Imali: imali yezinto ezibonakalayo. Uhlamvu lwemali lucula ingoma yokuvalelisa

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sizwa yonke indawo ukuthi ukuphela kwemali akunakugwenywa. Amazwe afana neDenmark avala iminti yawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinto eziningi ezikhathazayo zokuthi i-100% yemali ye-elekthronikhi nayo ibhekwa njenge-100%. Noma mhlawumbe ukwesaba okufanayo kuzophula ama-cryptocurrencies?

Cishe emhlabeni wonke, izikhungo zezimali - kusukela e-European Central Bank kuya emazweni ase-Afrika - ziyancipha futhi zithanda ukheshi. Iziphathimandla zentela ziphikelela ekuyilahleni, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukugwema izintela ekujikelezeni kwe-electronic okulawulwayo. Lo mkhuba usekelwa amaphoyisa kanye nezikhungo zomthetho, njengoba sazi kahle kumafilimu obugebengu, abathanda kakhulu amapotimende amahlelo amakhulu. Emazweni amaningi, abanikazi bezitolo abasengozini yokugetshengwa baya ngokuya bethambekela ekugcineni imali.

Kubonakala sengathi sebekulungele kakhulu ukuvalelisa emalini ephathekayo Amazwe aseScandinaviangezinye izikhathi ezibizwa nangokuthi i-post-cash. E-Denmark, ekuqaleni kwawo-90s, izinhlamvu zemali, ama-banknotes namasheke kwaba ngaphezu kwama-80% akho konke ukuthengiselana - kuyilapho ngo-2015 kuphela ingxenye yesihlanu. Imakethe ibuswa amakhadi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhokha zamaselula, ibhange elikhulu lase-Denmark lihlola ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezibonakalayo ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe.

I-Electronic Scandinavia

ISweden, iDenmark engumakhelwane, ibhekwa njengezwe eliseduze kakhulu nokulahla ngokuphelele imali ebonakalayo. Imali izobe isiphelile ngo-2030. Mayelana nalokhu, incintisana neNorway, lapho kuphela u-5% wokuthengiselana okwenziwa ngemali futhi lapho kungelula ukuthola isitolo noma indawo yokudlela ezokwamukela inani elikhulu lemali njengenkokhelo. ngezimpahla noma amasevisi. Ukushintshwa kwemali ngemali ye-elekthronikhi e-Scandinavia kuqhutshwa isiko elikhethekile elisekelwe ekwethembeni komphakathi ezikhungweni zikahulumeni, izikhungo zezezimali namabhange. Indawo empunga eyake yaba khona isinyamalele ngenxa yokushintshisana nge-cashless. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi njengoba izinkokhelo ze-elekthronikhi zingena esikhundleni sezindlela zendabuko, inani lokugetshengwa kuhlonyiwe nalo liyancipha ngendlela ehlelekile.

Indawo yokuphuzela utshwala eSweden, ayikho imali 

Kwabaningi baseScandinavia, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu zemali kanye namaphepha asebhange kuba nokusolisa, kuhlotshaniswa nomnotho oshiwo ngenhla kanye nobugebengu. Ngisho noma imali ivunyelwe esitolo noma ebhange, uma siyisebenzisa ngobuningi, kudingeka sichaze ukuthi siyithathephi. Abasebenzi basemabhange kudingeke ukuthi babikele amaphoyisa ngemali enkulu.

Ukulahla iphepha nensimbi kuletha wena iyonga. Lapho amabhange aseSweden eshintsha ama-sefa afaka ama-computer futhi eqeda isidingo sokuthutha amathani emali engamaphepha ngamaloli ahlomile, izindleko zawo zehla kakhulu.

Ngisho naseSweden, nokho, kunohlobo oluthile lokumelana nokuqoqwa kwemali. Amandla ayo amakhulu abantu abadala, abakuthola kunzima ukushintshela emakhadini okukhokha, ingasaphathwa eyokukhokha ngeselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncika ngokuphelele ohlelweni lwe-elekthronikhi kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu lapho uhlelo luzowa. Amacala anjalo asevele ekhona - ngokwesibonelo, komunye wemikhosi yomculo yaseSweden, ukwehluleka kokugcina kubangele ukuvuselelwa kokuhwebelana ...

