Injini. Umehluko phakathi kwemijikelezo ye-Otto ne-Atkinson
Isikhathi eside manje, igama elithi "Atkinson economic cycle engine" selivame kakhulu. Uyini lo mjikelezo futhi kungani unciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli?
Izinjini zikaphethiloli ezinemivimbo emine ezivame kakhulu namuhla zisebenza kulokho okubizwa ngomjikelezo we-Otto, owathuthukiswa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngumqambi waseJalimane u-Nikolaus Otto, umklami wenye yezinjini zokuqala ezisebenzayo ezibuyisela amandla angaphakathi. Ingqikithi yalo mjikelezo iqukethe imivimbo emine eyenziwa ngokuphenduka okubili kwe-crankshaft: i-stroke ethathayo, i-compression stroke, i-stroke esebenzayo kanye ne-exhaust stroke.
Ekuqaleni kwe-stroke yokuthatha, i-valve yokudonsa iyavuleka, lapho ingxube ye-air-fuel idonswa kusukela ku-manifold yokuthatha ngokuhoxisa i-piston. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokucindezela, i-valve yokudonsa iyavala futhi i-piston ebuyela ekhanda icindezela ingxube. Lapho i-piston ifinyelela endaweni yayo ephakeme, ingxube ithungelwa yinhlansi kagesi. Amagesi aphumayo ashisayo aphumayo ayanda futhi asunduze i-piston, idlulisele amandla ayo kuyo, futhi lapho i-piston ikude ngangokunokwenzeka ekhanda, i-valve yokukhipha iyavuleka. I-exhaust stroke iqala ngokuthi i-piston ebuyayo iphushe amagesi e-exhaust iwakhiphe kusilinda futhi iwafake exhaust manifold.
Ngeshwa, akuwona wonke amandla kumagesi okukhipha amandla asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokushaywa kwamandla ukusunduza i-piston (futhi, ngenduku yokuxhuma, ukuzungezisa i-crankshaft). Basengaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu lapho i-valve yokukhipha umoya ivuleka ekuqaleni kwe-stroke yokukhipha umoya. Singafunda ngalokhu uma sizwa umsindo wemoto ephukile - ubangelwa ukuphuma kwamandla emoyeni. Yingakho izinjini zendabuko zikaphethiloli zisebenza kahle ngamaphesenti angama-35 kuphela. Uma kungenzeka ukwandisa ukushaywa kwepiston ku-stroke yokusebenza futhi usebenzise la mandla ...
Lo mbono wafika kumsunguli wesiNgisi uJames Atkinson. Ngo-1882, waklama injini lapho, ngenxa yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yama-pushers axhuma ama-piston ku-crankshaft, ukushaywa kwamandla kwakukude kune-compression stroke. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kwe-stroke yokukhipha, ukucindezela kwamagesi okukhipha igesi kwakucishe kulingane nokucindezela komkhathi, futhi amandla abo asetshenziswa ngokugcwele.
Abahleli batusa:
Amapuleti. Abashayeli abalinde uguquko?
Izindlela zokuzenzela zokushayela ebusika
Ingane ethembekile ngemali encane
Pho kungani umqondo ka-Atkinson ungazange usetshenziswe kabanzi, futhi kungani izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi bezilokhu zisebenzisa umjikelezo we-Otto ongasebenzi kahle isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu? Kunezizathu ezimbili: enye inkimbinkimbi yenjini ye-Atkinson, kanti enye - futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - amandla amancane ewatholayo kuyunithi yokufuduka.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kukhokhwa ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli kanye nomthelela wezimoto emvelweni, kukhunjulwa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwenjini ye-Atkinson, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini esiphakathi. Umqondo wakhe waba yisixazululo esihle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimotweni eziyingxubevange, lapho injini kagesi inxephezela ukuntuleka kwamandla, okudingekayo ikakhulukazi lapho iqala futhi isheshisa.
Yingakho injini yomjikelezo ye-Atkinson eguquliwe yasetshenziswa emotweni yokuqala eyi-hybrid ekhiqizwa ngobuningi, iToyota Prius, kwase kuba kuwo wonke amanye ama-Toyota kanye neLexus hybrids.
Uyini umjikelezo we-Atkinson oshintshiwe? Lesi sixazululo esihlakaniphile senza injini ye-Toyota igcine umklamo wakudala, olula wezinjini ezijwayelekile ezine-stroke, futhi i-piston ihamba ibanga elifanayo ku-stroke ngayinye, ukushaya okusebenzayo kuba yinde kune-compression stroke.
Eqinisweni, kufanele kushiwo ngokuhlukile: umjikelezo wokucindezela osebenzayo mfushane kunomjikelezo wokusebenza. Lokhu kufezwa ngokubambezela ukuvala i-valve yokungena, evala ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kokucindezela kokucindezela. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yengxube ye-air-fuel ibuyiselwa ekuthatheni okuningi. Lokhu kunemiphumela emibili: inani lamagesi okukhipha igesi akhiqizwa lapho lishiswa lincane futhi likwazi ukukhula ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-exhaust stroke, ukudlulisa wonke amandla ku-piston, futhi amandla amancane adingekayo ukuze ucindezele ingxube encane, okuyinto kunciphisa ukulahleka kwenjini yangaphakathi. Isebenzisa lokhu kanye nezinye izixazululo, injini yesizukulwane sesine iToyota Prius powertrain ikwazile ukuzuza ukusebenza kahle kwezinga lokushisa okungamaphesenti angama-41, ngaphambilini ibitholakala kuphela ezinjinini zikadizili.
Ubuhle besixazululo ukuthi ukubambezeleka kokuvala ama-valve okungena akudingi izinguquko ezinkulu zesakhiwo - kwanele ukusebenzisa indlela elawulwa nge-elekthronikhi yokushintsha isikhathi se-valve.
Futhi uma kunjalo, kungani kungenjalo? Yebo, kunjalo; ngokwemvelo! Izinjini zomjikelezo wemisebenzi eguquguqukayo ziye zakhiqizwa isikhathi eside. Uma isidingo sikagesi siphansi, njengalapho ushayela emigwaqweni ekhululekile, injini isebenza ngomjikelezo we-Atkinson ukuze isebenzise uphethiloli omncane. Futhi lapho ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kuyadingeka - kusukela ekukhanyeni noma ekudluleleni - ishintshela kumjikelezo we-Otto, isebenzisa wonke amandla atholakalayo. Le njini engu-1,2 litre turbocharged direct injection isetshenziswa kwiToyota Auris kanye neToyota C-HR entsha yedolobha iSUV, isibonelo. Injini efanayo enamalitha amabili isetshenziswa kwiLexus IS 200t, GS 200t, NX 200t, RX 200t neRC 200t.
