Egzoplanetya

U-Nathalie Bataglia we-Ames Research Center ye-NASA, omunye wabazingeli bamaplanethi abavelele, muva nje engxoxweni wathi ukutholwa kwama-exoplanet kuyishintshile indlela esibona ngayo umkhathi. "Asibheki isibhakabhaka futhi asiboni izinkanyezi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinhlelo zelanga, ngoba manje siyazi ukuthi okungenani iplanethi eyodwa ijikeleza yonke inkanyezi," wavuma.

kusukela eminyakeni yamuva, kungashiwo ukuthi zifanekisela ngokuphelele isimo somuntu, lapho ilukuluku lokwazi okwanelisayo linikeza injabulo nokwaneliseka okwesikhashana. Ngoba maduzane kunemibuzo emisha nezinkinga okudingeka zinqotshwe ukuze uthole izimpendulo ezintsha. Amaplanethi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5 kanye nenkolelo yokuthi imizimba enjalo ivamile emkhathini? Pho uma sikwazi lokhu, uma singazi ukuthi lezi zinto ezikude zenziwe ngani? Ingabe zinawo umkhathi, futhi uma kunjalo, ungakwazi ukuwuphefumula? Ingabe ziyakwazi ukuhlala kuzo, futhi uma zikhona, ingabe zikhona ukuphila kuzo?

Amaplanethi ayisikhombisa anamanzi angaba wuketshezi

Enye yezindaba zonyaka ukutholwa yi-NASA kanye ne-European Southern Observatory (ESO) yohlelo lwenkanyezi ye-TRAPPIST-1, lapho kubalwa khona amaplanethi asemhlabeni ayisikhombisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikalini se-cosmic, lesi simiso siseduze kakhulu, siqhele ngama-light-year angu-40 kuphela.

Umlando wokutholakala kwamaplanethi azungeze inkanyezi TRAPPIST-1 ihlehlela emuva ekupheleni kuka-2015. Bese, sibonga okuphawulwe nge Belgian I-TRAPPIST Robotic Telescope Kutholwe amaplanethi amathathu eLa Silla Observatory eChile. Lokhu kumenyezelwe ngoMeyi 2016 futhi ucwaningo lusaqhubeka. Umfutho onamandla wokusesha okwengeziwe unikezwe ukubonwa kokuhamba kathathu kwamaplanethi (okungukuthi, ukudlula kwawo ngemuva kweLanga) ngoDisemba 11, 2015, okwenziwe kusetshenziswa. isibonakude VLT e-Paranal Observatory. Ukufuna amanye amaplanethi kube yimpumelelo - kusanda kumenyezelwa ukuthi kukhona amaplanethi ayisikhombisa ohlelweni afana noMhlaba ngobukhulu, kanti amanye awo angase abe nolwandle olunamanzi aluketshezi (1).

1. Ukurekhoda okubonwa kohlelo lwe-TRAPPIST-1 ngesibonakude i-Spitzer

Inkanyezi ethi TRAPPIST-1 incane kakhulu kuneLanga lethu - kuphela u-8% wesisindo sayo no-11% wobubanzi bayo. Konke . Izikhathi Orbital, ngokulandelana: 1,51 izinsuku / 2,42 / 4,05 / 6,10 / 9,20 / 12,35 futhi cishe 14-25 izinsuku (2).

2. Ama-exoplanets ayisikhombisa ohlelo lwe-TRAPPIST-1

Izibalo zamamodeli wesimo sezulu acatshangelwayo zibonisa ukuthi izimo ezingcono kakhulu zokuba khona zitholakala kumaplanethi. TRAPPIST-1 e, f Oraz g. Amaplanethi aseduze kakhulu abonakala efudumele kakhulu, futhi amaplanethi angaphandle abonakala ebanda kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, akunakugwenywa ukuthi endabeni yamaplanethi b, c, d, amanzi avela ezingxenyeni ezincane zomhlaba, njengoba nje angaba khona kuplanethi H - uma bekukhona enye indlela yokushisa eyengeziwe.

Kungenzeka ukuthi amaplanethi e-TRAPPIST-1 azoba yisihloko socwaningo olunzulu eminyakeni ezayo, lapho kuqala umsebenzi, njengokuthi James Webb Space Telescope (umlandeli I-Hubble Space Telescope) noma eyakhiwe yi-ESO isibonakude E-ELT cishe ububanzi obungamamitha angu-40. Ososayensi bazofuna ukuhlola ukuthi la maplanethi anawo yini umkhathi owazungezile futhi babheke izimpawu zamanzi kuwo.

