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani kungcono ukuba nama-motor amabili esikhundleni se-motor enamandla kakhulu, okungukuthi ukuze ingangeni ezindaweni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuyivala ngemithwalo ephansi. Ngakho-ke, ngomthwalo oyingxenye, isibonelo, ku-Tesla Model 3 Performance, kusetshenziswa injini yangemuva kuphela. Ezinguqulweni ezinamandla kancane, yiyona yodwa, futhi ezinguqulweni eziguquguqukayo kakhulu, i-asynchronous ixhunywe ku-axle yangaphambili. Lena enye inzuzo yezimoto zikagesi - amandla anganyuswa kalula, izindlela zisetshenziswa kuye ngezidingo ezisebenza kahle, futhi izitimela ezimbaxambili ziwumphumela oseceleni owusizo. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle okuphansi ekulayisheni okuphansi akuvimbeli iqiniso lokuthi, ngokungafani nenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, injini kagesi ikhiqiza i-thrust ngesivinini esiyiziro ngenxa yomgomo wayo ohluke kakhulu wokusebenza nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezizibuthe ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo. Iqiniso elishiwo ngenhla lokusebenza kahle lisenhliziyweni yokwakhiwa kwenjini nezindlela zokusebenza - njengoba sesishilo, injini enkulu eqhubekayo esebenza ngomthwalo ophansi ngeke isebenze kahle.

Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokuhamba kukagesi, ukuhlukahluka ngokuya kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto kuyanda. Ziyanda izivumelwano namalungiselelo athuthukiswayo, lapho abanye abakhiqizi abafana no-BMW kanye no-VW baklama futhi bazenzele izimoto zabo, abanye bathenga amasheya ezinkampanini ezihlobene naleli bhizinisi, kanti abanye bathengisela abahlinzeki abanjengoBosch. Ezimweni eziningi, uma ufunda imininingwane yemodeli esebenza ngogesi, uzothola ukuthi injini yayo "i-AC permanent magnet synchronous". Kodwa-ke, iphayona le-Tesla lisebenzisa ezinye izixazululo kulokhu - ama-asynchronous motors kuwo wonke amamodeli wangaphambilini kanye nenhlanganisela ye-asynchronous kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. “I-resistance switching motor njenge-axle drive yangemuva kumodeli ye-3 Performance. Ezinguqulweni ezishibhile ezinamasondo angemuva kuphela, iyona yodwa. I-Audi iphinde isebenzisa izinjini zokungeniswa kwemodeli ye-q-tron kanye nenhlanganisela yamamothoni avumelanayo nama-asynchronous e-e-tron Q4 ezayo. Imayelana nani ngempela?

Imoto kagesi kaNikola Tesla

Iqiniso lokuthi uNikola Tesla wasungula i-asynchronous noma, ngamanye amagama, imoto kagesi "asynchronous" (emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19) ayinakho ukuxhumana okuqondile neqiniso lokuthi amamodeli weTesla Motors angenye yezimoto ezimbalwa ezinikezwa ngumshini onjalo. . ... Eqinisweni, inqubo yokusebenza yemoto yeTesla yathandwa kakhulu ngeminyaka yama-60s, lapho amadivayisi we-semiconductor ayephuma kancane kancane ngaphansi kwelanga, futhi unjiniyela waseMelika u-Alan Coconi wakha ama-inverters we-semiconductor aphathekayo angaguqula amabhethri aqondile (DC) abe yimanje ashintshanayo (AC ) njengoba kudingelwa imoto yokungeniswa, futhi okuphambene nalokho (ngenkathi elulama). Le nhlanganisela ye-inverter (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-transverter yobunjiniyela) kanye nemoto kagesi eyenziwe nguCoconi yaba yisisekelo se-GM EV1 edume kabi futhi, ngendlela ecace kakhudlwana, i-sporty tZERO. Ngokufana nokuseshwa konjiniyela baseJapan abavela kwaToyota ngenkathi kwenziwa i-Prius nokuvula ilungelo lobunikazi le-TRW, abasunguli bakaTesla bathola imoto ye-TZERO. Ekugcineni, bathenga ilayisense ye-tZero futhi bayisebenzisa ukwakha i-roadster.
Inzuzo enkulu yemoto yokungeniswa ukuthi ayisebenzisi odonsa unomphela futhi ayidingi izinsimbi ezibizayo noma ezingavamile, nazo ezivame ukumbiwa ezimeni ezakha izinkinga zokuziphatha kubathengi. Kodwa-ke, zombili izinjini ezilinganayo nezihlala unomphela zisebenzisa ngokugcwele intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kumadivayisi we-semiconductor, kanye nasekwakhiweni kwama-MOSFET anomphumela wensimu we-transistor kanye nama-transistor okuhlukanisa bipolar kamuva (IGBTs). Yile nqubekelaphambili eyenza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukudala amadivayisi we-compact inverter ashiwo futhi ngokujwayelekile wonke amandla kagesi ezimotweni zikagesi. Kungabonakala njengokuncane ukuthi ikhono lokuguqula kahle amabhethri e-DC abe izigaba ezi-150 ze-AC futhi okuphambene nalokho ikakhulu kungenxa yentuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokulawula, kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amandla kagesi manje afinyelela kumazinga ngokuphindwe kaningi kunokujwayelekile ekhaya inethiwekhi kagesi, futhi kaningi amanani adlula ama-amperes ayi-XNUMX. Lokhu kudala inani elikhulu lokushisa okumele kubhekwane nakho ngogesi.

