Izinjini ze-diesel - enye indlela ehlukile yezinjini zikaphethiloli

URudolf Alexander Diesel uhlonishwa njengomsunguli we-diesel drive, eyandulela izinjini ezifana ne-2.0 TDI, 1.9 TDI, 1.6 TDI ne-1.6 HDI. Sebenza kumadrayivu azithungelayo. Ubefuna ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe ube yimpumelelo kakhulu kunezixazululo zikaphethroli ezaziwayo okwamanje. Ekuqaleni, udizili wawungasetshenziswa ezimotweni zabagibeli, kodwa emikhunjini yasolwandle nasezinqoleni zezitimela. Umklamo wokuqala ogcwele waleli klasi, osetshenziswa ezimotweni ezinamasondo, yilowo owafakwa ku-Mercedes-Benz 260 D.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenjini ye-diesel eminyakeni edlule

Ukuqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-1936 kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni ashukumisayo injini diesel.. Eminyakeni emibili nje kamuva, inani le-Mercedes elikhiqizwayo nale yunithi yamandla lalifinyelela kumayunithi angama-2000. Iminyaka yawo-50 yayiyindumezulu yobuchwepheshe obusha njengenye indlela yezixazululo zikaphethiloli. Izinzuzo zale miklamo yezinjini zazibhekwa njengokusinda kwazo okuphezulu kanye nokusebenzisa uphethiloli okuphansi, ikakhulukazi emabangeni amade. 1978 - usuku lokukhiqizwa kwemoto yokuqala efakwe injini ene-turbine eyengeziwe, i.e. i-turbodiesel. KwakuyiFrench Peugeot 604.

IFiat Croma yango-1985 kanye ne-Alfa Romeo JTD yango-1997, zombili ezihlome ngomjovo wesitimela ojwayelekile, zithathwa njengokhokho bezimoto zikadizili zesimanje. Njengamanje, lezi zixazululo zithathelwa indawo amamodeli ayi-hybrid kanye nekagesi. Esinye sezizathu izinyathelo zemvelo ezihloselwe ukususa ngokuphelele imboni yezimoto ekukhishweni kwezinhlanganisela eziyingozi eziyingozi emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, uma ucabanga ukuthenga imoto esebenzisa udizili, qaphela ukuthi izimoto zakamuva zifakwe izixazululo eziluhlaza kakhulu, ezikhipha umoya omncane.

Ukwakhiwa kwezinjini zesimanje zikadizili

Injani idizayini yezinjini zesimanje zikadizili? Lokhu akuhlukile kakhulu kulokho okungenzeka ukuthi besikwazi embonini yezimoto emashumini eminyaka adlule. Injini ye-diesel iqukethe ama-camshafts nama-crankshafts, i-flywheel, i-reverse-downing mechanism ekhethekile, kanye nama-pusher kanye nenduku yokuxhuma. Iphinde ibe negumbi langaphambi komlilo, ama-injection, isihlungi somoya kanye nesistimu yekhanda yesilinda. Izinto zisekelwa ithimba lezilawuli ze-elekthronikhi ezintsha.

Zisebenza kanjani izinjini zikadizili?

Lapho isebenza, injini engu-2.0 HDI, njengezinye izinjini zikadizili, ishisa ingxube ye-fuel-air. Ngokungafani nezixazululo zikaphethiloli, ayidingi inhlansi yomlilo ngoba iyenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo. Umoya ocindezelwe udonswa kusilinda kusuka ngaphandle futhi ushiselwe ekushiseni okuphezulu kakhulu okuphakathi kuka-700-900.^oC. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxube iyavutha futhi uwoyela uyajova. Lesi simiso sokusebenza sihlotshaniswa nezinkinga zokuqala ezibandayo ekwindla nasebusika.

Injini ethembekile neyongayo engu-1.9 TDI.

Ngokungangabazeki, enye yezitimela ezinamandla ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi ezisezingeni eliphansi i-1.9 TDI injini yedizili. Udizili waleli klasi uvame ukucashunwa omakhenikha abanolwazi njengemodeli yokwethembeka. Impela ubungahlangana naye ngesikhathi ufuna imoto. Idizayini eyisakhiwo sodumo ihlanganisa i-Turbo Direct Injection. Ekuqaleni, ipompo yomjovo we-rotary enesethi yamabhomu ezigaba ezimbili yayisetshenziswa lapha.

Isixazululo sobuchwepheshe esakhiwe onjiniyela bakwaVolkswagen sesenze izinguquko embonini yezimoto futhi savumela ukwakhiwa kwenjini okuphumelelayo neyongayo. Inani elincane likaphethiloli likuvumela ukuthi unikeze amandla amaningi lapha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, injini eyi-1.9 TDI esiyichazayo ingudizili, kulula ukuyinakekela futhi ayikhathaleki. Enye yezimoto zokuqala eyafakwa kuzo kwakuyi-Audi 80 yodumo. Eminyakeni eyalandela yaphinde yafakwa ezimotweni zeSeat, Skoda neFord.