Nakuba amaplanethi angaba mathathu atholakala endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi imvelo ezungeze inkanyezi TRAPPIST-1, kodwa amathuba okuthi azoba izindawo zokungenisa izihambi mancane. Lokhu indawo eminyene kakhulu. Iplanethi ekude kakhulu ohlelweni iseduze izikhathi eziyisithupha enkanyezini yayo kune-Mercury eseduze neLanga. ngokobukhulu kunequartet (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars). Nokho, kuyathakazelisa kakhulu mayelana nokuminyana.

IPlanethi f - emaphakathi nendawo ezungezile - inobuningi obungama-60% kuphela omhlaba, kanti iplanethi c iminyene ngo-16% kunoMhlaba. Zonke, cishe, amaplanethi amatshe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le datha akufanele ithonywe ngokweqile kumongo wokuphila kahle. Uma ubheka lezi zindlela, umuntu angase acabange, isibonelo, ukuthi iVenus kufanele ibe yikhandidethi elingcono lempilo kanye nekoloni kune-Mars. Ngaleso sikhathi, iMars ithembisa kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningi.

Ngakho-ke konke esikwaziyo kuwathinta kanjani amathuba okuphila ku-TRAPPIST-1? Hhayi-ke, ama-naysayers awalinganisa njengakhubazekile noma kunjalo.

Izinkanyezi ezincane kuneLanga ziphila isikhathi eside, okunikeza isikhathi esanele sokuthi impilo ithuthuke. Ngeshwa, nazo azinangqondo kakhulu - umoya welanga unamandla ezinhlelweni ezinjalo, futhi ukuvutha okungaba yingozi kuvame ukuvama futhi kushube kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayizinkanyezi ezipholile, ngakho izindawo ezihlala kuzo zisondelene kakhulu nazo. Ngakho-ke, amathuba okuthi iplanethi etholakala endaweni enjalo izophelelwa ukuphila njalo aphakeme kakhulu. Kuyoba nzima futhi kuye ukugcina umoya. Umhlaba ugcina igobolondo lawo elithambile ngenxa yamandla kazibuthe, amandla kazibuthe kungenxa yokunyakaza okujikelezayo (yize ezinye zinemibono ehlukene, bheka ngezansi). Ngeshwa, isistimu ezungeze i-TRAPPIST-1 "igcwele" kangangokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wonke amaplanethi ahlala ebheke ohlangothini olulodwa lwenkanyezi, njengoba sihlala sibona uhlangothi olulodwa lweNyanga. Yiqiniso, amanye ala maplanethi avela ndawana thize enkanyezini yawo, akhe umkhathi wawo kusengaphambili abese esondela enkanyezini. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, cishe zizobe zingasekho emoyeni ngesikhathi esifushane.

Kodwa kuthiwani ngalama dwarfs abomvu?

Ngaphambi kokuthi sisangene mayelana "nodade abayisikhombisa" be-TRAPPIST-1, sasihlanya ngeplanethi efana noMhlaba endaweni eseduze nesimiso sonozungezilanga. Izilinganiso ezinembile zesivinini se-radial zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ngo-2016 iplanethi efana noMhlaba ebizwa ngokuthi i-Proxima Centauri b (3), ezungeza i-Proxima Centauri ku-ecosphere.

3. Amaphupho phezu kweplanethi i-Proxima Centauri b

Ukuqaphela kusetshenziswa izisetshenziswa zokulinganisa ezinembe kakhudlwana, njenge-James Webb Space Telescope ehleliwe, cishe kuzobonisa iplanethi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba u-Proxima Centauri eyinkanyezi ebomvu ebomvu futhi eyinkanyezi evuthayo, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuphila eplanethini eyizungezile kusaxoxwa ngakho (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iseduze noMhlaba, kuye kwahlongozwa ngisho nanjengethagethi yokundiza phakathi kwezinkanyezi). Ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuvutha ngokwemvelo kuholela embuzweni wokuthi ingabe iplanethi inawo yini amandla kazibuthe, njengoMhlaba, oyivikelayo. Iminyaka eminingi, ososayensi abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ukudalwa kwalezi zimo kazibuthe kwakungenakwenzeka kumaplanethi afana ne-Proxima b, njengoba ukujikeleza okuhambisanayo kungavimbela lokhu. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi insimu yamagnetic yadalwa amandla kagesi enkabeni yeplanethi, futhi ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhiswayo ezidingekayo ukuze kudalwe lokhu okwamanje kwakungenxa yokujikeleza kweplanethi. Iplanethi ezungeza kancane ingase ingakwazi ukuthutha izinhlayiya ezishajiwe ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze idale inkambu kazibuthe engachezukisa ama-flare futhi ibenze bakwazi ukugcina umoya.

