Luyini uhlelo lokukhanya kwezimoto oluhlakaniphile futhi kungani luyadingeka?

Kubonakale sengathi kungaba lula kunebhalbhu elikhanyayo emotweni. Kodwa empeleni, yokukhanya imoto has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho ukuphepha emgwaqweni kuncike. Ngisho isibani semoto esijwayelekile sidinga ukulungiswa kahle. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukukhanya kungasabalalisa ibanga elifushane ukusuka emotweni, noma imodi ye-bass low izophazamisa abashayeli bezimoto ezizayo.

Ngokufika kwezinhlelo zesimanje zokuphepha, ngisho nokukhanyisa kube nezinguquko ezibalulekile. Cabanga ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obubizwa nge- "smart light": siyini isici sayo kanye nobuhle be-optics enjalo.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Ukuphazamiseka okuyinhloko kwanoma yikuphi ukukhanya ezimotweni ukungaboni okungenakugwemeka kwabashayeli bezimoto abalandelayo uma umshayeli ekhohlwa ukushintshela kwenye imodi. Ukushayela ezindaweni ezinamagquma nezimazombezombe kuyingozi kakhulu ebusuku. Ezimweni ezinjalo, imoto ezayo noma ikuphi izowela emgqeni ovela emalambini omgwaqo ozayo.

Onjiniyela abavela ezinkampanini zezimoto eziholayo balwa nale nkinga. Umsebenzi wabo wathweswa umqhele ngempumelelo, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokukhanya okukhanyayo kwavela emhlabeni wezimoto. Uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi lunamandla okuguqula ukuqina nokuqondiswa kwesibani sokukhanya ukuze umshayeli wemoto abone umgwaqo ngokunethezeka, kepha ngasikhathi sinye akubaphazamisi abasebenzisi bomgwaqo abeza.

Namuhla kunezinto ezimbalwa ezinokuhluka okuncane, kepha inqubo yokusebenza ihlala ingaguquki. Kepha ngaphambi kokubheka ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kanjani, ake senze uhambo oluncane emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kokukhanya okuzenzakalelayo:

• I-1898. Imoto yokuqala kagesi yaseColumbia yayinama-bulbs light bulbs, kepha intuthuko ayizange ibambe ngoba isibani sasinempilo emfushane ngokweqile. Esikhathini esiningi, kwakusetshenziswa amalambu ajwayelekile, avumela kuphela ukukhombisa ubukhulu bezinto zokuhamba.
• Ama-1900. Ezimotweni zokuqala, isibani sasingeyakudala, futhi sasinganyamalala ngokuvunguza komoya omncane. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ozakwabo be-acetylene bafika esikhundleni samakhandlela avamile emalambini. Babenikwe amandla yi-acetylene ethangini. Ukuze akhanyise ilambu, umshayeli wavula i-valve yokufaka, walinda ukuthi igesi igeleze ngamapayipi angene kwelambu, wase eyithungela ngomlilo. Ukukhanya okunjalo kwakudinga ukushajwa njalo.
• I-1912. Esikhundleni se-carbon filament, i-tungsten filaments yayisetshenziswa kuma-bulbs, okwandisa ukuzinza kwayo futhi kwandisa impilo yayo yokusebenza. Imoto yokuqala ukuthola isibuyekezo esinjalo yiCadillac. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa kwathola ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izinhlobo ezaziwayo.
• Izibani zokuqala eziguqukayo. Kumodeli yokuzenzakalela yaseWillys-Knight 70A, ilambu eliphakathi lalivumelaniswa namasondo ajikelezayo, ukuze liguqule ukubheka kwesigxobo kuye ngokuthi umshayeli wayezophendukela kuphi. Okuwukuphela kwento ebuyayo ukuthi isibani se-incandescent asisebenzi kangako kudizayini enjalo. Ukukhulisa ibanga ledivayisi, bekudingeka ukwengeza ukukhanya kwayo, yingakho intambo ishe ngokushesha. Ukuthuthukiswa kokujikeleza kwaqala kuphela ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s. Imoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza ukuthola uhlelo olusebenzayo lokushintsha ugongolo yiCitroen DS.
• Ama-1920. Intuthuko ejwayelekile kubashayeli abaningi ivela - isibani esikhanyayo esinezintambo ezimbili. Enye yazo icushiwe lapho kuvulwa ugongolo oluphansi, kanti olunye lapho kuvulwa ugongolo oluphakeme.
• Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ukuxazulula inkinga ngokugqama, abaklami bezibani zezimoto babuyela emcabangweni wokukhanya kwegesi. Kwathathwa isinqumo sokumpompa i-halogen ebhodleleni lesibani sakudala - igesi okwabuyiselwa ngayo intambo ye-tungsten ngesikhathi sokukhanya okukhanyayo. Ukukhanya okuphezulu komkhiqizo kufinyelelwe ngokufaka igesi esikhundleni segesi i-xenon, eyavumela intambo ukuthi icwebeze ize iye endaweni yokuncibilika kwento ye-tungsten.
• I-1958. Kuvele umbandela emazingeni aseYurophu odinga ukuthi kusetshenziswe izibonakaliso ezikhethekile ezakha umsebe wokukhanya ongalingani - ukuze unqenqema lwamalambu lukhanye ngezansi kwesokudla futhi lungaphazamisi abashayeli bezimoto abeza. EMelika, lesi sici asinakwa, kepha bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa isibani esizenzakalelayo, esisakazeke ngokulinganayo endaweni ekhanyayo.
• Intuthuko emisha. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-xenon, onjiniyela bathola okunye ukuthuthukiswa okwenze ngcono ikhwalithi yokukhanya nempilo yokusebenza komkhiqizo. Kuqhamuke isibani esikhipha igesi. Akukho ntambo kuyo. Esikhundleni salesi sici, kunama-electrode ama-2, lapho kwenziwa khona i-arc kagesi. Igesi elikwisibani ithuthukisa ukukhanya. Ngaphandle kokukhuphuka cishe kokuphindwe kabili kokusebenza kahle, amalambu anjalo abe nokushiyeka okuphawulekayo: ukuqinisekisa i-arc esezingeni eliphakeme, kudingeka i-voltage ehloniphekile, ecishe ifane nesikhathi samanje lapho kushisa khona. Ukuvimbela ibhethri ekuchitheni ngemizuzu nje embalwa, kwengezwe kudivayisi yemoto amamojula okhethekile.
• I-1991. Ama-BMW 7-Series asebenzise ama-xenon bulbs, kepha ozakwabo be-halogen abajwayelekile basetshenziswa njengogongolo olukhulu.
• I-Bixenon. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwaqala ukuphothulwa ngezimoto ezingama-premium eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-xenon. Ingqikithi yalo mbono bekuwukuba nesibani esisodwa esikhanyisweni esingashintsha imodi yogongolo ephansi / ephezulu. Emotweni, ushintsho olunjalo lungatholakala ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, kwafakwa ikhethini elikhethekile phambi komthombo wokukhanya, okwathi uma ushintshela emshayweni ophansi, wanyakaza ukuze umboze ingxenye yesigxobo ukuze abashayeli abezayo bangaphuphuthekiswa. Owesibili - umshini wokujikeleza wafakwa kulambu lwangaphambili, olwahambisa isibani sesibani endaweni efanelekile maqondana nesikhombi, ngenxa yalokho umugqa wensimbi washintsha.

