Umkhawulo wotshwala ovumelekile ku-ppm: ulwazi lwakamuva

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, bekwaziwa ukuthi ukuphuza utshwala kuthinta kakhulu izinga lokusabela kanye nesimo sengqondo somuntu. Ngalesi sizathu, iMithetho Yomgwaqo iyakwenqabela ukushayela uphuze utshwala, ibeka unswinyo olunzima ngalokhu kuphulwa. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda izindinganiso ezimisiwe nemithetho yokuhlolwa, ukuze ngephutha elibi ungalahlekelwa amalungelo akho.

Yini i-ppm

Lapho unquma amanani amancane noma izingxenye zezinye izinto nezinto, akulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa izinombolo. Ukwenza izibalo zibe lula, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izingxenye zokuqala zenombolo, isibonelo, 1/8, bese kuba uphawu olukhethekile%, olubonisa u-1/100. Ekugcineni, ezimweni ezidinga ukunemba okukhulu nakakhulu nokuboniswa kwemininingwane emincane kakhulu, i-ppm yasungulwa. Kuwuphawu lwephesenti, olufakwe omunye uziro ngezansi (‰).

I-Permille isho inkulungwane noma ingxenye yeshumi yamaphesenti

Igama elithi "per mille" lisho u-1/1000 wenombolo futhi lisuka kwelesiLatini elithi per mille, okusho ukuthi "inkulungwane ngayinye". Leli gama laziwa kakhulu ngokulinganisa inani lotshwala egazini lomuntu. Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokomthetho wamanje, okuqukethwe utshwala emoyeni exhaled kukalwa kwamanye amayunithi: milligrams ilitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ppm isetshenziselwa ukubonisa usawoti wezilwandle nolwandle, umthambeka wezitimela, nezinye izenzakalo eziningi ezimele amanani amancane.

Uphawu lukaloliwe lwaseCzech lubonisa ukuthi ingxenye yethrekhi engamamitha angu-363 inomthambeka ongu-2,5 ppm.

Okokugcina, ukuze ekugcineni ngicacise okuqukethwe kwezibalo okulula kwethemu okuxoxwa ngalo, ngizonikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• 15‰=0,015%=0,00015;
• 451‰=45,1%=0,451.

Ngakho-ke, i-ppm isiza ukunikeza izibalo ngamafrakshini amancane ifomu elilungele ukubonwa komuntu.

Inani elivunyelwe lotshwala egazini labashayeli baseRussia lango-2018

Eminyakeni yamuva, esimweni sethu, indlela yesishayamthetho kumthamo ovumelekile wotshwala egazini lomshayeli wemoto isivele ishintshile. Kuze kube ngu-2010, umthetho wawuvumela okuqukethwe kotshwala obuhlanzekile egazini kuze kufike ku-0,35 ppm nasemoyeni okhishwe umoya - kufika ku-0.16 milligrams / ilitha. Khona-ke lesi sikhathi sathathelwa indawo ukuqiniswa okwedlulele kwenqubomgomo yombuso iminyaka emithathu. Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2013, noma yikuphi okuqukethwe kwe-ethyl emzimbeni okwedlula u-0.

Kuze kube manje, ngokwenothi eliya ku-Article 12.8 ye-Code of Administrative Offences, inani lotshwala engxubeni yamagesi akhishwa ngumuntu akufanele lidlule ama-milligram angu-0,16 afanayo ilitha. Noma yiziphi izinkomba ze-breathalyzer ezingezansi kwalezi ezinikeziwe azibonwa njengokuqinisekisa isimo sokudakwa ophuzweni oludakayo. Ngo-Ephreli 3, 2018, uMongameli waseRussia wasayina umthetho wokuchitshiyelwa kweSigaba 12.8 - inkambiso yokuqukethwe kotshwala obumsulwa egazini manje isivunyelwe ezingeni lika-0,3 ppm. Lo mthetho uqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 3.