Nokho Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi izindawo ezinozibuthe zeplanethi zibanjwa ndawonye yi-convection, inqubo lapho okushisayo okungaphakathi komgogodla kukhuphuka, kuphole, bese licwila emuva.

Amathemba womkhathi kumaplanethi afana ne-Proxima Centauri b ahlanganiswe nokutholwa kwakamuva mayelana neplanethi. Gcwalisa 1132izungeza into encane ebomvu. Cishe akukho ukuphila lapho. Lesi yisihogo, ukuthosa ekushiseni okungephansi kuka-260 ° C. Nokho, kuyisihogo ngomkhathi! Lapho behlaziya ukuhamba kweplanethi ngamaza okukhanya ayisikhombisa ahlukene, ososayensi bathola ukuthi inobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphezu kokuma kwento ngokwayo, ukukhanya kwenkanyezi kusithwe umkhathi, ovumela kuphela ubude bayo obuthile ukuba budlule. Futhi lokhu, kusho ukuthi i-Gliese 1132 b inomkhathi, nakuba ibonakala ingahambisani nemithetho.

Lezi yizindaba ezinhle ngoba ama-red dwarfs enza ngaphezu kuka-90% wabantu bezinkanyezi (izinkanyezi eziphuzi cishe ngo-4%). Manje sinesisekelo esiqinile esingathembela kuso okungenani abanye babo ukuze bajabulele umkhathi. Nakuba singayazi indlela engayivumela ukuthi inakekelwe, ukutholakala kwayo kuyisibikezelo esihle sakho kokubili isistimu ye-TRAPPIST-1 kanye nomakhelwane wethu u-Proxima Centauri b.

Okutholwe kuqala

Imibiko yesayensi yokutholwa kwamaplanethi e-extrasolar yavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Eyokuqala kwaba UWilliam Jacob kusukela eMadras Observatory ngo-1855, owathola ukuthi uhlelo lwenkanyezi kanambambili 70 u-Ophiuchus kumlaza u-Ophiuchus wayenokungaqondakali okusikisela ukuba khona okungenzeka kakhulu "komzimba weplanethi" lapho. Lo mbiko usekelwe ukubonwa Thomas J. J. Bona waseNyuvesi yaseChicago, okwathi cishe ngo-1890 wanquma ukuthi lezi zinkinga zafakazela ukuba khona komzimba omnyama ozungeza enye yezinkanyezi, enenkathi ye-orbital yeminyaka engu-36. Kodwa-ke, kamuva kwaqashelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwemizimba emithathu enemingcele enjalo ngeke luzinze.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-50-60s. Ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika Peter van de Kamp i-astrometry yafakazela ukuthi amaplanethi azungeza inkanyezi eseduze uBarnard (iminyaka engaba ngu-5,94 yokukhanya ukusuka kithi).

Yonke le mibiko yokuqala manje isithathwa njengengalungile.

Ukutholwa okuyimpumelelo kweplanethi ye-extrasolar kwenziwa ngo-1988. Iplanethi i-Gamma Cephei b yatholwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-Doppler. (okungukuthi i-red/violet shift) - futhi lokhu kwenziwa izazi zezinkanyezi zaseCanada uB. Campbell, G. Walker kanye noS. Young. Nokho, ukutholakala kwabo ekugcineni kwaqinisekiswa kuphela ngo-2002. Iplanethi inesikhathi sokuzungeza esingaba yizinsuku ezingama-903,3 zoMhlaba, noma cishe iminyaka engu-2,5 yoMhlaba, kanti ubukhulu bayo bulinganiselwa ku-1,8 mass Jupiter. Izungeza umdondoshiya we-gamma-ray u-Cepheus, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Errai (obonakala ngeso lenyama kumlaza i-Cepheus), ebangeni elingaba amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-310.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, izidumbu ezinjalo zatholwa endaweni engavamile kakhulu. Bazungeza i-pulsar (inkanyezi ye-neutron eyakhiwe ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova). Ephreli 21, 1992, isazi sezinkanyezi somsakazo sasePoland - Alexander Volshan, kanye neMelika - Dale Fryl, ishicilele isihloko esibika ukutholakala kwamaplanethi amathathu e-extrasolar ohlelweni lweplanethi ye-pulsar PSR 1257+12.

