Ingane kanye noBaba Wenguquko Yezimboni - uHenry Bessemer
Inqubo edumile yakwa-Bessemer yokukhiqiza insimbi eshibhile nesezingeni eliphezulu iholele ekwakhiweni kwezitimela ezinqamula izwekazi, amabhuloho nemikhumbi engasindi, namabhilidi amakhulu. Ukusungulwa kwenza unjiniyela oyiNgisi ozifundise yena, okwathi, ngaphezu kwamasu okwenza insimbi, wabhalisa amanye amalungelo obunikazi ayikhulu kweminye imibono yakhe.
UHenry Bessemer wayeyindodana kanjiniyela onekhono elilinganayo, u-Anthony Bessemer, ilungu leFrench Academy of Sciences. Ngenxa yeNguquko yaseFrance, ubaba kaHenry kwadingeka ashiye eParis abuyele kwelakubo eNgilandi, lapho asungula khona inkampani yakhe eCharlton - isisekelo sohlobo lokuphrinta. KwakuseCharlton ngoJanuwari 19, 1813 lapho uHenry Bessemer azalwa khona. Ekanye noyise, uHenry wathola imfundo yetiyetha kanye nesipiliyoni. Indoda eyaguqula imboni yensimbiAkazange afunde esikoleni, wayezifundisa. Lapho eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, wayeseneziqalo zakhe zokuqala.
Wayesasebenza enkampanini kayise ngesikhathi ethola lo mqondo. ukuthuthukiswa komshini wokusakaza wefonti. Kodwa-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu ezintweni zakhe zobusha kwaba isitembu sosuku esinyakazayo. Ukuqanjwa okusha kusindise izinkampani namahhovisi amanani amakhulu emali, kepha uHenry akatholanga mholo kunoma iyiphi inkampani. Ngo-1832, uyise kaBessemer wathengisa isisekelo sakhe endalini. UHenry kwadingeka asebenze kancane ukuze athole indawo yakhe.
ibhizinisi legolide
Wathola imali yakhe yokuqala engathi sína ngokuklama ukukhiqizwa kwempushana yethusi enhle esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni okuthiwa. upende wegolide. UHenry waphula igunya lenkampani yaseJalimane evela eNuremberg, okuwukuphela komhlinzeki womkhiqizo ngokwenza ubucwebe begolide nobucwebe kube yimfashini ngaleso sikhathi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Bessemer kuvunyelwe ukunciphisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza upende, esikhundleni segolide ngempushana yethusi eshibhile futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi amane. Inqubo yokukhiqiza udayi yayingenye yezimfihlo zabasunguli ababeqashwe ngokucophelela. Wabelane ngemfihlo kuphela nezisebenzi ezimbalwa ezithenjwayo. Bonke babengamalungu omndeni wakwaBessemer. UHenry wayesaba ubuchwepheshe belungelo lobunikazi, kuhl. ngenxa yengozi yezindlela zokukhiqiza ezintsha, ezilungisiwe noma ezithuthukisiwe ezethula ngokushesha upende wegolide oyigugu.
Ibhizinisi lathuthuka ngokushesha, lanqoba izimakethe zaseYurophu naseMelika. Abamukeli ababalulekile bopende wegolide, phakathi kwabanye, bekungabakhi bamawashi baseFrance abasebenzisa upende ukukhanda izingcezu zabo. UBessemer wayesenayo imali. Wanquma ukusungula. Ukuphatha lesi sitshalo wakushiyela umndeni wakhe.
Ngo-1849 wahlangana nomlimi waseJamaica. Wamangala lapho ezwa izindaba zakhe mayelana nezindlela zakudala zokukha ijusi lomoba ekoloni laseBrithani. Inkinga yayicasula kangangokuthi uPrince Albert, umyeni weNdlovukazi uVictoria, wamemezela umncintiswano futhi wathembisa ukunikeza indondo yegolide kunoma ubani othuthukisa okwengeziwe. indlela esebenzayo yokucubungula umoba.
UHenry Bessemer ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wayeselulungiselele uhlaka. Waqala ngokusika izinhlanga zomoba zibe izingcezu ezimbalwa ezimfushane, ezingaba ngamamitha ayisi-6 ubude. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ijusi eyengeziwe ingakhanywa esiqwini esisodwa eside. Naye wathuthuka injini ye-steam hydraulic pressokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Le nto emisha ibonakale ikufanele ukuhlonishwa ngendondo yasebukhosini. UPrince Albert uklomelise yena u-Bessemer indondo yegolide phambi kwe-Arts Society.
Ngemva kwale mpumelelo, umsunguli waba nesithakazelo ekukhiqizeni ingilazi eyisicaba. Wakha eyokuqala isithando somlilo, lapho ingilazi yayikhiqizwa esithandweni somlilo esivulekile. I-semi-liquid eluhlaza yayigeleza kubhavu, lapho kwakhiwa khona iribhoni yengilazi yeshidi phakathi kwamasilinda amabili. Ngo-1948, u-Bessemer wagunyaza indlela ehleliwe ukwakhiwa kwemboni yengilazi ELondon. Nokho, le nqubo ibonakale ibiza kakhulu futhi ayizange ilethe inzuzo elindelekile. Nokho, ulwazi olwatholwa ekuklanyweni kwezithando ngokushesha lwaba usizo olukhulu.
