Yini i-turbocharger?

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlanganisa ukusebenza nokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, onjiniyela baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhethe injini ye-turbo.

Ngaphandle komoya omncane wezimoto ezinkulu, lapho iLamborghini isagcizelela ukuthi izinjini ezishibhile ngokwemvelo zihlala zihlanzekile futhi ziyindlela yase-Italy yokukhiqiza amandla nomsindo, izinsuku zezimoto ezingenayo i-turbocharged sezizophela.

Akwenzeki, isibonelo, ukuthola iVolkswagen Golf efiselekayo ngokwemvelo. Ngemuva kwe-Dieselgate, vele, lokhu ngeke kube nandaba, ngoba akekho ofuna ukudlala igalofu.

Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi izimoto zasedolobheni, izimoto zomndeni, abavakashi abakhulu kanye nezinye izimoto ezinkulu zishiya umkhumbi ukuze zithole ikusasa le-scuba. Kusukela kuFord Fiesta kuya kuFerrari 488, ikusasa elokungeniswa ngenkani, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemithetho ekhipha umoya, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha ngokugxumagxuma.

Indaba yokonga kukaphethiloli wenjini encane yokushayela kahle namandla enjini enkulu uma uwafuna.

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlanganisa ukusebenza okuphezulu nokusetshenziswa kancane kukaphethiloli, onjiniyela baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhe izinjini zabo zakamuva ngobuchwepheshe be-turbocharged.

I-turbo ingenza kanjani okuningi ngokuncane?

Konke kuncike ekutheni izinjini zisebenza kanjani, ngakho-ke ake sikhulume kancane mayelana nendlela. Ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, isilinganiso esingu-14.7:1 se-air-fuel siqinisekisa ukusha okuphelele kwayo yonke into ekusilinda. Noma iyiphi ijusi engaphezu kwalokhu kuwukumosha uphethiloli.

Enjinini efiselekayo ngokwemvelo, i-vacuum engaphelele edalwe ipiston eyehlayo idonsa umoya kusilinda, isebenzisa ukucindezela okungekuhle ngaphakathi ukuze idonse umoya ngamavalvu okukhiphayo. Kuyindlela elula yokwenza izinto, kodwa ilinganiselwe kakhulu mayelana nokunikezwa komoya, njengomuntu ophethwe yisithukuthezi sokulala.

Enjinini ene-turbocharged, ibhuku lomthetho libhalwe kabusha. Esikhundleni sokuthembela kumphumela we-vacuum we-piston, injini ene-turbocharged isebenzisa iphampu yomoya ukuze iphushe umoya kusilinda, njengoba nje imaski ye-apnea iphushela umoya phezulu emakhaleni akho.

Nakuba ama-turbocharger engakwazi ukucindezela umoya ufike kumabha angu-5 (72.5 psi) ngaphezu komfutho womoya ojwayelekile, ezimotweni ezisebenza emgwaqeni ngokuvamile asebenza ngengcindezi ekhululeke kakhudlwana engu-0.5 ukuya kubha engu-1 (7 kuya ku-14 psi) .

Umphumela ongokoqobo ukuthi kubha engu-1 yomfutho we-boost, injini ithola umoya ophindwe kabili njengokungathi ifuzekela ngokwemvelo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi iyunithi yokulawula injini ingajova uphethiloli omningi ngokuphindwe kabili kuyilapho igcina isilinganiso esifanele samafutha omoya, idale ukuqhuma okukhulu kakhulu.

Kodwa lokho kuyingxenye kuphela yamaqhinga e-turbocharger. Ake siqhathanise injini engu 4.0 litre naturally aspirated kanye ne 2.0-litre turbocharged ene-boost pressure engu-1 bar, sithatha ngokuthi ziyefana ngokobuchwepheshe.

Injini engu-4.0 litre idla uphethiloli omningi ngisho uma ingenzi lutho nangaphansi kwamandla amancane, kanti injini engu-2.0 litre idla kancane kakhulu. Umehluko ukuthi lapho i-throttle evulekile ebanzi, injini ene-turbocharged izosebenzisa inani eliphezulu lomoya kanye nophethiloli ngangokunokwenzeka - eliphindwe kabili kunenjini eshisekela ngokwemvelo yokuthutha okufanayo, noma ngokufana ncamashi ne-4.0-litre eshiwo ngokwemvelo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi injini ene-turbocharged ingakwazi ukusebenza ukusuka ku-2.0 litre encane iye ku-XNUMX litre enamandla ngenxa yokungeniswa ngenkani.

Ngakho-ke indaba yokonga kukaphethiloli wenjini encane yokushayela kancane namandla enjini enkulu uma uwafuna.

Kuhlakaniphe kangakanani lokho?

Njengoba kufanele inhlamvu yesiliva yobunjiniyela, i-turbocharger ngokwayo ihlakaniphile. Lapho injini isebenza, amagesi akhipha umoya adlula ku-turbine, okuyenza ijikeleze ngesivinini esimangalisayo - ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-75,000 no-150,000 izikhathi ngomzuzu.

I-turbine iboshwe ngebhawudi ku-compressor yomoya, okusho ukuthi lapho i-turbine ijikeleza ngokushesha, i-compressor iphenduka ngokushesha, idonsa umoya omusha futhi iwuphoqe enjinini.