Ukufiphala komhlaba

Akuyona nje iScandinavia kuphela ebheke ekukhishweni kwama-banknotes nezinhlamvu zemali ekusatshalalisweni.

Kusukela ngo-2014, ukheshi cishe awufakwanga emakethe yezindlu e-Belgium - ukusetshenziswa kwemali yendabuko ekuthengiseni okwenziwe lapho bekunqatshelwe. Kwaphinde kwethulwa umkhawulo wama-euro angu-3 emalini eyenziwa ekhaya.

Iziphathimandla zaseFrance zibika ukuthi izakhamizi ezingama-92% seziyishiyile imali yamaphepha neyensimbi empilweni yazo yansuku zonke.

Ucwaningo luphinde luveze ukuthi ama-89% abantu baseBrithani basebenzisa i-e-banking kuphela ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke.

Njengoba kuvela, akuwona kuphela amazwe aseNtshonalanga acebile abhekela emnothweni ongenamali. Ukuvalelisa e-Afrika kungase kulinde imali yenyama ngokushesha kunalokho okucabangayo.

E-Kenya, i-app yebhange yeselula ye-MPesa yamaselula kakade inabasebenzisi ababhalisiwe abangaphezu kwamashumi ezigidi.

Isicelo sokukhokha se-MPesa 

Iqiniso elithokozisayo ukuthi elinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu e-Afrika, engaziwa emhlabeni wonke iSomaliland, eyahlukaniswa ngo-1991 neSomalia, egcwele isiphithiphithi sezempi, ingaphambi kwamazwe amaningi athuthukile emkhakheni wokuthengiselana nge-elekthronikhi. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu, okwenza ukugcina imali lapho kube yingozi.

IBhange LaseNingizimu Korea libikezela ukuthi ngo-2020 izwe lizoyilahla imali yendabuko.

Emuva ngo-2014, i-Ecuador yethula uhlelo lukahulumeni lwe-e-currency ngaphezu kohlelo lwemali yendabuko.

E-Poland, kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2017, konke ukuthengiselana phakathi kwezinkampani ngenani elingaphezu kwe-PLN 15. I-PLN kumele ibe ngeye-elekthronikhi. Umkhawulo onjalo owehliswe kakhulu wezinkokhelo zemali uchazwa isidingo sokulwa nabakhwabanisi bentela ababalekela ukukhokha i-VAT ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ocwaningweni olwenziwa e-Poland ngo-2016 yi-Paysafecard - esinye sezixazululo ezihamba phambili zokukhokha ku-inthanethi - sathola ukuthi cishe ama-55% abaphendulile abamelene nokusuka emalini nokuyiguqulela ezindleleni zokukhokha zedijithali.

Ama-Blockchains esikhundleni sokuba namandla onke kwamabhange

Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga kuphela ngezinkokhelo ze-elekthronikhi, konke ukuthengiselana kuzoshiya imikhondo - futhi lena yindaba ethile yokuphila kwethu. Abaningi abawathandi amathemba okuba yonke indawo egadwe uhulumeni kanye nezikhungo zezimali. Abaningi abangabazayo bayesaba ukuthi kungenzeka esiphuca impahla yethu ngokuphelele ngokuchofoza okukodwa nje. Sesaba ukunikeza amabhange kanye nomgcinimafa amandla aphelele phezu kwethu.

I-E-currency iphinde inikeze amandla ngethuluzi elihle lokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle. ukulwa nabavukeli. Isibonelo sabasebenzisi be-PayPal, i-Visa kanye ne-Mastercard, abanqamule izinkokhelo ze-Wikileaks, siveza obala. Futhi lena akuyona kuphela indaba yohlobo lwayo. Okuhlukahlukene - asikubize "okungekona okwendabuko" - Izinhlelo ze-inthanethi ngokuvamile zikuthola kunzima ukusebenzisa izinsizakalo zezezimali ezisemthethweni. Yingakho bethola ukuduma emibuthanweni ethile, ngeshwa, nakwezigebengu. kryptowaluty, ngokusekelwe emaketangeni amabhlogo aklwetshiwe ().

