Injini ye-Wankel - idivayisi kanye nesimiso sokusebenza kwemoto ye-RPD

Kuwo wonke umlando wemboni yezimoto, kube nezixazululo eziningi ezithuthukile, ukwakheka kwezakhi kanye nemihlangano sekuguqukile. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 eyedlule, imizamo esebenzayo yaqala ukuthuthela eceleni injini ye-piston, yanikeza ithuba i-Wankel rotary piston engine. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezimo eziningi, izinjini ezijikelezayo azilitholanga ilungelo lazo lokuphila. Funda ngakho konke lokhu ngezansi.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

I-Rotor inesimo esingunxantathu, ohlangothini ngalunye inesimo se-convex esisebenza njenge-piston. Uhlangothi ngalunye lwerotor lunamakhefu akhethekile anikeza isikhala esithe xaxa senhlanganisela yomoya kaphethiloli, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise isivinini sokusebenza kwenjini. Phezulu kwamaphethelo kufakwe uphawu lokuxwayisa oluncane olusiza ukwenziwa kwesigqi ngasinye. Irotor ifakwe ezinhlangothini zombili ngamasongo wokufaka uphawu akha udonga lwamagumbi. Maphakathi Rotor ifakwe amazinyo, ngosizo lapho mshini uzungeza.

Isimiso sokusebenza kwenjini yeWankel sihluke ngokuphelele kunesasendulo, kodwa-ke, zihlangene ngenqubo eyodwa, equkethe imivimbo emi-4 (i-intake-compression-working stroke-exhaust). Uphethiloli ungena egumbini lokuqala elenziwe, ucindezelwe kwesesibili, bese i-rotor ijikeleza bese inhlanganisela icindezelwe ishiswa yi-spark plug, ngemuva kokuthi ingxube yokusebenza ijikeleze i-Rotor futhi iphume iye ezininginingi ze-exhaust. Umgomo oyinhloko wokuhlukanisa ukuthi kumoto ojikelezayo we-piston, ikamelo elisebenzayo alimi ndawonye, ​​kodwa lakhiwa ukunyakaza kwe-Rotor.

Idivayisi

Ngaphambi kokuqonda idivayisi, kufanele wazi izingxenye eziyinhloko zemoto ye-rotary piston. Injini yeWankel iqukethe:

• izindlu ze-stator;
• Rotor;
• iqoqo lamagiya;
• shaft ome njengeqanda;
• ama-spark plugs (okushisa nokushisa ngemuva).

Imoto ejikelezayo iyunithi yomlilo yangaphakathi. Kule moto, yonke imivimbo engu-4 yomsebenzi yenzeka ngokugcwele, kodwa-ke, esigabeni ngasinye kunekamelo lalo, elenziwa yi-Rotor ngokujikeleza okujikelezayo. 

Lapho ukuthungela kuvuliwe, i-starter ivula i-flywheel bese injini iyaqala. Ukujikeleza, i-Rotor, ngokusebenzisa umqhele wegiye, idlulisa i-torque kushaft eccentric (yenjini ye-piston, lena yi-camshaft). 

Umphumela womsebenzi wenjini ye-Wankel kufanele kube ukwakheka kwengcindezi yokusebenza okuhlanganayo, kuphoqa ukunyakaza kokujikeleza kwe-Rotor ukuphinda kaninginingi, kudlulisa i-torque ekudlulisweni. 

Kulesi motor, amasilinda, ama-piston, i-crankshaft enezinduku zokuxhuma esikhundleni se-rotator yonke indlu ye-stator. Ngenxa yalokhu, ivolumu yenjini inciphise kakhulu, kanti amandla aphakeme kaningi kunalawo we-motor yakudala enomshini wokuphamba, nevolumu efanayo. Lo mklamo uno-gearbox ophakeme futhi ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okuphansi kokungqubuzana.

Ngendlela, isivinini sokusebenza se-injini singadlula u-7000 rpm, kuyilapho izinjini zakwa-Mazda Wankel (zemicimbi yezemidlalo) zinezinguquko ezingaphezu kwe-10000 rpm. 

Design

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zale yunithi ukubumbana kwayo nesisindo esilula uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zakudala ezinosayizi olinganayo. Isakhiwo sikuvumela ukuthi unciphise kakhulu isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, futhi lokhu kuthinta kahle ukuzinza nobukhali bokulawula. Izindiza ezincane, izimoto zezemidlalo nezimoto zisebenzise futhi zisasebenzisa le nzuzo. 

История

Umlando wemvelaphi nokusabalala kwenjini yakwaWankel kuzokuvumela ukuthi uqonde kangcono ukuthi kungani bekuyinjini ehamba phambili osukwini lwayo, nokuthi kungani ishiywe namuhla.

Intuthuko yokuqala

Ngo-1951, inkampani yaseJalimane i-NSU Motorenwerke yakha izinjini ezimbili: eyokuqala - nguFeliksi Wankel, ngaphansi kwegama elithi DKM, kanti eyesibili - i-KKM kaHans Paschke (esekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Wankel). 