Uhlelo lwesimanjemanje lwe-smart light luhlose ukufeza ukulingana phakathi kokukhanyisa umgwaqo kumshayeli nokuvimbela ukugqama kwabahlanganyeli bezimoto abezayo, kanye nabahamba ngezinyawo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimoto zinezibani ezikhethekile zokuxwayisa zabahamba ngezinyawo, ezifakwe ohlelweni lokubona ebusuku (ungafunda ngalo lapha).

Ukukhanya okuzenzakalelayo kwezinye izimoto zesimanje kusebenza ngezindlela ezinhlanu, ezidalwa ngokuya ngezimo zezulu nezimo zomgwaqo. Ngakho-ke, enye yezindlela idalwa lapho isivinini sokuhamba singeqi ku-90 km / h, futhi umgwaqo unama-descents ahlukahlukene nama-ascents. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ukukhanya kwesibani kuyandiswa ngamamitha angaba yishumi futhi kubuye kube kubanzi. Lokhu kuvumela umshayeli ukuba abone ubungozi ngesikhathi uma umgwaqo ungabonakali kahle ekukhanyeni okujwayelekile.

Lapho imoto iqala ukushayela ngejubane elingaphezu kuka-90 km / h, imodi yethrekhi icushwa ngamasethingi amabili. Esigabeni sokuqala, i-xenon ishisa kakhulu, amandla omthombo wokukhanya akhuphukela ku-38 W. Lapho umkhawulo wamakhilomitha ayi-110 / ihora ufinyelelwa, ukumiswa kwesibani sokukhanya kuyashintsha - ugongolo luba banzi. Le ndlela ingavumela umshayeli ukuthi abone umgwaqo amamitha ayi-120 ngaphambi kwemoto. Uma kuqhathaniswa nelambu elijwayelekile, lokhu kungamamitha angama-50 ukude.