Lapho ukala okuqukethwe kotshwala emoyeni okhishwa umoya, umkhawulo osemthethweni ngu-0,16 mg/l

Umqondo wokwethula okuthiwa yi-zero ppm, ngokubona kwami, awuzange uphumelele ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okokuqala, iphutha ledivayisi elikala ukugcwala kotshwala be-ethyl emoyeni alizange licatshangelwe. Ngisho nemithamo emincane yayibhekwa njengokwephulwa okufanayo nokuba sesimweni sokudakwa ngokweqile. Okwesibili, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthweswa icala lokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo engeyona utshwala, isibonelo, ubhanana ovuthiwe, isinkwa esinsundu noma amajusi. Futhi ngokuvamile, ubunzima obunjalo abuzange bube nengqondo, njengoba inani elincane lotshwala emoyeni alikwazi ukuphazamisa ingqondo yomshayeli, ukuvusa ingozi. Ekugcineni, umgwaqo wavulwa ngenxa yobugovu nokukhwabanisa ohlangothini lwabahloli bamaphoyisa omgwaqo.

Bungakanani utshwala ongabuphuza ngaphakathi komkhawulo osemthethweni

Ukuchithwa kwesenzo esithi "zero ppm" kwahlangatshezwana nesasasa labashayeli abaningi. Iningi labo libone lesi sinqumo sesishayamthetho njengemvume yokushayela izimoto ezidakwe utshwala kancane. Eqinisweni, lokhu akulona iqiniso nhlobo. Lesi sinqumo seziphathimandla senziwa ukuze singakhuthazi ukushayela udakiwe, kodwa ukugwema amaphutha ngenxa yamaphutha ezobuchwepheshe ezinsimbini zokulinganisa kanye nenkohlakalo yezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi ungaphuza kangakanani utshwala ngaphambi kokushayela. Iqiniso liwukuthi isilinganiso sotshwala emoyeni okhishwa umoya, esikalwa ngama-breathalyzers amaphoyisa omgwaqo, sincike ezintweni eziningi. Ngaphezu kwezinto ezisobala ezifana nenani lotshwala obuphuzwayo namandla eziphuzo eziphuzwayo, lezi zinto ezilandelayo zibalulekile:

1. Isisindo. Ngomthamo ofanayo wotshwala obudakiwe kumuntu onesisindo esikhulu, ukuhlushwa kotshwala egazini kuzoba ngaphansi.
2. Phansi. Kwabesifazane, utshwala bungena ngokushesha egazini futhi bunamandla, futhi bukhishwa kancane kancane.
3. Iminyaka kanye nesimo sempilo. Kumuntu osemusha onempilo, utshwala bukhishwa ngokushesha emzimbeni futhi bunomphumela ongabonakali.
4. Izici zomuntu ngamunye zomzimba.

Ngisho nengilazi kabhiya endaweni yokucima ukoma ingaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele, engabe isalungiswa.

Isiphetho esisodwa kuphela esingafinyelelwa kulokhu: ayikho impendulo yendawo yonke yokuthi bungakanani utshwala umuntu angabuphuza ukuze ahlale ngaphakathi komthetho. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izinkomba isilinganiso ezisungulwe empirically. Isibonelo, isigamu sehora ngemuva kokuphuza ibhodlela elincane lotshwala obuncane (0,33 ml), emadodeni amaningi okwakhiwa okujwayelekile, i-breathalyzer ayiboni umhwamuko wotshwala emoyeni okhishwa umoya. Ngasikhathi sinye, iwayini neziphuzo ezisuselwe kulo zibonakala zikhohlisa kakhulu ekusebenzeni futhi "azinyamalali" isikhathi eside ngisho nalapho uphuza ingilazi eyodwa. Ngemuva kokuphuza iziphuzo ezidakayo ezinamandla, akunconywa ukushayela. Ngisho nokudubula kwe-vodka noma i-cognac kuzoholela ezinkomba ezingamukeleki ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.