2. Indawo yokuhlola izinkanyezi eyakhiwe endaweni yase-Bessemer
Insimbi ephakathi
Waqala ukuklama iziko lensimbi. Eminyakeni emibili, i-1852 kanye ne-1853, wathola amalungelo obunikazi ayishumi nambili, ngokwesilinganiso njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili wayenombono owodwa ofanele ukuvikelwa kwe-copyright. Ikakhulukazi lezi bekungamasu amasha.
Kuphela Ukuqala kweMpi YaseCrimea ngo-1854 baletha izinkinga ezintsha ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali. UBessemer wayazi indlela yokubhekana nazo. sungula uhlobo olusha lwe-cylindrical artillery projectile, imisele. Isibhamu esine-helical sanikeza i-projectile spin, samisa ukundiza kwayo, futhi yanikeza ukunemba okungcono kunama-projectile amise okwenhlamvu. Nokho, kwaba khona ukucasuka okuncane. Imicibisholo emisha yayidinga imiphongolo enamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokukhiqiza ngobuningi bensimbi efanele. Ukusungulwa kwaba nesithakazelo kuNapoleon III Bonaparte. Ngemva kokuhlangana noMbusi waseFrance eParis UHenry Bessemer waqala ukusebenza futhi ngo-1855 wagunyaza indlela yokuncibilikisa insimbi endaweni yokugeza yensimbi esithandweni somlilo esivuthayo esivuthayo.
Ngemva konyaka kuphela, iNgisi laba nomunye umbono, kulokhu kuwumbono wokuvukela umbuso. Ngo-August 1856 e-Cheltenham, u-Bessemer wethula inqubo yokuguqula entsha ngokuphelele yokucwenga (i-oxidizing) insimbi ephonswe esimweni esiwuketshezi. Indlela yakhe enelungelo lobunikazi yayiyindlela ekhangayo yenqubo ye-pudding edla isikhathi, lapho insimbi yesimo esiqinile yayishiswa ngamagesi aphumayo kanye nama-ores adingekayo ngenqubo ye-oxidation.
Inkulumo eyanikezwa e-Cheltenham enesihloko esithi "Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi ngaphandle kukaphethiloli" yanyatheliswa yiThe Times. Indlela ye-Bessemer isekelwe ekuphepheni kwensimbi ewuketshezi ngokugeleza komoya okuqinile ku-transducer ekhethekile, okuthiwa ipheya le-Bessemer. Insimbi eshaywa ngomoya ayizange ipholile, kodwa yashiswa, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-castings. Inqubo yokuncibilika yayishesha kakhulu, Kwathatha imizuzu engu-25 kuphela ukuncibilikisa amathani angu-25 ensimbi abe yinsimbi.
Imboni yomhlaba wonke ngokushesha yaba nentshisekelo emisha. Ngokushesha nje, izinkampani zithole amalayisensi futhi zafaka izikhalazo. Kwavela ukuthi uBessemer wasebenzisa insimbi engena-phosphorus. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, osomabhizinisi abaningi bathenga ama-ores acebile kulesi sici nesibabule, okwakungenandaba nenqubo ye-pudding, njengoba i-phosphorus isusiwe ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi inqubo yokuguqula yenza insimbi ibe brittle. UBessemer waphoqeleka ukuthi athenge amalayisensi. Wavula eyakhe inkampani wadayisa izinsimbi eseziphelile.
3. Umdwebo wesiguquli sokuqala ngu-Henry Bessemer
Ama-oda amaningi ayefakwe ngensimbi ngaphambili ukunwetshwa kwenethiwekhi yezitimela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezitimela. Uwine cishe ngamaphesenti angama-80. Isabelo semakethe yensimbi kaloliwe ngo-1880-1895 Wayesafeza impumelelo yakhe eyasungulwa. Ngo-1868 wathola ilungelo lobunikazi i-Ultimate imodeli yesiguquli sobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe bese kuba cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.
Impumelelo ayizange ibonakale futhi yabangela impi yelungelo lobunikazi nosomabhizinisi waseBrithani. Robert Mushetonelungelo lobunikazi bokushisa yonke ikhabhoni bese engeza i-manganese ukuze anikeze inani elilungile lekhabhoni ensimbi. Nakuba u-Bessemer ephumelele icala, ngemva kokuxoxisana nendodakazi kaMushet, wavuma ukukhokhela lo msunguli u-£ 300 ngonyaka iminyaka engu-25.
Akazange njalo aphumelele ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngo-1869, isibonelo, wanikeza ilungelo lobunikazi ikhabethe elinesistimu eyaqeda umphumela wokuzamazama komkhumbi. Lapho eklama i-cockpit, waphefumulelwa i-gyroscope. Ukuze avivinye umbono wakhe, wakha ngo-1875. isitimu ngendlwana, ukuze kuqiniswe lapho asebenzisa khona i-gyroscope eqhutshwa umshini wokushisa umusi. Ngeshwa, idizayini ibonakale ingazinzile futhi kunzima ukuyilawula. Ngenxa yalokho, indiza yakhe yokuqala yaphahlazeka endaweni yaseCalais.
Bessemer ngo-1879 wathola ubuqhawe ngamagalelo akhe kwisayensi yomhlaba. Wafa ngo-March 14, 1898 eLondon.
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