Kepha emuva odabeni lwama-motors kagesi. Njengezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo, zingahlukaniswa ngeziqu ezahlukahlukene, futhi "isikhathi" singenye yazo. Eqinisweni, lokhu kungumphumela wendlela eyakhayo ebaluleke kakhulu yokwakha ngokwesigaba nasekusebenzisaneni kwezinamandla kazibuthe. Yize iqiniso lokuthi umthombo kagesi kumuntu webhethri ungowamanje ngqo, abaklami bezinhlelo zikagesi abacabangi ngisho nokusebenzisa ama-DC motors. Noma kubhekwa ukulahleka kokuguqulwa, amayunithi we-AC futhi ikakhulukazi amayunithi avumelanayo adlula umncintiswano ngezinto ze-DC. Ngakho-ke isho ukuthini imoto yokuvumelanisa noma ye-asynchronous empeleni?

Inkampani yezimoto kagesi

Zombili izinjini ezivumelanayo nezine-asynchronous ziwuhlobo lwemishini kagesi kazibuthe ojikelezayo enamandla amakhulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, i-induction rotor iqukethe isitaki esilula samashidi aqinile, izinduku zensimbi ezenziwe nge-aluminium noma ithusi (esetshenziswa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva) ngamakhoyili ku-loop evaliwe. Ukugeleza kwamanje kuma-stator windings ngazimbili eziphikisanayo, kunamanje kusuka kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu ezigeleza kubhangqa ngalinye. Njengoba ngakunye kwabo kugudlulwa esigabeni ngamadigri ayi-120 ngokuhlobene nomunye, okuthiwa amandla kazibuthe ajikelezayo. Ukuhlangana kwama-rotor windings anemigqa yensimu kazibuthe evela emkhakheni owenziwe yi-stator kuholela ekugelezeni kwamanje ku-Rotor, ngokufana nokuhlangana ku-transformer.
Inkambu kazibuthe evelayo ihlangana "nokushintshana" ku-stator, okuholela ekubambeni kwemishini kwe-Rotor nokujikeleza okulandelayo. Kodwa-ke, ngalolu hlobo lwemoto kagesi, i-rotor ihlala ishiye ngemuva kwensimu, ngoba uma kungekho ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwenkambu ne-Rotor, akukho nsimu kazibuthe ezongeniswa ku-Rotor. Ngakho-ke, izinga lesivinini esiphezulu linqunywa imvamisa yokuphakelwa kwamanje nomthwalo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwama-motor ahambisanayo, iningi labakhiqizi linamathela kuwo, kepha ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezingenhla, uTesla uhlala engummeli wama-asynchronous motors.

Yebo, le mishini ishibhile, kodwa inakho ukwehla kwayo, futhi bonke abantu abaye bahlola ukusheshisa okuningi okulandelanayo nge-Model S bazokutshela ukuthi ukusebenza kwehla kanjani kakhulu ngokuphindaphinda ngakunye. Izinqubo zokungeniswa kanye nokugeleza kwamanje okuholela ekushiseni, futhi lapho umshini ungapholile ngaphansi komthwalo omkhulu, ukushisa kuqoqa futhi amandla ayo ancishiswa kakhulu. Ngezinjongo zokuvikela, izinto zikagesi zehlisa inani lamanje kanye nokusebenza kokusheshisa kuyehliswa. Futhi enye into - ukuze isetshenziswe njengejeneretha, i-motor induction kumele ifakwe uzibuthe - okungukuthi, "ukudlulisa" okwamanje okwamanje nge-stator, ekhiqiza insimu kanye namanje ku-rotor ukuqala inqubo. Bese ekwazi ukuzondla.