Nokho, lokhu okungenhla akufanele kuthathwe njengobizo lokuphuza utshwala ngenkathi ushayela. Lokhu, njengeminye imithetho eminingi, kusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezigidi zabantu futhi kuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabo bonke abashayeli bezimoto, abagibeli babo nabahamba ngezinyawo. Ngisho nesimo sokudakwa, esingabonakali kumshayeli ngokwakhe, sithinta kakhulu ikhono lakhe lokwenza izinqumo ngesikhathi sokucindezela, ukusabela nokucabanga.

Ividiyo: mayelana nenani le-ppm ngemuva kokuphuza utshwala obuthile

Sikala i-ppm! I-Vodka, ubhiya, iwayini ne-kefir! isilingo esibukhoma!

Ngemva kwalokho izidakamizwa zitholwa utshwala egazini

Ngokusobala, izidakamizwa ezivinjelwe abashayeli zihlanganisa i-ethanol ngokwayo ngendlela ehlanzekile, isixazululo sotshwala sethusi, ama-tinctures ahlukahlukene ekhemisi (i-motherwort, i-hawthorn nokunye okufanayo), kanye namaconsi enhliziyo athandwayo ngokungezwa kwe-ethanol (Valocordin, Valoserdin, Corvalol). Kunezinye izidakamizwa ezine-ethyl alcohol ekubunjweni kwazo:

• Saledez;
• Sasept;
• I-Pichtanol;
• I-Sintomycin;
• Ingalipt;
• I-Bittner;
• I-Aflubin;
• I-Aflubin;
• Gentos;
• I-Pansoral.

Ngaphezu kwalabo ababaliwe, kunolunye uhlobo lomuthi olungabangela ukweqisa kwe-breathalyzer ngaphandle kotshwala ekubunjweni kwayo. Phakathi kwabo: Novocain, Pertussin, Levomycetin, Mikrotsid, Etol.

Imiyalo yokusetshenziswa kwemithi eminingi iqukethe ukuvinjelwa okuhlukene ekushayeleni. Lesi sidingo singanqunywa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Zingabangela ukozela, ukonakala ukusebenzisana, ukunensa ukusabela komuntu, kubangele isicanucanu, ukwehla komfutho wegazi, neminye imiphumela eyingozi.

Isiphetho esivela kulokho osekushiwo silula: funda imiyalelo yezidakamizwa ozithathayo. Uma kukhombisa ukuvinjelwa ukushayela imoto noma okuqukethwe kotshwala be-ethyl ekubunjweni kwayo, gwema ukushayela ukuze ugweme izinkinga zomthetho.

Inombolo ye-ppm ku-kvass, i-kefir neminye imikhiqizo

Kuleyo minyaka emithathu, kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2013, lapho umbuso uvimbela ngisho namazinga amancane otshwala egazini kanye nomoya ophefumulayo, kwavela izinganekwane eziningi emphakathini mayelana nokuthi ukudla okuthile neziphuzo kungaba nomthelela kanjani ekuvinjweni.

Ngokuhambisana nemithetho yokuhlolwa kwesimo sokudakwa, kungadingeka ukuhlolwa kwesibili kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15-20, ukuze ngisho ne-kvass edakwe ngokuqondile ohambweni ingafaki imiphumela emibi.

Ngempela, imikhiqizo eminingi iqukethe amanani amancane e-ethyl utshwala ekubunjweni kwayo:

• izithelo ezivuthiwe (ubhanana);
• isinkwa esimnyama;
• kvass;
• i-kefir neminye imikhiqizo yobisi oluvutshiwe;
• amaswidi afakwe utshwala;
• ubhiya obungenatshwala.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ebhalwe ngenhla akukwazi ukuholela ekuhlawulisweni noma ekukhishweni. Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa okuningi nokuhlolwa okuhlelwe izakhamizi zakithi, le mikhiqizo, uma ibangele ukwanda kwe-ppm, yanyamalala ngokuphelele kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10-15. Ngakho-ke, ungesabi ukudla iziphuzo ezibandayo, ubisi omuncu nokunye ukudla, ngoba ngeke kuholele ekwephuleni umthetho.