Iplanethi yokuqala ye-extrasolar ezungeza inkanyezi evamile elandelanayo yatholwa ngo-1995. Lokhu kwenziwe ngososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseGeneva - UMichelle Mayor i Didier Keloz, sibonga ukubonwa kwe-spectrum yenkanyezi engu-51 Pegasi, etholakala kumlaza we-Pegasus. Isakhiwo sangaphandle sasihluke kakhulu. Iplanethi engu-51 Pegasi b (4) iphenduke into eyigesi enesisindo esingu-0,47 Jupiter mass, ezungeza eduze kakhulu nenkanyezi yayo, kuphela i-0,05 AU. ukusuka kuyo (cishe 3 million km).

I-Kepler telescope ingena ku-orbit

Njengamanje kunama-exoplanets aziwayo angaphezu kuka-3,5 abo bonke osayizi, kusukela kokukhulu kune-Jupiter kuya kwabancane kunoMhlaba. U-A(5) ulethe impumelelo. Yethulwa ku-orbit ngoMashi 2009. Inesibuko esinobubanzi obungaba ngu-0,95 m kanye nenzwa enkulu ye-CCD eyethulwe emkhathini - ama-megapixel angu-95. Umgomo oyinhloko we-mission ukunquma imvamisa yokwenzeka kwezinhlelo zamaplanethi emkhathini kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezakhiwo zabo. Isibonakude siqapha inani elikhulu lezinkanyezi futhi sibona amaplanethi ngendlela yezokuthutha. Yayiqondiswe kumlaza iCygnus.

5. Isibonakude i-Kepler sibona i-exoplanet phambi kwediski yenkanyezi yayo.

Lapho isibonakude sivalwa ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle ngo-2013, ososayensi bazwakalisa ngokuzwakalayo ukwaneliseka kwabo ngalokho esikuzuzile. Nokho, kwavela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakubonakala kithi kuphela ukuthi uhambo lokuzingela iplanethi lwase luphelile. Hhayi nje ngoba u-Kepler usakaza futhi ngemva kwekhefu, kodwa nangenxa yezindlela eziningi ezintsha zokubona izinto ezithakaselwayo.

Isondo lokuqala le-telescope lokusabela liyekile ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2012. Nokho, kwasala abanye abathathu - bavumela uphenyo ukuba luhambe emkhathini. UKepler wabonakala ekwazi ukuqhubeka nokuphawula kwakhe. Ngeshwa, ngo-May 2013, isondo lesibili lenqaba ukulalela. Kwenziwa imizamo yokusebenzisa indawo yokubuka indawo izinjini zokulungisanokho, uphethiloli waphela ngokushesha. Maphakathi no-Okthoba 2013, i-NASA yamemezela ukuthi uKepler ngeke esafuna amaplanethi.

Futhi nokho, kusukela ngoMeyi 2014, uthumo olusha lomuntu ohlonishwayo beluqhubeka abazingeli be-exoplanet, ebizwa yi-NASA ngokuthi i-K2. Lokhu kwenzeke ngokusebenzisa amasu endabuko kancane kancane. Njengoba isibonakude sasingeke sikwazi ukusebenza ngamasondo amabili asebenzayo (okungenani amathathu), ososayensi beNASA banquma ukusebenzisa ukucindezela. imisebe yelanga njenge "virtual reaction wheel". Le ndlela yabonakala iphumelela ekulawuleni isibonakude. Njengengxenye yemishini ye-K2, ukubhekwa sekuvele kwenziwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinkanyezi.

U-Kepler usesebenze isikhathi eside kunalokho obekuhleliwe (kuze kube ngu-2016), kodwa izimishini ezintsha zemvelo efanayo zihlelelwe iminyaka.

I-European Space Agency (ESA) isebenza ngesathelayithi umsebenzi wayo ozoba ukunquma ngokunembile nokufunda ukwakheka kwama-exoplanets asevele aziwa (CHEOPS). Ukwethulwa kwemishini kumenyezelwe ngo-2017. I-NASA yona ifuna ukuthumela isathelayithi ye-TESS emkhathini kulo nyaka, ezogxila kakhulu ekufuneni amaplanethi asemhlabeni., izinkanyezi ezingaba ngu-500 eziseduze kakhulu nathi. Uhlelo luwukuthola okungenani amaplanethi "oMhlaba wesibili" angamakhulu amathathu.