Yibuphi ububi benjini engu-1.9 TDI?

Uma uzibuza ukuthi injini edumile kadizili ayinasici yini, yazi-ke ukuthi nayo isengcupheni yokwehluleka. Okunye okuvame ukubikwa ngokwehluleka kwenjini engu-1.9 TDI ukulimala kohlelo lomjovo. Kubonakaliswa ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwamandla, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kanye nomusi omnyama, oshubile ophuma epayipini lokukhipha umoya. Enye inkinga i-valve ye-EGR kanye nokuvuza kwamafutha okuhambisanayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuntuleka okusebenzayo kwe-dynamics, okunqunywa izinkinga nge-turbocharger.

Abashayeli abaningi bakhala ngezindleko eziphakeme zokukhanda injini engu-1.9 TDI. Isibonelo, ukushintsha i-turbine ngesethi yama-injector kanye ne-dual-mass flywheel kubiza ngisho nezinkulungwane ezimbalwa ze-zł. Okunye kulokhu kungase kube isevisi yokuvuselelwa kabusha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesistimu. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi ngokuvamile ukuwohloka okukhulunywe ngakho ngokuvamile akubangelwa ukonakala kwefekthri, kodwa ngenxa yokusebenza okungafanele nokugcinwa kwemoto ngokunakekelwa omakhenikha abangenalwazi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kufanelekile ukuhlola isimo sobuchwepheshe sedrayivu njalo.

Izinzuzo kanye nebubi izinjini diesel

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zezinjini zikadizili ukusetshenziswa kancane kukaphethiloli ohambweni olude. Azifani uma uziqhathanisa nezinjini zikaphethroli noma ze-LPG. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe i-torque ephezulu kanye namandla amahle kakhulu, asevele afinyelelwe cishe ku-2000 rpm. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukushayela, ukudlula futhi uthole injabulo yokushayela engalawuleki. Akuvamile futhi ukukhulisa umkhiqizo ngokuguqulwa kwesofthiwe ezingeni lesistimu yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi.

Ububi obukhulu bamayunithi edizili ohlobo lwenjini engu-2.0 HDI yizindleko zokuthenga eziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezisebenza ngophethiloli. Lokhu kuphinde kuphumele ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokulungisa nokulungisa. Isiko lomsebenzi nalo alikho ezingeni. Ungawuzwa nakanjani umehluko ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwesistimu yokushayela. Ukwakhiwa kwenjini kadizili nakho kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izakhi ezisengozini kakhulu yilezi:

• i-turbocharger;
• i-particulate filter DPF;
• Ama-valve e-EGR nama-injection kaloliwe avamile.

Udizili uyahluleka?

Ukuwohloka okungathi sína nokulungiswa okumba eqolo kwezinjini zikadizili kuphakathi kwezimpikiswano ezivame kakhulu eziphikisana nezixazululo zikadizili. Isakhiwo sabo esiyinkimbinkimbi sibenza babe sengozini yamaphutha amaningi adinga ukungenelela komakhenikha onolwazi. Imvamisa imbangela yabo wukusebenza kwasemadolobheni, okuhlotshaniswa nokushayela kuyunithi yokushayela eshisa kakhulu. Khumbula ukuthi edolobheni kanye nohambo olufushane, ikakhulukazi ekwindla nasebusika, imoto enenjini kaphethiloli iyoba yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu.

Okuvame kakhulu ukwehluleka kwenjini kadizili uhlelo lokwelapha igesi ephumayo

Phakathi kwamaphutha avame ukucashunwa ezinjinini zikadizili amaphutha ezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlanza igesi ephumayo. Umsebenzi wabo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxides nezinye izinto eziyingozi emkhathini. Amasistimu we-SCR noma izihlungi ze-DPF zinciphisa ngempumelelo inani lamakhompiyutha aguquguqukayo angafuneki aphuma kumagesi aphumayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziguga ngemva kwamashumi amaningana noma amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amaningana, kuye ngokuthi imodi yokusebenza kwemoto. Ingxenye evalekile ingashintshwa, ihlanzwe noma ilungiswe isevisi yochwepheshe.

Ukuhluleka kwe-turbocharger enjinini yedizili

Esinye isici esingaphansi kokwehluleka njalo ezinjinini zikadizili i-turbocharger kanye nezinsiza zayo. Ukushayela okunamandla, okunemidlalo edolobheni ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala injini ye-diesel kuba nomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni nesimo se-turbine. Umphumela uwukukhubazeka ohlelweni lokudla, okuhlotshaniswa nokulungiswa okubizayo noma ukuvuselelwa. Izindleko zokulungisa zingahluka kusuka kumazloty ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa. Ezimotweni eziningi ezindala, lokhu akusizi ngalutho. Ngakho-ke, kufanele unakekele ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi yamandla, bese ukhetha enye imoto yomjaho womgwaqo.