Ividiyo: ppm hlola ngemuva kwe-kvass, i-kefir, i-corvalol

Umgwaqo omkhulu, inganekwane mayelana ne-ppm ngemuva kwe-kvass, i-kefir, i-corvalol

Likalwa kanjani inani lotshwala egazini?

Ukukala izinga lotshwala be-ethyl egazini noma emoyeni okhishwe umoya, umthetho wezwe lethu uhlinzeka ngenqubo ekhethekile, eklanyelwe ukulinganisa phakathi kokuvikela abanye kubashayeli abadakiwe nokuhlonipha amalungelo abashayeli bezimoto abalethwa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha.

РћР ± СЙЙ РїРѕЅЅСЏС, РёСР

Okokuqala, kufanele uqonde imigomo eyisisekelo lapho ukala izinga lotshwala egazini lomshayeli.

Ukuhlolwa kokudakwa kotshwala ukukalwa kwezinga lotshwala ngumhloli wamaphoyisa omgwaqo endaweni (kungaba emotweni noma endaweni eseduze) esebenzisa i-breathalyzer.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kokudakwa kotshwala isilinganiso sezinga lotshwala okwenziwa odokotela abangochwepheshe esikhungweni sezokwelapha ngokuhlola igazi lomuntu. Kalula nje, ukuhlolwa ngudokotela.

Akunakwenzeka ukwenqaba ukuhlolwa kodokotela uma iphoyisa lomgwaqo linesizathu sokusola ukuthi udakiwe

Umehluko phakathi kwemibandela emibili enikeziwe mkhulu: uma eyokuqala yalezi zinqubo ingenqatshwa ngokusemthethweni, khona-ke isibopho sokuphatha sinikezwa ngokwenqaba ukuhlolwa kodokotela ngaphansi kwe-Art. 12.26 Ikhodi Yokuphatha ye-Russian Federation.

Inqubo yesitifiketi

Imibhalo eyinhloko ongafunda kuyo mayelana nenqubo yokuhlolwa yiSimemezelo sikaHulumeni waseRussia No. 475 kanye nenani lezinhlinzeko ezivela kuKhodi Yamacala Okuphatha weRussian Federation.

Ukuhlolwa kokudakwa kotshwala

Isigaba somthetho 3 seSimemezelo Sikahulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia No. 475 samhla zingama-26.06.2008/XNUMX/XNUMX sichaza ngokugcwele izizathu lapho iphoyisa lomgwaqo lingadinga khona ukuhlolwa:

• iphunga lotshwala emlonyeni;
• ukungazinzi kokuma;
• ukuphazamiseka kwenkulumo;
• ushintsho olubukhali embala wesikhumba sobuso;
• ukuziphatha okungasifanele isimo.

Uma zingekho izimpawu ezichazwe ngenhla ezingabonwa, khona-ke noma iyiphi inhlolovo ayikho emthethweni.

Ukuqinisekisa kwenzeka ngale ndlela elandelayo:

