Ubuchwepheshe bedijithali busondele kancane kubhayoloji, iDNA kanye nobuchopho

U-Elon Musk uqinisekisa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze abantu bazokwazi ukudala i-interface egcwele yobuchopho-computer. Okwamanje, sizwa ngezikhathi ezithile mayelana nokuhlola kwakhe izilwane, okokuqala ezingulubeni, futhi kamuva nje ezinkawini. Umbono wokuthi u-Musk uzokwenza indlela yakhe futhi akwazi ukufaka indawo yokuxhumana ekhanda lomuntu uyathakazelisa abanye, wethusa abanye.

Akasebenzi nje entsha Musk. Ososayensi base-UK, Switzerland, Germany nase-Italy basanda kumemezela imiphumela yephrojekthi ehlangene ama-neurons okwenziwa anemvelo (1). Konke lokhu kwenziwa nge-inthanethi, evumela ukuthi ama-neurons e-biological kanye "ne-silicon" axhumane. Ukuhlolwa kwakuhilela ukukhulisa ama-neurons kumagundane, abe esesetshenziselwa ukusayina. Umholi weqembu UStefano Vassanelli babike ukuthi ososayensi ngokokuqala ngqá bakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-neuron okwenziwa abekwe ku-chip angaxhunyaniswa ngokuqondile nama-biological.

Abacwaningi bafuna ukusizakala amanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa buyisela ukusebenza kahle kwezindawo zobuchopho ezilimele. Uma isifakwe endaweni ekhethekile, ama-neurons azosebenza njengohlobo lokufakelwa oluzovumelana nezimo zemvelo zobuchopho. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nephrojekthi ngokwayo esihlokweni esithi Imibiko Yesayensi.

I-Facebook ifuna ukungena ebuchosheni bakho

Labo abesaba ubuchwepheshe obusha obunjalo bangase balungile, ikakhulukazi uma sizwa ukuthi, isibonelo, singathanda ukukhetha "okuqukethwe" kobuchopho bethu. Emcimbini owawungo-Okthoba 2019 yisikhungo socwaningo esisekelwe ku-Facebook i-Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, ukhulume ngamathemba emishini ephathwa ngesandla elawulwa ubuchopho ezothatha indawo yegundane nekhibhodi. "Inhloso iwukuba ukwazi ukulawula izinto ezingokoqobo noma ezingathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona ngemicabango yakho," kusho uZuckerberg, ocashunwe yi-CNBC. I-Facebook ithenge ama-CTRL-labs, isiqalisi esakha amasistimu okuxhumana namakhompiyutha, cishe ngesigidigidi samadola.

Umsebenzi ku-brain-computer interface kwamenyezelwa okokuqala engqungqutheleni ye-Facebook F8 ngo-2017. Ngokohlelo lwesikhathi eside lwenkampani, ngolunye usuku amathuluzi angagqoki angavaleki azovumela abasebenzisi ukuthi benze kanjalo bhala amagama ngokuwacabanga nje. Kodwa lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lusesesigabeni sokuqala, ikakhulukazi njengoba sikhuluma ngokuthinta, ukuxhumana okungahlanyisi. “Ikhono labo lokuhumusha okwenzeka ebuchosheni kube umsebenzi wezimoto lilinganiselwe. Ukuze uthole amathuba amahle, kukhona okumele kutshalwe,” kusho uZuckerberg emhlanganweni oshiwo ngenhla.

Ingabe abantu bazozivumela "ukutshala okuthile" ukuze baxhumane nabantu abaziwa ngokulangazelela okungalawuleki kwabo idatha yangasese evela ku-facebook? (2) Mhlawumbe abantu abanjalo bayotholakala, ikakhulukazi lapho ebanikeza iziqephu zezihloko abangafuni ukuzifunda. NgoDisemba 2020, i-Facebook yatshela abasebenzi ukuthi isebenza ngethuluzi lokufingqa imininingwane ukuze abasebenzisi bangayifunda. Emhlanganweni ofanayo, wethula ezinye izinhlelo zenzwa ye-neural ukuthola imicabango yabantu futhi ihumushele ezenzweni kuwebhusayithi.

2. Ubuchopho kanye nokuxhumana kwe-Facebook

Akhiwe ngani amakhompyutha asebenza kahle ubuchopho?