Amaphutha ohlelweni lomjovo ezinjinini zikadizili

Isistimu yomjovo ingelinye ifindo ongahlangana nalo uma unemoto kadizili. Ziningi izinto ezinomthelela ekuhlulekeni komjovo. Lokhu kungase kube uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi, ukunakekelwa umakhenikha ongenalwazi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-rash chip tuning. Amathiphu angabuye ahlanganiswe nokungcola ngendlela yokufakwa kwensimbi. Kukhona futhi ukushiswa kwamakhoyili okuthungela nokuvuza ngaphansi kwezimpawu. Izindleko zokulungisa ngokuvamile zisuka kumakhulu ambalwa kuya kuma-zloty ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa.

Ama-Swirl flaps kanye ne-EGR 

Enye into okufanele ikhulunywe yi-swirl flaps kanye ne-EGR. Umsebenzi wabo ukuqinisekisa ukukhishwa okuphansi ngokwanele kwezinhlanganisela eziyingozi eziguquguqukayo futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuthobela izindinganiso zemvelo. 

I-Flywheel in 1.6 HDI kanye ne-1.9 TDI

Ingxenye yokugcina etholakala kumayunithi amaningi njenge-1.6 HDI noma i-1.9 TDI i-Dual Mass Flywheel. Lokhu kuyinkinga kubanikazi bezimoto ezindala kuneshumi leminyaka ezinenjini kadizili. Isizathu sokwehluleka kwayo ngokuvamile ukushayela njalo ngesivinini esiphansi. Izindleko zokulungisa zingadlula ama-euro ayi-1000

Ukukhetha phakathi kukadizili nenjini kaphethiloli

Ukukhetha phakathi kukadizili nophethiloli kuyingqinamba yaphakade kubanikazi bezimoto, amaveni namaloli. Uma futhi uzibuza ukuthi yimuphi umklamo ongaba ngcono kuwe, sizozama ukukunikeza izeluleko. 

1. Okokuqala, udinga ukubheka ukuthi mangaki amakhilomitha ozowahamba ngonyaka. Uma uzoshayela kakhulu emgwaqeni, injini kadizili efana ne-1.6 HDI noma i-1.9 TDI ingcono kakhulu. 
2. Kodwa-ke, uma uhlela ukuhamba ngokuyinhloko edolobheni amabanga amafushane, khona-ke imoto enenjini kaphethiloli izoba ukuthenga okungcono kakhulu.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kancane kukaphethiloli, ikakhulukazi ohambweni olude, kungenye inzuzo ekhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe izimoto zikadizili. Izinzuzo zibonakala ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela imiklamo enamandla amakhulu amaningana e-hp. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli we-diesel kuyancipha kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemoto enezici ezifanayo, kodwa enenjini kaphethiloli. 
4. Uma unendaba nemvelo, kufanele ukhethe enye yamamodeli amasha, afaka nezihlungi ze-diesel particulate. Zihambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo futhi zisiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo emkhathini.

Yini enye okufanele ngiyibheke lapho ngithenga imoto kadizili?

Uma ucabangela ukuthenga imoto enenjini ye-diesel, kufanelekile ukunaka hhayi kuphela izindleko zokusebenza kwansuku zonke, kodwa futhi nokugcinwa ngezikhathi ezithile nokulungiswa okungenzeka. Ziphakeme kakhulu kunezinjini zikaphethiloli. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukuvela ngenxa yokunakekelwa okungalungile omakhenikha abangenalwazi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubudedengu babasebenzisi ngokwabo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imoto enjalo kufanele ilungiswe kuphela ochwepheshe abathembekile abanolwazi olufanele. Ngale ndlela, uzogwema ukushintshwa okumba eqolo kwe-dual mass flywheel, isihlungi se-DPF noma amavalvu e-EGR.

Izinjini ze-TDI ezithembekile nezingakhathali kakhulu

Akungabazeki ukuthi izinjini ze-TDI ne-HDI ziqinile futhi zishibhile ukuzisebenza. Amayunithi kadizili abonakala ngokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi, ikakhulukazi uma ushayela ngendlela eyongayo emizileni ende yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, azinayo inkinga encane kunezimoto zikaphethiloli ezinokufakwa okwengeziwe kwe-LPG. Ziyizikhethelo ezifanele njengemikhumbi nezimoto zenkampani. Babuye bavame ukukhethwa yizinkampani zokwakha.

Ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezinjini zikadizili zesimanje, zingabiza kakhulu ukuzinakekela kunezinjini zikaphethiloli. Leli qiniso kufanele licatshangelwe uma kubhekwa ukuthengwa kwemoto entsha noma esetshenzisiwe. Ikakhulukazi esimweni sokugcina nasezimotweni ezinamamayela aphezulu, kungase kudingeke ukulungiswa kabusha kwebhulokhi yesilinda. Ngaphambi kokuqeda ukuthengiselana, kufanele uye esiteshini sokuxilonga esiseduze futhi uhlole isimo sobuchwepheshe semoto oyithandayo.