1. Uma okungenani eyodwa yezimo ezisolisayo ibonwe yiphoyisa lomgwaqo, unelungelo lokumsusa ekushayeleni ngokuhambisana ne-27.12 ye-Code of Administrative Offences ye-Russian Federation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenqubo yokumiswa efanele, iphrothokholi kufanele yenziwe, ikhophi enikezwa umshayeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho ubophezela ukurekhoda ukususwa emotweni ngevidiyo noma ukusebenzisa lesi silinganiso phambi kofakazi ababili (ingxenye 2 ye-athikili efanayo yeKhodi).
2. Okulandelayo, umhloli kufanele anikeze ukuhlolwa endaweni, onelungelo lokukwenqaba.
3. Uma uvumelene nokuhlolwa yiphoyisa lomgwaqo, qiniseka ukuthi uyaqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi iqinisekisiwe futhi inamaphepha afanelekile. Futhi qaphela inombolo ye-serial ku-breathalyzer, okumele ihambisane nenombolo kumadokhumenti, nobuqotho bophawu kudivayisi.
4. Uma i-breathalyzer ibonise amanani amukelekayo, khona-ke ukumiswa ekushayeleni kungabhekwa njengokususiwe, futhi ukhululekile.
5. Uma i-breathalyzer ikhombisa okuqukethwe kotshwala emoyeni okhishwe ngaphezulu kuka-0,16 mg / l, khona-ke umhloli uzokhipha isitifiketi sokuhlola isimo sokudakwa kotshwala. Uma ungavumelani naye, ungaya kohlolwa udokotela.
6. Uma uvumelana nezinkomba ze-breathalyzer, umthetho olandelwayo udwetshwa ngecala lokuphatha kanye nokuboshwa kwemoto, amakhophi ayo aphinde anikezwe umshayeli ngaphandle kokwehluleka.

Imininingwane eyinhloko yesitifiketi: usuku, isikhathi, indawo yocwaningo, idivayisi esetshenziswe ezilinganisweni, kanye nemiphumela yabo, egunyazwe amasignesha abo bonke abahlanganyeli kule nqubo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngenxa yokudakwa kotshwala

Ukuhlolwa kodokotela kuyisinyathelo sokugcina ekutholeni inani lotshwala emzimbeni. Okunye ukukhalaza kwenqubo kungenzeka kuphela enkantolo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwenziwa ezimweni ezi-3 (isigatshana se-10 seSinqumo No. 475):

• ukwenqaba ukuhlolwa endaweni;
• ukungavumelani nemiphumela yokuhlolwa komshayeli;
• ukungavumelani nemiphumela yocwaningo ngasohlangothini lomhloli.

Emsebenzini wami, kwadingeka ngihlangane nabasebenzi abangathembekile beziphathimandla abanikeza ukusayina ukwenqaba ukuhlolwa kodokotela, futhi bangahlolisiswa i-breathalyzer ngaso leso sikhathi. Uma ngokunganaki usayina idokhumenti enjalo, uzothweswa icala ngaphansi kwe-Art. 12.26 Ikhodi Yokuphatha ye-Russian Federation.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

1. Umhloli wamaphoyisa omgwaqo udweba umthetho olandelwayo mayelana nokuthunyelwa kokuhlolwa kodokotela ngokwefomu eliphuma ku-Oda yoMnyango Wezangaphakathi No. 676 ka-04.08.2008/XNUMX/XNUMX.
2. Inqubo kumele yenziwe esikhungweni sezempilo esinelayisensi ngudokotela oqeqeshwe kahle. Uma engekho i-narcologist, le nqubo ingenziwa odokotela abajwayelekile noma ngisho nabezimo eziphuthumayo (kuncike ekuhlolweni ezindaweni zasemaphandleni).
3. Umshayeli ucelwa ukuba anikeze umchamo. Uma inani elidingekayo lomchamo lingadluliswanga umshayeli, igazi lithathwa emthanjeni. Kulesi simo, indawo yomjovo kufanele ilashwe ngaphandle kotshwala, okungahle kuhlanekezele imiphumela yocwaningo.
4. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha, isenzo senziwa ngokuphindwe kathathu. Ifomu lisungulwe yi-Order of the Ministry of Health No. 933n.
5. Uma ngisho nokungabikho kotshwala egazini elisungulwe odokotela, isimo somshayeli siphakamisa ukungabaza, khona-ke umshayeli uthunyelwa isifundo se-chemical-toxicological.
6. Uma umshayeli eqinisekiswa ukuthi udakwe utshwala noma izidakamizwa, kuzobe sekudwetshwa umthetho olandelwayo mayelana necala lokuphatha kanye nokuboshwa kwemoto. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umshayeli ukhululekile ukuqhubeka nokushayela imoto yakhe.

Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kumele uqukathe: ulwazi ngomuntu ohlolwayo, izizathu zokuhlolwa, isikhathi nendawo, imiphumela kanye nokusayina kukadokotela.

Ama-breathalyzers asetshenziswa amaphoyisa omgwaqo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa

Akuwona noma iyiphi idivayisi ekwazi ukubamba iphunga lotshwala emoyeni ekhishwa umoya engasetshenziswa abahloli bamaphoyisa omgwaqo emisebenzini yabo yobungcweti. Uhlu lwalezo zindlela zobuchwepheshe ezigunyazwe ukusetshenziswa yi-Roszdravnadzor, kanye nokuqinisekiswa yi-Rosstandant, luqukethwe kurejista ekhethekile.

Enye imfuneko umsebenzi wokurekhoda imiphumela yocwaningo ephepheni. Njengomthetho, lokhu okufakiwe kubukeka njengerisidi yemali evela ngokuqondile kudivayisi ngokwayo.

Zonke izimfuneko eziqinile zamathuluzi okubalwe ngenhla zidizayinelwe ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kocwaningo, ngenxa yalokho, ukuba semthethweni kwenqubo.

Uhlu lwama-breathalyzer asetshenziswa amaphoyisa omgwaqo lukhulu kakhulu. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo:

• I-Alcotest 6510;
• I-Pro-100;
• "Jupiter";
• "Alcotest-203";
• Ibhubesi-alcometer 500;
• Ibhubesi-alcometer SD-400.

Ngokuvamile, lapho besebenza, abahloli bamaphoyisa omgwaqo bashaya indiva iphutha lamathuluzi okulinganisa bese bezama ukuletha abashayeli abaqotho emsebenzini wokuphatha. Ngisho namamodeli akamuva, enziwe ngezinto eziphambili kakhulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, angase abonise imiphumela ngokunemba okuncane. Ngakho-ke, uma izinkomba phakathi nesilinganiso sokuqala zeqa umkhawulo ovunyelwe ngevelu yephutha ledivayisi, zizwe ukhululekile ukudinga ukuhlolwa kwesibili noma ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha.

Isikhathi sokukhipha utshwala emzimbeni

Ngokuvamile, ekuseni ngemva kwephathi esetshenziswe enkampanini enhle eneziphuzo eziningi ezidakayo, umuntu ubhekene nombuzo wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuya ekhaya ngemoto yangasese noma ukusebenzisa itekisi. Izinga elimaphakathi lokuphuma kotshwala emzimbeni licishe libe ngu-0,1 ppm ngehora kwabesilisa kanye no-0,085–0,09 kwabesifazane ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kodwa lezi yizinkomba ezijwayelekile kuphela, ezibuye zithinteke ngesisindo, ubudala, kanye nempilo ejwayelekile.

Kwabesifazane, utshwala bukhishwa kancane kancane emzimbeni.

Okokuqala, kufanele ugxile emizweni yakho yangaphakathi kanye nengqondo ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi uzoshayela yini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungasebenzisa izinhlelo namathebula ahlukahlukene akuvumela ukuthi ubale cishe lapho utshwala sebuphelile.

Isibali sotshwala esikhethekile siphinde sinikeze umphumela omaphakathi, kodwa ikuvumela ukuthi ufake idatha ngobulili, inani kanye nohlobo lotshwala oludliwe, kanye nesisindo somzimba kanye nesikhathi esidlulile kusukela izinto eziqukethe utshwala zingene emzimbeni. Ukuguquguquka okunjalo, kanye nokusebenziseka kalula, kwenze izinsiza ezinjalo zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabashayeli kanye nabantu abafuna ukwazi.

Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi ithebula lenzelwe izinjongo zolwazi nereferensi kuphela futhi alikwazi ukufuna ukunemba okuphelele maqondana nanoma yimuphi umuntu. Phela abanye abantu bangenwa kalula wutshwala, kanti abanye abathinteki kakhulu emiphumeleni yabo. Uma kunokungabaza okuncane, ngincoma ukuthi uyeke ukushayela imoto yakho.

Ithebula: isikhathi sokuhlanzwa komzimba womuntu otshwaleni

Isisindo somuntu/utshwala	60 (kg)	70 (kg)	80 (kg)	90 (kg)	Ivolumu yesiphuzo (amagremu)
Ubhiya (4%)	2.54 (h)	2.39 (h)	2.11 (h)	1.56 (h)	300
Ubhiya (6%)	4.21	3.44	3.16	2.54	300
I-Gin (9%)	6.32	5.56	4.54	4.21	300
I-Champagne (11%)	7.59	6.50	5.59	5.19	300
Imbobo (19%)	13.03	11.11	9.47	8.42	300
I-Tincture (24%)	17.24	14.55	13.03	11.36	300
Utshwala (30%)	13.03	11.11	9.47	8.42	200
I-Vodka (40%)	5.48	4.58	4.21	3.52	100
I-Cognac (42%)	6.05	5.13	4.34	4.04	100

Indlela yokususa ngokushesha utshwala emzimbeni

Izindlela ezikhona zokususwa ngokushesha kotshwala emzimbeni zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ama-2 amakhulu:

• ezokwelapha;
• "abantu".

Iqembu lokuqala lezindlela lenziwa odokotela abangochwepheshe ekwelapheni iziguli besebenzisa imithi ekhethekile. Ngokucabangela isimo sesiguli nezinye izimo, udokotela unquma ukwelashwa ngendlela yama-droppers nezidakamizwa ezi-sorbent ezithatha izinto eziyingozi futhi zisheshise ukuwohloka kwe-ethanol. Akufanele "ubeke" izidakamizwa ngokwakho, ngoba ukwephulwa komthamo kungaholela ebuthi futhi kuzokwandisa isimo sokudakwa.

Iqembu lesibili lezindlela ligcwele ukutholwa kwekhaya okuhlukahlukene kanye nolwazi lomuntu siqu lwabantu. Kunconywa ukuziphatha ngale ndlela elandelayo:

1. Phuza amanzi ahlanzekile kakhulu.
2. Lala kahle (ngaphezu kwamahora angu-8).
3. Ungesabi ukuqeda okuqukethwe kwesisu uma kunesidingo.
4. Thatha ishawa ehlukile.
5. Hamba, uphefumule umoya omusha ukuze ugcwalise umzimba ngenani elidingekayo le-oxygen.

Ividiyo: "izindlela zabantu" zokususa utshwala emzimbeni

Indlela yokuvuselela ngokushesha ekhaya izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuveza

Isijeziso sokushayela uphuzile eRussia ngo-2018

Ngokuya ngezimo nobukhulu besenzo esenziwe, umshayeli angase abe nesibopho sokuphatha kanye nesobugebengu ngokushayela edakiwe.

I-Article 12.8 ye-Code of Administrative Offences ye-Russian Federation ihlinzeka ngamacala ama-3 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha wokushayela uphuzile uhlanganisa ukukhokhisa inhlawulo engama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30 kanye nokuphucwa amalungelo kusukela eminyakeni engu-1,5 kuya kwemi-2. Ukuze kudluliselwe ukulawulwa kwemoto kumgibeli ophuzile, unswinyo luyafana.

Isijeziso esinzima kakhulu sinikezwa umshayeli ophucwe ilayisensi ukushayela ephuzile. Ngenxa yalokhu kuphulwa, umuntu uzoboshwa izinsuku ezingu-10-15. Labo, ngenxa yesimo sabo sempilo noma ezinye izizathu, abakwazi ukuboshwa bahlawuliswa ama-ruble angu-30.