Le miklamo akuyona yodwa imizamo ezokwenziwa. Ukuxhumana nje kwale mihlaba akukona ukuphela kwenhloso elandelwayo. Kukhona, isibonelo. ubunjiniyela be-neuromorphic, okuwumkhuba okuhloswe ngawo ukudala kabusha amakhono emishini ubuchopho bomuntu, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nokusebenza kwayo kahle kwamandla.

Kubikezelwa ukuthi ngo-2040, imithombo yamandla yomhlaba wonke ngeke ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zethu zekhompuyutha uma sinamathela kubuchwepheshe be-silicon. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezintsha ezingacubungula idatha ngokushesha futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, amandla amaningi ngokuyimpumelelo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bazi ukuthi izindlela zokulingisa zingase zibe enye yezindlela zokufeza lo mgomo. ubuchopho bomuntu.

W amakhompyutha e-silicon imisebenzi ehlukene yenziwa izinto ezahlukene zomzimba, okwandisa isikhathi sokucubungula futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokushisa. Ngokuphambene, ama-neuron asebuchosheni angathumela futhi amukele ukwaziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngohleloxhumano olukhulu oluphindwe kashumi kumandla kagesi wamakhompyutha ethu athuthuke kakhulu.

Inzuzo enkulu yobuchopho ngaphezu kozakwabo be-silicon yikhono labo lokucubungula idatha ngokuhambisana. I-neuron ngayinye ixhunywe kuzinkulungwane zamanye, futhi wonke angasebenza njengokungenayo kanye nokuphumayo kwedatha. Ukuze ukwazi ukugcina nokucubungula ulwazi, njengoba senza, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa izinto ezibonakalayo ezingashintsha ngokushesha futhi ngokushelelayo ukusuka esimweni sokuqhuba ziye esimweni sokungaqiniseki, njengoba kwenzeka ngama-neurons. 

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, kwanyatheliswa isihloko ephephabhukwini elithi Matter mayelana nocwaningo lwento enezinto ezinjalo. Ososayensi base-Texas A&M University benze ama-nanowires kusukela kuphawu oluyinhlanganisela β'-CuXV2O5 olubonisa ikhono lokuzulazula phakathi kwezifunda zokuqhuba ngokusabela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, amandla kagesi, kanye namanje.

Lapho kuhlolisiswa, kwatholakala ukuthi leli khono libangelwa ukunyakaza kwama-ion ethusi kuyo yonke i-β'-CuxV2O5, ebangela ukunyakaza kwama-electron futhi ishintsha izici ze-conductive zento. Ukuze ulawule lesi simo, umfutho kagesi ukhiqizwa ku-β'-CuxV2O5, efana kakhulu naleyo eyenzeka lapho ama-neurons ebhayoloji ethumela amasignali komunye nomunye. Ubuchopho bethu busebenza ngokudubula ama-neurons athile ngezikhathi ezibalulekile ngokulandelana okuyingqayizivele. Ukulandelana kwemicimbi ye-neural kuholela ekucutshungulweni kolwazi, noma ngabe ukukhumbula inkumbulo noma ukwenza umsebenzi womzimba. Uhlelo oluno-β'-CuxV2O5 luzosebenza ngendlela efanayo.

I-hard drive ku-DNA

Enye indawo yocwaningo ucwaningo olusekelwe kubhayoloji. izindlela zokugcina idatha. Omunye wemibono, esiyichaze kaningi ku-MT, yilokhu okulandelayo. ukugcinwa kwedatha ku-DNA, ibhekwa njengendlela yokugcina ethembisayo, eminyene kakhulu futhi ezinzile (3). Phakathi kokunye, kunezixazululo ezikuvumela ukuthi ugcine idatha kuma-genomes amaseli aphilayo.

Ngo-2025, kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe ama-exabyte angamakhulu amahlanu wedatha azokhiqizwa nsuku zonke emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuzigcina kungase kungabi lula ukuzisebenzisa. ubuchwepheshe be-silicon bendabuko. Ukuminyana kolwazi ku-DNA kungenzeka kuphakeme ngokuphindwe ngezigidi kunokwama-hard drive ajwayelekile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi igremu elilodwa le-DNA lingaba namagigabytes afinyelela ezigidini ezingu-215. Iphinde izinze kakhulu uma igcinwe kahle. Ngo-2017, ososayensi bakhipha i-genome ephelele yezinhlobo zehhashi ezingasekho ezaziphila eminyakeni engu-700 edlule, futhi ngonyaka odlule, i-DNA yafundwa ku-mammoth eyayiphila eminyakeni eyisigidi edlule.