Lapho izimo zomgwaqo zishintsha nemoto isendaweni enenkungu, ilambu elikhanyayo lizolungisa ukukhanya ngokuya ngezinye zezinto ezenziwa ngumshayeli. Ngakho-ke, imodi iyasebenza lapho isivinini semoto sehla saya ku-70 km / h, futhi umshayeli ukhanyisa ilambu lenkungu langemuva. Kulokhu, isibani se-xenon esingakwesobunxele siphendukela kancane siye ngaphandle bese sitshekisa ukuze ilambu elikhanyayo lishaye ngaphambili kwemoto, ukuze ukhokho ubonakale kahle. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuzocishwa ngokushesha lapho imoto ishesha ngejubane elingaphezulu kwe-100 km / h.

Inketho elandelayo ukuvula izibani. Iyasebenza ngejubane eliphansi (kufika kumakhilomitha angama-40 ngehora lapho isondo lokushayela livulwe nge-engeli enkulu) noma ngesikhathi sokuma lapho kukhanyiswe khona isinali. Kulokhu, uhlelo lukhanyisa ilambu lenkungu ohlangothini lapho kuzokwenziwa khona ithuba. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubuke umgwaqo.

Ezinye izimoto zine-Hella smart light system. Intuthuko isebenza ngokulandela lo mgomo olandelayo. I-headlight ifakwe idrayivu kagesi nebhalbhu ye-xenon. Lapho umshayeli eshintsha ugongolo oluphansi / oluphakeme, ilensi eseduze nebani lesibani iyahamba ukuze lolu gongolo lushintshe uhlangothi lwalo.

Kokunye ukuguqulwa, esikhundleni selensi eshintshashintshayo, kune-prism enobuso obuningana. Lapho ushintshela kwenye imodi yokukhanya, le element iyajikeleza, ifaka ubuso obuhambisana nebhalbhu yokukhanyisa. Ukwenza imodeli ifanele izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zethrafikhi, i-prism ilungisa ithrafikhi yangakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla.

Ukufakwa kokukhanya okuhlakaniphile kunesikhungo sokulawula lapho kuxhunywa khona izinzwa ezidingekayo, isibonelo, isivinini, isondo lokushayela, izinqola ezikhanyayo ezizayo, njll. Ngokuya ngamasignali atholakele, uhlelo lulungisa amalambu emodi oyifunayo. Ukulungiswa okusha okusha kuvunyelaniswa ne-navigator yemoto, ngakho-ke idivayisi iyakwazi ukubikezela kusengaphambili ukuthi iyiphi imodi ezodinga ukwenziwa isebenze.

Ukukhanya okuzenzakalelayo kwe-LED

Muva nje, amalambu e-LED asedumile. Zenziwe ngesimo semiconductor ekhanya lapho ugesi udlula kuyo. Inzuzo yalobu buchwepheshe ijubane lokuphendula. Kumalambu anjalo, awudingi ukufudumeza igesi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kuncane kakhulu kunalokho kozakwabo be-xenon. Okuwukuphela kwempendulo yama-LED ukukhanya kwawo okuphansi. Ukuwukhulisa, ukushisa okubucayi komkhiqizo akunakugwenywa, okudinga uhlelo olwengeziwe lokupholisa.

Ngokusho konjiniyela, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuzothatha indawo yama-xenon ngenxa yejubane lokuphendula. Lobu buchwepheshe bunezinzuzo eziningana uma kuqhathaniswa namadivayisi akudala okukhanyisa imoto:

1. Amadivayisi akhulu kakhulu, avumela abenzi bezimoto ukuthi bahlanganise imibono yesikhathi esizayo ngemuva kwamamodeli abo.
2. Zisebenza ngokushesha okukhulu kunama-halogen nama-xenons.
3. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe izibani zamalambu ezigaba eziningi, iseli ngalinye lawo lizobhekana nemodi yalo, elenza lula ukwakheka kohlelo futhi likwenze kushibhe.
4. Isikhathi sempilo yama-LED sicishe sifane nempilo yayo yonke imoto.
5. Imishini enjalo ayidingi amandla amaningi ukuze ikhanye.

Into ehlukile yikhono lokusebenzisa ama-LED ukuze umshayeli abone kahle umgwaqo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye angakhanyi ithrafikhi ezayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, abakhiqizi bahlomisa uhlelo ngezinto zokulungisa ilambu elizayo, kanye nokuma kwezimoto ngaphambili. Ngenxa yesivinini esikhulu sokuphendula, izindlela zishintshwa ngezingxenyana zomzuzwana, ezivimbela izimo eziphuthumayo.