Yomibili le mishini isuselwe endleleni yezokuthutha. Akugcini lapho. NgoFebhuwari 2014, i-European Space Agency yagunyaza Umsebenzi we-PLATEAU. Ngokohlelo lwamanje, kufanele isuke ngo-2024 futhi isebenzise isibonakude segama elifanayo ukucinga amaplanethi anamatshe anamanzi. Lokhu kubuka kungenza kube nokwenzeka ukusesha ama-exomoon, afana nendlela idatha ka-Kepler eyasetshenziswa ngayo ukwenza lokhu. Ukuzwela kwe-PLATO kuzoqhathaniswa I-telescope ye-Kepler.

E-NASA, amaqembu ahlukahlukene asebenzela ukucwaninga okwengeziwe kule ndawo. Enye yamaphrojekthi ayaziwa kancane futhi namanje asesigabeni sokuqala isithunzi senkanyezi. Kwakuwumbuzo wokusitha ukukhanya kwenkanyezi ngento efana nesambulela, ukuze amaplanethi asemaphethelweni ayo abonakale. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-wavelength, izingxenye zomoya wazo zizonqunywa. I-NASA izohlola iphrojekthi kulo nyaka noma olandelayo bese inquma ukuthi ikufanele yini ukuqhutshwa. Uma i-Starshade mission yethulwa, khona-ke ngo-2022 izokwenza

Izindlela ezincane zendabuko nazo zisetshenziselwa ukucinga amaplanethi e-extrasolar. Ngo-2017, abadlali be-EVE Online bazokwazi ukucinga ama-exoplanets wangempela emhlabeni obonakalayo. - njengengxenye yephrojekthi ezosetshenziswa abathuthukisi begeyimu, inkundla ye-Massively Multiplayer Online Science (MMOS), iNyuvesi yaseReykjavik kanye neNyuvesi yaseGeneva.

Abahlanganyeli bephrojekthi kuzodingeka bazingele amaplanethi e-extrasolar ngomdlalo omncane obizwa ngokuthi Ukuvula iphrojekthi. Phakathi nezindiza zasemkhathini, ezingahlala imizuzu embalwa, kuye ngebanga phakathi kweziteshi zasemkhathini ngazinye, zizohlaziya idatha yangempela yezinkanyezi. Uma abadlali abanele bevumelana ngezigaba ezifanele zolwazi, luzobuyiselwa eNyuvesi yase-Geneva ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ucwaningo. UMichelle Mayor, owine Umklomelo We-Wolf we-2017 we-Physics kanye nomtholi ndawonye oshiwo ngenhla we-exoplanet ngo-1995, uzokwethula iphrojekthi ku-EVE Fanfest yalo nyaka e-Reykjavik, e-Iceland.

Funda kabanzi

Izazi zezinkanyezi zilinganisela ukuthi kukhona okungenani amaplanethi alingana noMhlaba ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-17 emthaleni wethu. Inombolo yamenyezelwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule ososayensi e-Harvard Astrophysical Center, ngokuyinhloko ngokusekelwe kulokho okwenziwa ngesibonakude i-Kepler.

UFrançois Fressen weSikhungo ugcizelela ukuthi le datha, yebo, akufanele iqondwe ngomqondo wokuthi iplanethi ngayinye yezigidigidi inezimo ezivumayo zokuphila. Ngedwa usayizi akugcini lapho. Kubalulekile futhi ibanga ukusuka enkanyezinilapho iplanethi izungeza khona. Khumbula ukuthi nakuba iningi lalezi zinto ezinjengoMhlaba zihamba emizileni emincane efana naleyo yeMercury, zizungeza ezinye.

izinkanyezi, ezinye zazo ngokusobala zincane kunelanga lethu. Ososayensi basikisela nokuthi ukuze siphile, okungenani njengoba sikwazi, kudingekile amanzi awuketshezi.

Indlela yezokuthutha ayisho okuncane mayelana neplanethi ngokwayo. Ungayisebenzisa ukuze uthole usayizi wayo nebanga ukusuka enkanyezini. Ubuchwepheshe ukulinganisa kwesivinini se-radial ingasiza ekunqumeni ubukhulu bayo. Inhlanganisela yalezi zindlela ezimbili yenza kube nokwenzeka ukubala ukuminyana. Kungenzeka yini ukubhekisisa i-exoplanet?