Ubunzima obukhulu ukuthola indlela indawo umhlaba wedijithali i idatha nezwe le-biochemical yezakhi zofuzo. Okwamanje kumayelana I-DNA synthesis elebhu, futhi nakuba izindleko zehla ngokushesha, kusewumsebenzi onzima futhi obizayo. Uma sekuhlanganisiwe, ukulandelana kufanele kugcinwe ngokucophelela ku-vitro kuze kube yilapho eselungele ukusetshenziswa kabusha noma kungeniswa kumaseli aphilayo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo be-CRISPR.

Abacwaningi base-Columbia University babonise indlela entsha evumela ukuguqulwa okuqondile amasignali digital electronic emininingwaneni yofuzo egcinwe kuzakhi zofuzo zamangqamuzana aphilayo. "Cabanga amadrayivu aqinile eselula akwazi ukubala futhi ahlele kabusha ngokomzimba ngesikhathi sangempela," kusho u-Harris Wang, omunye wamalungu eqembu leSingularity Hub. "Sikholelwa ukuthi isinyathelo sokuqala ukukwazi ukufaka ikhodi kanambambili ngokuqondile kumaseli ngaphandle kwesidingo se-in vitro DNA synthesis."

Umsebenzi usekelwe kusirekhoda seseli esekwe ku-CRISPR, okuyinto U-Wang eyenzelwe amagciwane e-E. coli, athola ukuba khona kokulandelana okuthile kwe-DNA ngaphakathi kweseli futhi irekhode lesi siginali ku-genome yento ephilayo. Uhlelo lune-DNA-based "sensor module" ephendula kumasignali athile ebhayoloji. U-Wang nozakwabo baguqule imojula yezinzwa ukuze isebenze ne-biosensor eyakhiwe elinye iqembu, yona ephendula amasignali kagesi. Ekugcineni, lokhu kwavumela abacwaningi ukufakwa ikhodi okuqondile kolwazi lwedijithali kugenome yebhaktheriya. Inani ledatha iseli elilodwa elingagcina lincane kakhulu, amabhithi amathathu kuphela.

Ngakho-ke ososayensi bathola indlela yokuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya angama-24 anezingxenye ezihlukene zedatha engu-3-bit ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngesamba samabhithi angu-72. Bayisebenzisele ukubhala imilayezo ethi "Sawubona mhlaba!" kumagciwane. futhi yabonisa ukuthi ngoku-oda inani labantu elihlanganisiwe nokusebenzisa isigaba esiklanywe ngokukhethekile, babekwazi ukufunda isigijimi ngokunemba ngamaphesenti angu-98. 

Ngokusobala, amabhithi angama-72 akude nomthamo. isitoreji esiningi ama-hard drive esimanje. Nokho, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ikhambi lingancishiswa ngokushesha. Ukugcina idatha kumaseli ngokusho kososayensi, ishibhile kakhulu kunezinye izindlela ukubhala amakhodi kuzakhi zofuzongoba ungavele ukhulise amaseli amaningi esikhundleni sokudlula ekuhlanganiseni kwe-DNA yokwenziwa eyinkimbinkimbi. Amangqamuzana anekhono lemvelo lokuvikela i-DNA emonakalweni wendawo. Babonise lokhu ngokwengeza amangqamuzana e-E. coli enhlabathini embizeni engenawo amagciwane bese bekhipha wonke umlayezo wamabhithi angu-52 kubo ngokulandelanisa umphakathi wezinambuzane ezihambisana nomhlabathi. Ososayensi nabo sebeqalile ukuklama i-DNA yamangqamuzana ukuze akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enengqondo nenkumbulo.

4. Umbono we-transhumanist singularity njengesigaba esilandelayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo

ukuhlanganiswa uchwepheshe wekhompyutha i ezokuxhumana ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nemibono ye-transhumanist "ubunye" ebikezelwe ngamanye ama-futurists kanye (4). Ukuxhumana komshini wobuchopho, ama-synthetic neurons, ukugcinwa kwedatha ye-genomic - konke lokhu kungathuthuka ngale ndlela. Inye kuphela inkinga - lezi yizo zonke izindlela nezivivinyo ezisesigabeni sokuqala socwaningo. Ngakho-ke labo abesaba leli kusasa kufanele baphumule ngokuthula, futhi abathanda ukuhlanganiswa komshini womuntu kufanele baphole.