Isisekelo sokusebenza kweyunithi le-Wankel bekungukujikeleza okuhlukile komzimba ne-Rotor, ngenxa yalokho izinguquko zokusebenza ezifinyelele ku-17000 ngomzuzu. Okuphazamisile wukuthi injini bekufanele ihlukaniswe ukuze kufakwe ama-spark plugs. Kodwa injini ye-KKM yayinomzimba omisiwe futhi ukwakheka kwayo kwakulula kakhulu kune-prototype eyinhloko.

Amalayisense akhishiwe

Ngo-1960, u-NSU Motorenwerke wasayina isivumelwano nenkampani yokukhiqiza yaseMelika i-Curtiss-Wright Corporation. Inkontileka yayiwukuthi onjiniyela baseJalimane bagxile ekwakhiweni kwezinjini ezincane zama-piston zezimoto ezilula, kuyilapho i-American Curtis-Wright yayihlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwezinjini zezindiza. Unjiniyela waseJalimane uMax Bentele naye waqashwa njengomklami. 

Iningi labakhiqizi bezimoto zomhlaba, okubandakanya iCitroen, iPorsche, iFord, iNissan, GM, Mazda nabanye abaningi. Ngo-1959, inkampani yaseMelika yethula uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwenjini yakwaWankel, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo iBrithani Rolls Royce yakhombisa injini yayo eyizigaba ezimbili yedizili eyayijikeleza.

Okwamanje, abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto baseYurophu baqala ukuzama ukuhlomisa izimoto ngezinjini ezintsha, kepha akubona bonke abasitholile isicelo sabo: I-GM yenqabile, iCitroen yalungiselelwa ukwenza injini enama-counter-piston endiza, kanti iMercedes-Benz yafaka injini ye-rotary piston kumodeli wokuhlola we-C 111. 

Ngo-1961, eSoviet Union, i-NAMI, kanye nezinye izikhungo zocwaningo, zaqala ukuthuthukiswa kwenjini ye-Wankel. Izinketho eziningi zenzelwe, omunye wabo wathola ukusetshenziswa kwayo emotweni ye-VAZ-2105 ye-KGB. Inani eliqondile lama-motor ahlanganisiwe alaziwa, kepha alidluli amashumi ambalwa. 

By the way, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, kuphela inkampani yezimoto "Mazda" wathola ngempela ukusetshenziswa injini rotary piston. Isibonelo esimangalisayo salokhu imodeli ye-RX-8.

Ukuthuthuka kwezithuthuthu

EBrithani, umkhiqizi wezithuthuthu iNorton Motorcycles usungule injini yama-rotary epholile yomoya kaSachs yezimoto. Ungafunda kabanzi ngokuthuthuka ngokufunda ngesithuthuthu sikaHercules W-2000.

USuzuki akazange ame eceleni, wabuye wakhipha esakhe isithuthuthu. Kodwa-ke, onjiniyela basebenze ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwezimoto, basebenzisa i-ferroalloy, eyakhulisa kakhulu ukuthembeka nokuphila kwensizakalo.

Intuthuko yezimoto

Njengoba besayine inkontileka yocwaningo phakathi kweMazda neNSU, izinkampani ziqale ukuncintisana ngobuqhawe ekukhiqizeni imoto yokuqala nophiko lweWankel. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1964, i-NSU yethula imoto yayo yokuqala, i-NSU Spider, iMazda, yabe isethula uhlobo oluthile lwezinjini ezi-2 no-4-rotor. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, u-NSU Motorenwerke wakhipha imodeli ye-Ro 3, kepha wathola izibuyekezo eziningi ezingezinhle ngenxa yokwehluleka okuningi ngemuva komklamo ongaphelele. Le nkinga ayizange ixazululwe kwaze kwaba ngo-80 futhi inkampani ngemuva kweminyaka engu-1972 yamunca abakwa-Audi, futhi izinjini zakwaWankel zase sezivele zaziwa kakhulu.

Umkhiqizi waseJapan uMazda umemezele ukuthi onjiniyela babo baxazulule inkinga yokufaka uphawu phezulu (ngokuqina phakathi kwamagumbi), baqala ukusebenzisa ama-motors hhayi kuphela ezimotweni zezemidlalo, kepha nasezimotweni ezithengisa. Ngendlela, abanikazi bezimoto zakwaMazda ezinenjini ejikelezayo baqaphele ukuphendula okuphezulu kwe-throttle nokunwebeka kwenjini.

IMazda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ishiye ukwethulwa okukhulu kwenjini esezingeni eliphezulu, yayifaka kuphela kumamodeli we-RX-7 ne-RX-8. Kwi-RX-8, injini yeRenesis yaklanywa, eyenziwe ngcono ngezindlela eziningi, okungukuthi:

• izindawo zokukhipha amakhaya ezithuthukisiwe ukuze zithuthukise ukuqhuma, okwandisa kakhulu amandla;
• ungeze ezinye izingxenye ze-ceramic ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka okushisayo
• uhlelo lokuphathwa kahle kwezinjini ezisebenza ngobuchwepheshe;
• ukutholakala kwama-plugs amabili (okuyinhloko nokushiswa ngemuva);
• engeza ijakhethi yamanzi ukuqeda ukwakha i-carbon esitolo.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala injini ehlanganisiwe enomthamo wamalitha angu-1.3 namandla ka-231 hp.