Kuvela ukuthi kunjalo. I-NASA isivele iyazi indlela engcono yokubuka amaplanethi njengawo Kepler-7 peyaklanyelwa yona ngezibonakude ze-Kepler ne-Spitzer imephu yamafu emkhathini. Kuvele ukuthi le planethi ishisa kakhulu kuzinhlobo zokuphila esizaziyo - ishisa kakhulu ukusuka ku-816 kuya ku-982 ° C. Nokho, lona kanye iqiniso lencazelo enjalo enemininingwane yalo liyisinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili, njengoba sikhuluma ngezwe eliqhele ngekhulu leminyaka yokukhanya ukusuka kithi. Ngokulandelayo, ukuba khona kwekhava yefu eliminyene ezungeze ama-exoplanets I-GJ 436b kanye ne-GJ 1214b ithathwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-spectroscopic kokukhanya okuvela ezinkanyezini ezingabazali.

Womabili amaplanethi afakwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-super-Earth. I-GJ 436b (6) ikude ngeminyaka yokukhanya engu-36 kumlaza i-Leo. I-GJ 1214b itholakala kumlaza i-Ophiuchus, iminyaka engama-40 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni. Eyokuqala iyafana ngosayizi ne-Neptune, kodwa iseduze kakhulu nenkanyezi yayo kune-"prototype" eyaziwa ngesimiso sonozungezilanga. Eyesibili incane kuneNeptune, kodwa inkulu kakhulu kunoMhlaba.

6. Ingqimba yamafu ezungeze i-GJ 436b - ukubona ngeso

Iphinde iza ne i-adaptive optics, esetshenziswa kusayensi yezinkanyezi ukuze kuqedwe ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukundindizela emkhathini. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukulawula isibonakude ngekhompyutha ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlanekezelwa kwendawo kwesibuko (ngokulandelana kwama-micrometer ambalwa), ngaleyo ndlela kulungiswe amaphutha esithombeni esiwumphumela. Lena yindlela i-Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) ezinze eChile esebenza ngayo. Idivayisi yaqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 2013.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-GPI kunamandla kangangokuthi ikwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwezinto ezimnyama nezikude njengama-exoplanets. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuzokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokubunjwa kwazo. Iplanethi yakhethwa njengenye yezinhloso zokuqala zokubhekwa. Umdwebi we-Beta b. Kulokhu, i-GPI isebenza njenge-coronagraph yelanga, okungukuthi, ihlanganisa idiski yenkanyezi ekude ukukhombisa ukukhanya kweplanethi eseduze. 

Isihluthulelo sokubheka "izimpawu zokuphila" ukukhanya okuvela enkanyezini ezungeza iplanethi. Ukukhanya okudlula emkhathini we-exoplanet kushiya umzila othize ongalinganiswa usuka eMhlabeni. usebenzisa izindlela ze-spectroscopic, i.e. ukuhlaziywa kwemisebe ekhishwayo, emuncwe noma ehlakazwe into ebonakalayo. Indlela efanayo ingasetshenziswa ukutadisha indawo yama-exoplanets. Nokho, kunombandela owodwa. Ingaphezulu leplanethi kumele limunce noma lihlakaze ukukhanya ngokwanele. Amaplanethi ahwamukayo, okusho ukuthi amaplanethi anezendlalelo zawo zangaphandle ezintanta efwini elikhulu lothuli, angamakhandidethi amahle. 

Ngamathuluzi esesivele sinawo, ngaphandle kokwakha noma ukuthumela izindawo zokubuka izinto ezintsha emkhathini, singakwazi ukubona amanzi eplanethini eqhele ngeshumi nambili leminyaka yokukhanya. Ososayensi - ngosizo Isibonakude esikhulu kakhulu eChile - babona imikhondo yamanzi emkhathini weplanethi 51 Pegasi b; babengakudingi ukuhamba kweplanethi phakathi kwenkanyezi noMhlaba. Kwakwanele ukubona izinguquko ezicashile ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwe-exoplanet nenkanyezi. Ngokusho kososayensi, izilinganiso zoshintsho ekukhanyeni okubonisiwe zibonisa ukuthi emkhathini weplanethi ekude kune-1/10 yenkulungwane yamanzi, kanye nemikhondo. isikhutha i methane. Akukenzeki okwamanje ukuqinisekisa lokhu okubonwayo ngaleso sikhathi ... 

Enye indlela yokubuka okuqondile nokufunda ama-exoplanets hhayi emkhathini, kodwa evela eMhlabeni ihlongozwa ososayensi basePrinceton University. Bakha uhlelo lwe-CHARIS, uhlobo lwe i-spectrograph epholile kakhuluekwazi ukubona ukukhanya okuboniswa ama-exoplanets amakhulu, amakhulu kune-Jupiter. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungathola isisindo sabo kanye nezinga lokushisa, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ubudala babo. Idivayisi ifakwe e-Subaru Observatory e-Hawaii.