Abashisekeli Bitcoin nezinye izinhlamvu zemali ze-elekthronikhi zizibona njengethuba lokuvumelanisa ukunethezeka kokujikeleza kwe-elekthronikhi nesidingo sokuvikela ubumfihlo, ngoba kuseyimali ebethelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlala iyimali "yomphakathi" - okungenani elawulwa ngokomthetho hhayi ohulumeni namabhange, kodwa ngesivumelwano esithile sabo bonke abasebenzisi, okungenzeka kube nezigidi emhlabeni wonke.

Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukungaziwa kwe-cryptocurrency kuyinkohliso. Okwenziwayo okukodwa kwanele ukunikeza ukhiye wokubethela osesidlangalaleni kumuntu othile. Iqembu elinentshisekelo likwazi nokufinyelela kuwo wonke umlando walo khiye - ngakho-ke kukhona nomlando wokuthengiselana. Ziyimpendulo yale nselelo. uhlamvu lwemali lwengxubevange, nokho, bephula umqondo oyinhloko we-Bitcoin, okuyi-trust abstraction. Uma sisebenzisa i-mixer, kufanele sithembele ngokugcwele ku-opharetha oyedwa, kokubili mayelana nokukhokhwa kwama-bitcoins axubile, kanye nokuphathelene nokungadalulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwamakheli angenayo naphumayo.

Yiqiniso, zikhona izixazululo zokwenza i-Bitcoin ibe yimali engaziwa ngempela, kodwa ukuthi zizosebenza kahle yini kusazobonakala. Ngonyaka odlule, i-Bitcoin testnet yenza ukuthengiselana kwayo kokuqala isebenzisa ithuluzi elibizwa Shufflepuff, okuwukuqaliswa okusebenzayo kwe-protocol ye-CoinShuffle eyakhiwe ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseJalimane yaseSaar.

Lokhu futhi kuwuhlobo lwe-mixer, kodwa luthuthukisiwe kancane. Ngemva kokuqoqa iqembu lesikhashana, umsebenzisi ngamunye ukhiqiza ikheli le-BTC eliphumayo kanye nokhiye besikhashana be-cryptographic. Uhlu lwamakheli okufakwayo kanye nokuphumayo luthi - ngenqubo yokubhala ngemfihlo kanye "nokushova" - lusakazwe phakathi kwamalungu eqembu ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho noyedwa owaziyo ukuthi iliphi ikheli ngelikabani. Ngemva kokugcwalisa uhlu, udala umsebenzi ojwayelekile onokufaka okuningi nokuphumayo. I-node ngayinye ebamba iqhaza ekuhloleni i-hashi ukuze ibone ukuthi ama-bitcoins kokokufaka kuthiwa axutshwe nokuthi ngabe ukuthengiselana kunomphumela "wako" ngenani elifanele, bese usayina ukuthengiselana. Isinyathelo sokugcina siwukuqoqa okwenziwayo okusayinwe ingxenye kube kokukodwa, okusayinwe yiyo yonke i-hashi. Ngakho, asinaye umsebenzisi oyedwa, kodwa iqembu, i.e. ukungaziwa okwengeziwe.

Ingabe i-cryptocurrencies izoba ukuyekethisa okuhle phakathi "kwesidingo esingokomlando" ukuthi imali ye-elekthronikhi ibonakala iyiyo kanye nokuzibophezela ekugcinweni kobumfihlo endaweni yokuthola nokusetshenziswa kwemali? Kungenzeka. I-Australia ifuna ukukhipha ukheshi phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, futhi ngokubuyisela, izakhamizi zinikezwa uhlobo lwe-bitcoin kazwelonke.