I-turbo isebenza esikalini esishelelayo, kuye ngokuthi uyicindezela kangakanani i-gas pedal. Lapho ungenzi lutho, ayikho igesi ekhipha umoya eyanele yokwenza i-turbine ifinyelele kunoma yisiphi isivinini esiphusile, kodwa njengoba usheshisa, i-turbine iyaphenduka futhi inikeze amandla.

Uma uphusha ngonyawo lwakho lwesokudla, kukhiqizwa amagesi e-exhaust amaningi, acindezela isilinganiso esiphezulu somoya ohlanzekile kumasilinda.

Ngakho yini catch?

Kukhona, vele, izizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani singashayeli sonke izimoto ezinama-turbocharged iminyaka, siqala ngobunkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba ungacabanga, ukwakha into engaphenduka ku-150,000 RPM usuku nosuku iminyaka ngaphandle kokuqhuma akulula, futhi kudinga izingxenye ezibizayo.

Ama-turbines adinga futhi ukunikezwa kukawoyela namanzi okuzinikele, okubeka ingcindezi enkulu ekugcobeni nasekupholiseni injini.

Njengoba umoya ku-turbocharger ushisa, abakhiqizi kwadingeka bafake ama-intercoolers ukuze behlise izinga lokushisa lomoya ongena kusilinda. Umoya oshisayo uminyene kancane kunomoya obandayo, uphikisana nezinzuzo ze-turbocharger futhi ungabangela umonakalo kanye nokuqhunyiswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwengxube kaphethiloli/yomoya.

Ukushoda okudume kabi kwe-turbocharging, vele, kwaziwa ngele-lag. Njengoba kushiwo, udinga ukusheshisa futhi udale i-exhaust ukuze i-turbo iqale ukukhiqiza ingcindezi ephusile, okusho ukuthi izimoto zangaphambili ze-turbo zazifana neswishi ebambezelekile - lutho, lutho, lutho, KONKE.

Intuthuko ehlukahlukene kubuchwepheshe be-turbo ilawule izici ezihamba kancane ezihamba kancane zama-Saabs nama-Porsches asekuqaleni ane-turbocharged, okuhlanganisa nama-vanes alungisekayo ku-turbine anyakazayo ngokusekelwe kungcindezi yokukhipha umoya, nezinto ezingasindi, ezingqubuzana kancane ukuze kuncishiswe ukungahambi kahle.

Isinyathelo esijabulisa kakhulu esiya phambili ku-turbocharging singatholakala kuphela - okungenani okwamanje - kuma-racers e-F1, lapho injini encane kagesi igcina i-turbo ijikeleza, inciphisa isikhathi esithathayo ukuyizungeza.

Ngokufanayo, ku-World Rally Championship, isistimu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-anti-lag ilahla ingxube yomoya/yephethiloli ngqo ku-exhaust ngaphambi kwe-turbocharger. Ikhipha ukushisa okuningana kuyibangela ukuthi iqhume ngisho nangaphandle kwe-spark plug, idale amagesi e-exhaust kanye nokugcina i-turbocharger ibila.

Kodwa kuthiwani ngama-turbodiesel?

Uma kukhulunywa nge-turbocharging, udizili uwuhlobo olukhethekile. Lokhu kuyicala lesandla ngempela, ngoba ngaphandle kokungeniswa ngempoqo, izinjini zikadizili azisoze zanda njengoba zinjalo.

Udizili ofunwa ngokwemvelo unganikeza itorque esezingeni eliphansi, kodwa kulapho amathalente abo ephela khona. Kodwa-ke, ngokufakwa okuphoqelekile, udizili ungasebenzisa i-torque yawo futhi ujabulele izinzuzo ezifanayo nozakwabo bakaphethiloli.

Izinjini zikadizili zakhiwe ngabakwa-Tonka Tough ukuze zikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo emikhulu namazinga okushisa aqukethwe ngaphakathi, okusho ukuthi zingakwazi ukumelana kalula nokucindezela okwengeziwe kwe-turbo.

Zonke izinjini zikadizili - ezishibhile ngokwemvelo futhi zishajwe kakhulu - zisebenza ngokushisa uphethiloli emoyeni oweqile kulokho okubizwa ngesistimu yomlilo engenawo amandla.

Okuwukuphela kwesikhathi lapho izinjini zikadizili ezishisekelayo ngokwemvelo ziza eduze nengxube "ekahle" yomoya/yephethiloli isuke inyakaza lapho izijovo zikaphethiloli zivuleke kakhulu.

Ngenxa yokuthi uphethiloli we-diesel awuguquguquki kangako kunophethiloli, lapho ushiswa ngaphandle komoya omningi, kukhiqizwa isamba esikhulu somsizi, owaziwa nangokuthi ama-diesel particulates. Ngokugcwalisa isilinda ngomoya, ama-turbodiesel angagwema le nkinga.

Ngakho-ke, nakuba i-turbocharging iwukuthuthukiswa okumangalisayo kwezinjini zikaphethiloli, ukuphenduka kwayo kwangempela konga injini kadizili ekubeni insalela yentuthu. Nakuba "Dieselgate" kunoma yikuphi kungabangela lokhu kwenzeke.

Uzizwa kanjani ngeqiniso lokuthi ama-turbocharger athola indlela yawo cishe kuzo zonke izimoto ezinamasondo amane? Sitshele kumazwana angezansi.