Izinzuzo

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zenjini ye-rotary piston:

1. Isisindo nobukhulu bayo obuphansi, okuthinta ngqo isisekelo sokwakheka kwezimoto. Lesi sici sibalulekile lapho kuklanywa imoto yezemidlalo enesikhungo esiphansi samandla adonsela phansi.
2. Imininingwane embalwa. Lokhu akuvumeli kuphela ukunciphisa izindleko zokugcina imoto, kepha futhi ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngokuhamba noma ukujikeleza kwezingxenye ezihlobene. Lesi sici sithonye ngqo ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
3. Ngomthamo ofanayo njengenjini ye-piston yakudala, amandla enjini ye-rotary piston iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2-3.
4. Ubushelelezi nokuqina komsebenzi, ukungabikho kokudlidlizela okubonakalayo ngenxa yokuthi akukho ukunyakaza okuphindayo kwamayunithi amakhulu.
5. Injini inganikwa amandla ngophethiloli ophansi we-octane.
6. Ububanzi obubanzi besivinini sokusebenza buvumela ukusetshenziswa kokudluliswa ngamagiya amafushane, okulula kakhulu izimo zasemadolobheni.
7. “Ishalofu” le-torque linikezwa i-⅔ yomjikelezo, hhayi ikota, njengakwinjini ye-Otto.
8. Amafutha enjini cishe awangcolisiwe, isikhathi sokukhipha siphindwe kaningi ububanzi. Lapha, uwoyela awukho ngaphansi komlilo, njengama-piston motors, le nqubo ivela emasongweni.
9. Akunasosha.

Ngendlela, kufakazelwe ukuthi noma ngabe le njini isengcupheni yomthombo, idla uwoyela omningi, isebenza ngokucindezela okuphansi, amandla ayo azokwehla kancane. Yilesi sizatho esangigwazela ukufakwa kwenjini eyi-rotary piston ezindizeni.

Kanye nezinzuzo ezihlaba umxhwele, kukhona nokubi okuvimbele i-rotary piston engine ethuthukile ukuthi ifinyelele kubantu abaningi.

 amaphutha

1. Inqubo yomlilo ayisebenzi kahle ngokwanele, ngenxa yokuthi ukwanda kwephethiloli kuyenyuka namazinga obuthi ayawohloka. Inkinga ixazululwa kancane ngokuba khona kwe-plug plug yesibili, okushisa ingxube yokusebenza.
2. Ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kukawoyela. Ububi buchazwa iqiniso lokuthi izinjini zeWankel zigcotshiswe ngokweqile, futhi ezindaweni ezithile, kwesinye isikhathi, uwoyela ungaphela. Kukhona uwoyela omningi ezindaweni zomlilo okuholela ekwakhiweni kwekhabhoni. Bazama ukubhekana nale nkinga ngokufaka amapayipi "wokushisa" athuthukisa ukudluliswa kokushisa futhi alinganise izinga lokushisa likawoyela kuyo yonke injini.
3. Kunzima ukulungisa. Akubona bonke ochwepheshe abakulungele ukubhekana nokulungiswa kwenjini yeWankel. Ngokwesakhiwo, iyunithi ayinzima kangako kune-motor yakudala, kepha kunama-nuances amaningi, ukungawugcini okuzoholela ekwehlulekeni kwangaphambilini kwenjini. Kulokhu sengeza izindleko eziphezulu zokulungiswa.
4. Insiza ephansi. Kubanikazi beMazda RX-8, ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-80 lisho ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokwenza ukulungiswa okukhulu. Ngeshwa, ukuhlangana okunjalo nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kufanele kukhokhelwe ngokulungiswa okubizayo nokuyinkimbinkimbi njalo ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-000-80.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwenjini ye-rotary nenjini ye-piston? Awekho ama-pistons ku-Rotary motor, okusho ukuthi ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe akusetshenziselwa ukuzungeza shaft yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi - i-rotor iphenduka ngokushesha kuyo.

Iyini injini ye-rotary emotweni? Le yunithi yokushisa (isebenza ngenxa yokushiswa kwengxube ye-air-fuel), kuphela isebenzisa i-rotor ejikelezayo, lapho kufakwe khona i-shaft, eya ku-gearbox.

Kungani injini ye-rotary iyimbi kangaka? Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwe-rotary motor iyinsiza yokusebenza encane kakhulu ngenxa yokuguga okusheshayo kwezimpawu phakathi kwamagumbi omlilo weyunithi (i-angle yokusebenza ishintsha njalo futhi izinga lokushisa liyancipha njalo).