Amasilinda. Yini okufanele uyazi?
Ingabe imoto encane kufanele ibe namasilinda angu-2 kanye nemoto enkulu engu-12? Ingabe injini yamasilinda amathathu noma amane ingaba ngcono kumodeli efanayo? Awukho kule mibuzo onempendulo ecacile.
Isihloko senani lamasilinda ezinjini zezimoto zabagibeli sivela ngezikhathi ezithile futhi isikhathi ngasinye sidala impikiswano esabalele. Ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kwenzeka uma kukhona ithrendi ethile evamile "ye-cylindrical". Manje sinenye - ukufinyelela izinjini ezintathu noma ezimbili-cylinder, okuyinto cishe amashumi eminyaka ingekho emakethe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwenani lamasilinda akusebenzi kuphela ezimotweni ezishibhile nezinkulu, okufanayo kusebenza kumakilasi aphezulu. Yiqiniso, kusekhona izimoto ukuthi lokhu akusebenzi, ngoba inombolo yamasilinda kuzo ingenye yokuhlonishwa okunqumayo.
Isinqumo sokuthi injini yemoto ethile izoba namasilinda amangaki senziwa esigabeni sokuklama imoto. Ngokuvamile, igumbi lenjini lilungiselelwe izinjini ezinenombolo ehlukile yamasilinda, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile. Ubukhulu bemoto kuleli cala bubaluleke kakhulu. Ukushayela kufanele kube namandla ngokwanele ukunikeza imoto amandla afanele, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukonga ngokwanele ukugqama emncintiswaneni futhi ihlangabezane nezidingo zemvelo. Ngokuvamile, kuyaziwa ukuthi imoto encane inamasilinda ambalwa, kanti enkulu inokuningi. Kodwa kucace kangakanani? Ukubheka, okwamanje kucatshangwa ukuthi bambalwa ngangokunokwenzeka.
I-torque edingekayo ukuze ikhiqize amandla okushayela emasondweni omgwaqo ikhiqizwa ku-cylinder ngayinye. Ngakho-ke, inani elanele labo kufanele lithathwe ukuze kutholwe ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kwe-dynamics kanye nezomnotho. Ezinjini zanamuhla, kukholelwa ukuthi ivolumu yokusebenza kwe-cylinder eyodwa cishe yi-0,5-0,6 cm3. Ngakho-ke, injini enamasilinda amabili kufanele ibe nevolumu cishe amalitha ayi-1,0-1,2, ama-cylinder amathathu - 1.5-1.8, nama-cylinder amane - okungenani 2.0.
Kodwa-ke, abaklami "behla" ngaphansi kwaleli xabiso, bathatha ngisho namalitha angu-0,3-0,4, ikakhulukazi ukuze bazuze ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kukaphethiloli kanye nobukhulu benjini encane. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi kuyisikhuthazo kumakhasimende, ubukhulu obuncane busho isisindo esincane kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngakho-ke izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi. Uma unciphisa inani lamasilinda futhi unciphisa nosayizi wawo, uzothola inzuzo enkulu ekukhiqizeni umthamo omkhulu. Futhi ngemvelo, njengoba izimboni zezimoto zidinga izinto zokwakha namandla amancane.
Uvelaphi umthamo ophelele wesilinda esisodwa esingu-0,5-0,6 l? Ukulinganisa amanani athile. Uma i-cylinder ikhudlwana, izokhiqiza i-torque eyengeziwe, kodwa izohamba kancane. Isisindo sezingxenye ezisebenza kusilinda, njenge-piston, iphinikhodi ye-piston, nenduku yokuxhuma, sizoba sikhulu, ngakho-ke kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuhamba. Ukwenyuka kwesivinini ngeke kuphumelele njengaku-cylinder encane. I-cylinder encane, kulula ukufeza i-rpm ephezulu ngoba ubuningi be-piston, iphinikhodi ye-piston kanye nenduku yokuxhuma mincane futhi isheshisa kalula. Kodwa i-cylinder encane ngeke idale i-torque eningi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwamukela inani elithile lokususwa kwesilinda esisodwa ukuze yomibili le mingcele ibe egculisayo ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke.