Ngo-September 2016, i-giant yaqala ukusebenza. Isibonakude somsakazo waseShayina FAST (), omsebenzi wakhe kuzoba ukucinga izimpawu zokuphila kwamanye amaplanethi. Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke banethemba elikhulu ngakho. Leli yithuba lokubuka ngokushesha nakude kunangaphambili emlandweni wokuhlola kwamanye amazwe. Umkhakha wayo wokubuka uzophinda kabili lowo we Isibonakude se-Arecibo ePuerto Rico, ebilokhu ihamba phambili eminyakeni engu-53 edlule.

I-FAST canopy inobubanzi obungamamitha angama-500. Iqukethe amaphaneli angunxantathu we-aluminium angama-4450. Ithatha indawo eqhathaniswa nezinkundla zebhola ezingamashumi amathathu. Ngomsebenzi, ngidinga ... ukuthula okuphelele ngaphakathi kwe-radius ye-5 km, ngakho-ke cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-10. abantu abahlala khona baxoshwa. Isibonakude somsakazo itholakala echibini lemvelo phakathi kwezindawo ezinhle ze-karst formations eluhlaza eningizimu yeSifundazwe saseGuizhou.

Muva nje, kuye kwenzeka futhi ukuthwebula ngokuqondile i-exoplanet ebangeni leminyaka eyi-1200 yokukhanya. Lokhu kwenziwe ngokubambisana izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela eSouth European Observatory (ESO) kanye neChile. Ukuthola iplanethi emakiwe I-CVSO 30c (7) akukakaqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni.

7. Inkanyezi i-CVSO 30c - isithombe esivela ku-VLT

Ingabe kukhona ngempela ukuphila kwamanye amazwe?

Ngaphambili, kwakucishe kungamukeleki kwisayensi ukuqagela ngempilo ekhaliphile nempucuko engaziwa. Imibono egqamile yavivinywa yilabo okuthiwa. Kwakuyileso sazi sesayensi yemvelo esivelele, owathola umklomelo kaNobel, owaba ngowokuqala ukuqaphela lokho Kukhona ukungqubuzana okucacile phakathi kwezilinganiso eziphezulu zamathuba okuba khona kwempucuko yangaphandle komhlaba kanye nokungabikho kwanoma yimiphi iminonjana ephawulekayo yokuba khona kwazo. "Bakuphi?" usosayensi kwadingeka abuze, elandelwa abanye abaningi abangabaza, ekhomba ubudala bomkhathi kanye nenani lezinkanyezi.. Manje wayesengakwazi ukwengeza ekudidekeni kwakhe wonke "amaplanethi anjengomhlaba" atholwe yisibonakude i-Kepler. Eqinisweni, uquqaba lwabo lwandisa kuphela isimo esiyindida semicabango kaFermi, kodwa umoya okhona womdlandla uphushela lokhu kungabaza ethunzini.

Okutholwe yi-exoplanet kuyisengezo esibalulekile kolunye uhlaka lwethiyori oluzama ukuhlela imizamo yethu ekufuneni impucuko yangaphandle komhlaba - Izibalo zikaDrake. Umdali wohlelo lwe-SETI, UFrank DrakeNgakufunda lokho inani lezimpucuko isintu esingakwazi ukuxhumana nazo, okungukuthi, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kwempucuko yezobuchwepheshe, ingatholakala ngokuphindaphinda ubude besikhathi sokuba khona kwalezi zimpucuko ngenombolo yazo. Lokhu kwakamuva kungaziwa noma kulinganiswe ngokusekelwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iphesenti lezinkanyezi ezinamaplanethi, inani elimaphakathi lamaplanethi, kanye nephesenti lamaplanethi asendaweni okuhlalwa kuyo.. Lena idatha esisanda kuyithola, futhi singagcwalisa ingxenye yezibalo (8) ngezinombolo.

Indida yeFermi ibeka umbuzo onzima esingawuphendula kuphela lapho ekugcineni sithintana nempucuko ethile ethuthukile. Ku-Drake, konke kulungile, udinga nje ukwenza uchungechunge lwemibono ngesisekelo sokwenza ukucabanga okusha. Okwamanje Amir Axel, uphrof. Izibalo zeBentley College encwadini yazo ethi "Probability = 1" zibale ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuphila ngaphandle komhlaba cishe 100%.