Okusha ngokuqhathaniswa yi-Athikili 12.26 yeKhodi Yamacala Okuphatha, eyayifanisa unswinyo lokwenqaba ukuhlolwa udokotela kanye nokudakwa lapho ushayela. Isijeziso siyofana.

Le nqubomgomo yesishayamthetho saseRussia ibukeka ilungile ngokuphelele. Iklanyelwe ukuphuca abashayeli abahlukumezayo isisusa sokucasha ezinkambisweni zezokwelapha futhi ngazo zonke izindlela bagweme ukubhala ngokudakwa kwabo.

Naphezu kobunzima bezigwebo ezivela ku-Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, izijeziso ezinzima kakhulu zinikezwa yi-Criminal Code. Ku-athikili 264.1 ye-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation, kuthathwa njengobugebengu ukushayela imoto ngenkathi udakiwe (ukwenqaba ukuhlolwa) ngumuntu ojeziswe ngokuphulwa okufanayo. Isijeziso siyahlukahluka kakhulu: inhlawulo kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 kuye kwezingama-300, umsebenzi oyimpoqo - amahora angama-480, umsebenzi ophoqelelwe - iminyaka emi-2. Isijeziso esinzima kakhulu siyiminyaka emibili ejele. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isigebengu siphinde siphucwe amalungelo aso eminye iminyaka emi-3. Ukuze abekwe icala ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko se-Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, kufanele enze ukwephulwa okuphindaphindiwe ngesikhathi sokulahlwa kwecala elifanayo (noma kungakapheli unyaka kusukela ngesikhathi sokwephulwa kwe-Articles 12.8 noma 12.26 ye-Code of the Code of Amacala Okuphatha we-Russian Federation (I-athikili 4.6 yeKhodi).

Ukushayela uphuzile ngokuphindaphindiwe kungaholela ekuboshweni iminyaka emibili

Izinga lotshwala egazini elivumelekile phesheya

Izinga eliphansi elimiswe ngokomthetho lokuqukethwe kotshwala lomshayeli lincike kakhulu emasikweni ezwe kanye nokubekezelelwa kotshwala ngokwesiko lalo.

Okujwayelekile kwe-EU okuqukethwe kotshwala obumsulwa kuze kufike ku-0,5 ppm. Lo mthetho usungulwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu.

Izimo zengqondo eziqinile ngotshwala nokushayela zigxile kakhulu eMpumalanga Yurophu naseScandinavia. Ngokwesibonelo, eCzech Republic, eSlovakia, eHungary, eRomania.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, isimo sengqondo sokwethembeka (kufika ku-0,8 ppm) mayelana nokuphuza utshwala sithuthukile e-UK, e-Liechtenstein, e-Luxembourg nase-San Marino.

Uhhafu we-ppm unikezwe eFrance, e-Italy, eSpain, eJalimane, e-Ireland nakwamanye amazwe

ENyakatho Melika, njengomthetho kubashayeli, okuqukethwe kwe-ethanol egazini akukhona ngaphezu kwe-0,8 ppm.

Izifunda zaseMpumalanga zibonakala ngesimo sengqondo esingaguquki ngokushayela udakiwe. Isibonelo, eJapan kukhona i-zero ppm.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokushayela kunoma yiliphi izwe langaphandle, umshayeli kufanele nakanjani afunde okwengeziwe ngemithetho yayo yomgwaqo, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi ingase ihluke kakhulu ezweni ohlala kuyo.

E-Russia, kubashayeli, isilinganiso esifanelekile se-mille yotshwala egazini isethwe: 0,3. Inani elinjalo alikwazi ukuphazamisa kakhulu amakhono omshayeli futhi libangele ingozi. Ukushayela udakiwe ezweni lakithi isijeziso esinzima sinikezwa kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ejele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kulolu daba, iRussia ayiphumi kumkhuba womhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwephathi enhle, kungcono ukusebenzisa itekisi futhi, hhayi ukushayela.