Uma sithatha umthamo osebenzayo we-cylinder 0,3-0,4 amalitha, kuzodingeka ukuthi ngandlela-thile "unxephezele" ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla. Namuhla, lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa nge-supercharger, imvamisa i-turbocharger noma i-turbocharger, kanye ne-compressor eyimishini ukuze kuzuzwe i-torque ephezulu ephansi kuya emaphakathi nebanga. I-Supercharging ikuvumela ukuthi "umpompa" umthamo omkhulu womoya egumbini elivuthayo. Ngawo, injini ithola umoya-mpilo owengeziwe futhi ishisa uphethiloli ngendlela ephumelelayo. I-torque iyanda futhi ngawo amandla aphezulu, inani elibalwa ukusuka ku-torque yenjini kanye ne-RPM. Isikhali esengeziwe sabaklami umjovo oqondile kaphethiloli, ovumela ukushiswa kwezingxube ezithambile zikaphethiloli komoya.
Izinjini ezinjalo ezincane, amasilinda angu-2 noma ama-3, anomthamo wokusebenza we-0.8-1.2, aphakeme kunezinjini ezine-cylinder hhayi kuphela ngezilinganiso ezincane, kodwa futhi ekuphikeleni okuphansi kwemishini nokufinyelela ngokushesha izinga lokushisa lokusebenza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi nge-cylinder "cut" ngayinye, inani lezingxenye ezidingekayo ukushisa, kanye nokunyakaza nokudala ukungqubuzana, liyancipha. Kodwa izinjini ezincane ezinamasilinda ambalwa nazo zinezinkinga ezinkulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuyinkimbinkimbi yezobuchwepheshe (umjovo oqondile, ukushaja okuphezulu, kwesinye isikhathi ukushaja okuphindwe kabili) kanye nokusebenza kahle okwehla kakhulu ngomthwalo owandayo. Yingakho ewonga uphethiloli futhi ahamba kahle ebangeni eliphansi ukuya kwamaphakathi. Ngokufanelekile ngezimiso zokushayela nge-eco, njengoba ngisho nabanye abakhiqizi bephakamisa. Uma ukushayela kuba ngokushesha futhi kushintshashintsha, futhi injini inyakaza njalo, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kukhuphuka kakhulu. Kwenzeka ukuthi izinga liphakeme kunalelo lezinjini ezishibhile ngokwemvelo ezinokususwa okukhulu, inani elikhulu lamasilinda kanye namandla afanayo.
Abahleli batusa:
- Fiat Tipo. 1.6 Ukuhlolwa kwenguqulo ye-MultiJet yomnotho
- I-ergonomics yangaphakathi. Ukuphepha kuncike kukho!
- Impumelelo emangazayo yemodeli entsha. Imigqa emasaluni!
Shono abanye bezama ukuthola ezinye izindlela zokufinyelela umgomo ofanayo. Isibonelo, umqondo othize okhohliwe wokukhubaza amasilinda athile uyasetshenziswa. Lapho injini ilayisha kancane, ikakhulukazi uma ushayela ngesivinini esingaguquki, imfuneko yamandla ayinaki. Imoto encane idinga i-50 hp kuphela ngesivinini esingaguquki esingu-8 km/h. ukunqoba ukumelana nokuginqika kanye nokudonsa kwe-aerodynamic. I-Cadillac yaqala ukusebenzisa amasilinda e-shutoff ezinjinini zabo ze-V8 ngo-1981 kodwa yakuqeda ngokushesha lokhu. Khona-ke i-Corvettes, i-Mercedes, i-Jeeps ne-Hondas yayinamasilinda "okukhishwayo". Ngokombono wezomnotho wokusebenza, lo mbono uthakazelisa kakhulu. Uma injini isinenjini, amanye amasilinda ayayeka ukusebenza, awanikezwa uphethiloli, futhi ukucisha kuyacishwa. Injini engu-V8 iba yi-V6 noma i-V4.