Wakwenza kanjani? Uphakamise ukuthi iphesenti lezinkanyezi ezineplanethi lingama-50% (ngemuva kwemiphumela ye-telescope ye-Kepler, kubonakala sengathi ngaphezulu). Wabe esecabanga ukuthi okungenani eyodwa kwamaplanethi ayisishiyagalolunye inezimo ezifanele zokuvela kokuphila, futhi amathuba okuba i-molecule ye-DNA ingu-1 ngo-1015. Wasikisela ukuthi inani lezinkanyezi endaweni yonke ngu-3 × 1022 (umphumela we ukuphindaphinda inani lemithala ngesilinganiso senani lezinkanyezi emthaleni owodwa). uphrof. U-Akzel uholela esiphethweni sokuthi endaweni ethile ukuphila kumelwe ukuba kwavela. Nokho, kungase kuqhelelene nathi kangangokuthi asazani.

Kodwa-ke, le mibono yezinombolo mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila nempucuko yezobuchwepheshe ethuthukisiwe ayicabangi ezinye izinto. Isibonelo, impucuko ye-alien ecatshangelwayo. ngeke akuthande xhumana nathi. Bangaba futhi impucuko. akunakwenzeka ukuxhumana nathi, ngezizathu zobuchwepheshe noma ezinye esingakwazi nokuzicabanga. Mhlawumbe kunjalo asiqondi futhi asiboni ngisho nokubona amasignali kanye nezindlela zokuxhumana esizithola "kubafokazi".

Amaplanethi "angekho".

Ziningi izicupho ekuzingeleni okungalawuleki kwamaplanethi, njengoba kufakazelwa yizimane nje I-Glie 581 д. Imithombo ye-inthanethi ibhala ngale nto: "Iplanethi ayikho ngempela, idatha ekulesi sigaba ichaza kuphela izici zethiyori zale planethi uma ingaba khona empeleni."

Indaba iyathakazelisa njengesixwayiso kulabo abalahlekelwa ukuqapha kwesayensi entshisekweni yeplanethi. Kusukela "yatholwa" ngo-2007, iplanethi ekhohlisayo ibilokhu iyisisekelo sanoma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa "kwamaplanethi aseduze kakhulu eMhlabeni" eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kwanele ukufaka igama elingukhiye elithi "Gliese 581 d" enjinini yokusesha ye-inthanethi eyingcaca ukuze uthole ukubukeka okuhle kakhulu komhlaba ohluke eMhlabeni kuphela ngesimo samazwekazi...

Umdlalo womcabango waphazanyiswa ngonya ukuhlaziya okusha kwesimiso sezinkanyezi i-Gliese 581. Zabonisa ukuthi ubufakazi bokuba khona kweplanethi ephambi kwe-stellar disk bathathwa njengamachashaza avela ebusweni bezinkanyezi, njengathi. yazi elangeni lethu. Amaqiniso amasha akhanyise isibani esiyisixwayiso sezazi zezinkanyezi emhlabeni wesayensi.

I-Gliese 581 d akuyona ukuphela kwe-exoplanet eqanjiwe engenzeka. Iplanethi enkulu yegesi eqanjiwe I-Fomalhaut b (9), obekufanele ube sefwini elaziwa ngokuthi "Iso LaseSauron", cishe inqwaba yegesi, futhi ayikude nathi. Alpha Centauri BB kungaba iphutha kuphela kudatha yokubuka.

9. I-exoplanet eqanjiwe i-Fomalhaut b

Naphezu kwamaphutha, ukungaqondi kahle kanye nokungabaza, ukutholwa okukhulu kwamaplanethi e-extrasolar sekuyiqiniso. Leli qiniso libukela phansi kakhulu i-thesis eyake yathandwa mayelana nokuhluka kwesimiso sonozungezilanga namaplanethi njengoba siwazi, kuhlanganise noMhlaba. - zonke izinkomba zibonisa ukuthi sizungeza endaweni efanayo yokuphila njengezigidi zezinye izinkanyezi (10). Kubonakala futhi ukuthi izimangalo mayelana nokuba yingqayizivele kwempilo nezidalwa ezinjengabantu zingase zingabi nasisekelo ngokufanayo. Kodwa—njengama-exoplanets, esasikholelwa kuwo nje ukuthi “kumelwe abe khona”—ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi ukuphila “kukhona” busadingeka.

10. Indawo yokuphila ezinhlelweni zamaplanethi kuye ngezinga lokushisa lenkanyezi