Ama-motors asynchronous noma ama-synchronous

Amayunithi wokuvumelanisa anokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu namandla wamandla. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemoto yokungeniswa ukuthi amandla kazibuthe ku-Rotor awenziwa ukusebenzisana ne-stator, kepha kungumphumela wokugeleza kwamanje ngama-windings angeziwe afakwe kuwo, noma odonsa abasebenza unomphela. Ngakho-ke, insimu ku-rotor nensimu ku-stator iyahambelana, kepha isivinini esikhulu semoto sincike nasekujikelezeni kwenkambu, ngokulandelana kumvamisa wamanje nomthwalo. Ukugwema isidingo sokunikezwa kwamandla okungeziwe kuma-windings, akhulisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi futhi enze kube nzima ukulawula kwamanje, izinjini zikagesi ezinalokho okubizwa ngokuthakazelisa njalo zisetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi zesimanje nakumamodeli we-hybrid. nge odonsa unomphela. Njengoba sekushiwo, cishe bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto ezinjalo basebenzisa amayunithi alolu hlobo, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, kusazoba nenkinga yokushoda komhlaba obizayo ongabizi i-neodymium ne-dysprosium. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuyingxenye yesidingo esivela konjiniyela kulo mkhakha.

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Idizayini yomgogodla we-rotor inikeza amandla amakhulu okwenza ngcono ukusebenza komshini kagesi.
Kunezixazululo ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe ezinozibuthe ababekwe phezulu, i-rotor emise okwedisk, enamazibuthe akhelwe ngaphakathi. Okuthakazelisayo lapha isisombululo sikaTesla, esisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obushiwo ngenhla obubizwa ngokuthi I-Switched Reluctance Motor ukushayela i-axle yangemuva ye-Model 3. "Ukungabaza", noma ukumelana kazibuthe, yigama eliphambene ne-conductivity kazibuthe, elifana nokumelana nogesi kanye nokuhamba kukagesi kwezinto. Ama-Motor alolu hlobo asebenzisa isenzakalo sokuthi i-magnetic flux ijwayele ukudlula engxenyeni yezinto ezibonakalayo ezinobuncane bokumelana kazibuthe. Ngenxa yalokho, isusa ngokoqobo impahla egeleza kuyo ukuze idlule engxenyeni enokumelana okuncane. Lo mphumela usetshenziswa ku-motor kagesi ukudala ukunyakaza okujikelezayo - ngenxa yalokhu, izinto ezihlukene zokumelana kazibuthe zishintshana ku-rotor: kanzima (ngesimo samadiski e-ferrite neodymium) kanye ne-soft (amadiski ensimbi). Emzamweni wokudlula ezintweni eziphansi zokumelana, i-flux magnetic evela ku-stator izungeza i-rotor ize ibekwe endaweni yokwenza kanjalo. Ngokulawula kwamanje, insimu ijikeleza njalo i-rotor endaweni ekhululekile. Okusho ukuthi, ukuzungeza akuqalwa ngezinga elinjalo ngokusebenzisana kwezizibuthe njengokuthambekela kwensimu ukugeleza ezintweni ezinokumelana okuncane kanye nomphumela owumphumela wokujikeleza kwe-rotor. Ngokushintshanisa izinto ezahlukene, inani lezingxenye ezibizayo liyancishiswa.

Kuye ngedizayini, ijika elisebenzayo kanye netorque kuyashintsha ngesivinini senjini. Ekuqaleni, injini yokungeniswa inokusebenza okuphansi kakhulu, kanti ephakeme kunawo wonke inamazibuthe, kodwa ekugcineni iyancipha kakhulu ngesivinini. Injini ye-BMW i3 inohlamvu oluxubile oluhlukile, sibonga umklamo ohlanganisa odonsa unomphela kanye nomthelela "wokunqikaza" ochazwe ngenhla. Ngakho-ke, i-motor kagesi ifinyelela amazinga aphezulu wamandla angapheli kanye ne-torque eyisici semishini ene-rotor kagesi ejabule, kodwa inesisindo esincane kakhulu kunabo (okugcina kusebenza kahle ezicini eziningi, kodwa hhayi ngokwesisindo). Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu, kuyacaca ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kuyehla ngesivinini esikhulu, yingakho sebebaningi abakhiqizi bethi bazogxila ekuthunjweni ngamagiya amabili ezinjini zikagesi.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Yiziphi izinjini ezisetshenziswa uTesla? Wonke amamodeli ohlobo lwe-Tesla yizimoto zikagesi, ngakho-ke afakwe kuphela ama-motor kagesi. Ngaphansi kwe-hood cishe yonke imodeli kuzoba ne-3-phase AC induction motor.

Isebenza kanjani injini ye-Tesla? I-asynchronous motor motor isebenza ngenxa yokuvela kwe-EMF ngenxa yokuzungezisa indawo kazibuthe ku-stator emile. Ukuhlehla kunikezwa ngokushintsha i-polarity kumakhoyili okuqalisa.

Ikuphi injini ye-Tesla? Izimoto zeTesla ziyi-back wheel drive. Ngakho-ke, injini itholakala phakathi kwama-axle shafts angemuva. I-motor iqukethe i-rotor ne-stator, ezithintana kuphela ngokusebenzisa ama-bearings.

Injini ye-Tesla inesisindo esingakanani? Isisindo semoto kagesi ehlanganisiwe yamamodeli weTesla singamakhilogremu angama-240. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukuguqulwa okukodwa kwezinjini kusetshenziswa.