Manje umqondo ususetshenziswe ku-four-cylinder. Kuhlelo lwakamuva, izici ezengeziwe ezikhubaza amasilinda amabili kwamane anesisindo esingu-3 kg kuphela, futhi inkokhiso eyengeziwe yesistimu ngu-PLN 2000. Njengoba izinzuzo ezihambisana nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli zincane (cishe 0,4-0,6 l / 100 km, ngokushayela kancane kancane kufika ku-1 l / 100 km), kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-100 km wokuhamba uyadingeka ukuze kufakwe. izindleko ezengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuvala amasilinda akuphikisani nokuncipha kwangempela kwenani lamasilinda. Kumasilinda "akhubazekile", amandla nokuthungela kuvaliwe, futhi ama-valve awasebenzi (ahlale evaliwe), kodwa ama-pistons asasebenza, okwenza ukungqubuzana. Ukumelana nemishini kwenjini kuhlala kungashintshile, yingakho inzuzo yomnotho kaphethiloli incane kakhulu uma ilinganiswa. Isisindo seyunithi yokushayela kanye nenani lezinto okufanele zenziwe, zihlanganiswe futhi zilethwe kumazinga okushisa okusebenza ngenkathi injini isebenza akuncishiswa.
Kodwa-ke, i-dynamics kanye nezomnotho akuyona yonke into. Isiko nomsindo wenjini nakho kuncike kakhulu enanini lamasilinda. Akubona bonke abathengi abakwazi ukubekezelela umsindo wenjini enamasilinda amabili noma amathathu. Ikakhulukazi njengoba abashayeli abaningi sebejwayele umsindo wezinjini ezine-cylinder eminyakeni edlule. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi, ukubeka nje, inani elikhulu lamasilinda linomthelela esikweni lenjini. Lokhu kungenxa yezinga elihlukile lebhalansi yesistimu ye-crank yamayunithi okushayela, adala ukudlidliza okubalulekile, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu asemgqeni wamasilinda amabili nantathu. Ukuze balungise lesi simo, abaklami basebenzisa ama-balanceing shafts.
Amasilinda amane ngokuya ngokudlidliza aziphatha ngendlela ehlonipheke kakhulu. Mhlawumbe maduzane sizokwazi ukukhohlwa izinjini kuqhathaniswa ethandwa, cishe ngokuphelele olinganiselayo futhi ukusebenza "velvety", ezifana V-ezimise "eziyisithupha" nge cylinder angle 90º. Angase ashintshwe izinjini ezincane nezilula ezine-cylinder, ukuze kujabule abathandi bamasilinda "okusika", noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukunciphisa". Ake sibone ukuthi izinjini ezisebenza kahle ze-V8 ne-V12 zizozivikela isikhathi esingakanani kuma-sedan nama-coupes akhethekile. Sezivele zikhona izibonelo zokuqala zoguquko esizukulwaneni esilandelayo semodeli ukusuka ku-VXNUMX kuya ku-VXNUMX. Isimo sezinjini kuphela ezimotweni zesupersports sibonakala singenakuphikiswa, lapho kubalwa khona ngisho namasilinda ayishumi nesithupha.
Akukho nesilinda esisodwa esiqinisekile ngekusasa. Isifiso sokunciphisa izindleko kanye nemvelo sigcwele kakhulu namuhla, njengoba lokhu kuholela ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ukuthi nje ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi kuwumbono nje oqoshwe emijikelezweni yokulinganisa futhi usetshenziselwe izinjongo zokuqinisekisa. Futhi empilweni, njengasempilweni, kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Nokho, kunzima ukuqhela ezimakethe. Abahlaziyi bezimoto babikezela ukuthi ngo-2020, i-52% yezinjini ezikhiqizwa emhlabeni zizoba nokugudluzwa kwamalitha angu-1,0-1,9, kanti lezo ezifika ku-150 hp zizokwaneliswa ngamasilinda amathathu kuphela. Asethembe ukuthi akekho ozoqhamuka nomqondo wokwakha imoto eyisilinda esisodwa.