Phakathi kokukhanya okukhanyayo kwe-LED, kukhona ukuguqulwa okulandelayo:

• Isibani sesibani esijwayelekile, esiqukethe ama-LED amaningi angama-20. Lapho imodi ehambisanayo ivuliwe (kule nguqulo, lokhu kuvame ukukhanya okuseduze noma okukude), iqembu lezinto ezihambisanayo liyasebenza.
• Isibani esikhulu seMatrix. Idivayisi yayo ifaka izinto ze-LED eziphindwe kabili. Futhi bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu, kepha, i-elektroniki kulo mklamo iyakwazi ukucisha ezinye izingxenye eziqondile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ugongolo oluphakeme luyaqhubeka nokukhanya, kepha indawo esendaweni yemoto ezayo iza mnyama.
• Ukukhanya kwe-Pixel. Isivele iqukethe ubuningi bezinto eziyi-100, ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba hhayi kuphela zibheke phezulu, kepha futhi zibheka phezulu, ezinwebisa ububanzi bezilungiselelo zesikhala sokukhanya.
• Ukukhanya kwe-Pixel ngesigaba se-laser-phosphor, esisebenza ngemodi yogongolo ephezulu. Ngenkathi ushayela emgwaqeni omkhulu ngesivinini esedlula amakhilomitha angama-80 / ihora, i-elektroniki ivula ama-lasers ashaya ebangeni elifinyelela ku-500m. Ngaphezu kwalezi zakhi, uhlelo lufakwe inzwa yangemuva. Lapho nje ugongolo oluncane oluvela emotweni ezayo luyishaya, ugongolo oluphakeme luyacishwa.
• Isibani se-Laser. Lesi yisizukulwane sakamuva sokukhanya kwezimoto. Ngokungafani nozakwabo we-LED, le divayisi ikhiqiza amandla angama-lumens angama-70, incane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye iyabiza kakhulu, engavumeli ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zesabelomali, okuvame ukuphuphuthekisa abanye abashayeli.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko

Ukunquma ukuthi ungayithenga yini imoto ehlome ngalobu buchwepheshe, udinga ukunaka inzuzo yokuzivumelanisa ngokuzenzakalela ne-optics nezimo ezisemgwaqeni:

• Wona kanye umqondo womqondo wokuthi ukukhanya akuqondiswa kuphela ebangeni naphambi kwemoto, kodwa kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene, sekungukuhlanganiswa okukhulu. Umshayeli angakhohlwa ukucisha isigxobo esiphakeme, esingaphazamisa umnikazi wethrafikhi ezayo.
• Isibani esihlakaniphile sizovumela umshayeli ukuthi abone kahle ukhiye wethrekhi nethrekhi lapho ekhoneni.
• Isimo ngasinye emgwaqeni singadinga umbuso waso. Isibonelo, uma amalambu engalungisiwe kuthrafikhi ezayo, futhi nogongolo olucwilisiwe luyakhazimula, uhlelo lungavula imodi yokuphakama okuphezulu, kepha ngokufiphala kwesigaba esibhekele ukukhanyisa ohlangothini lwesobunxele lomgwaqo . Lokhu kuzofaka isandla ekuphepheni kwabahamba ngezinyawo, ngoba imvamisa ezimweni ezinjalo, kuyashayiswa umuntu ohamba eceleni komgwaqo egqoke izingubo ezingenazo izinto ezibonakalisayo.
• Ama-LED angemuva wokukhanya ayabonakala kakhulu uma ilanga libalele, okwenza kube lula ukulawula ijubane lezimoto ezilandela ngemuva uma amabhuleki emoto.
• Isibani esihlakaniphile senza kube nokuphepha ukushayela ezimweni zezulu ezingezinhle.

Uma eminyakeni embalwa edlule ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bufakwe kumamodeli womqondo, namuhla sekuvele kusetshenziswe ngenkuthalo ngabaningi bezimoto. Isibonelo salokhu yi-AFS, efakwe isizukulwane sakamuva seSkoda Superb. I-Electronics isebenza ngezindlela ezintathu (ngokungeziwe kude nakude):

1. Idolobha - lenziwe lasebenza ngejubane lama-50 km / h. Ugongolo olukhanyayo lushaya lusondele kodwa lubanzi ngokwanele ukuze umshayeli akwazi ukubona kahle izinto ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo.
2. Umgwaqo omkhulu - le nketho inikwe amandla uma ushayela emgwaqeni omkhulu (isivinini esingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-90 / ihora). I-optics iqondisa ugongolo ngaphezulu ukuze umshayeli akwazi ukubona izinto phambili futhi anqume kusengaphambili okudingeka kwenziwe esimweni esithile.
3. Okuxubekile - amalambu aqala ngejubane lemoto, kanye nokuba khona kwethrafikhi ezayo.

Ngaphezu kwezindlela ezingenhla, lolu hlelo luzimela ngokuzimela lapho luqala ukuna noma inkungu futhi luvumelana nezimo eziguqukile. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ngomshayeli ukuyilawula imoto.

Nayi ividiyo emfushane yokuthi amalambu angaphambili ahlakaniphile, akhiqizwa ngonjiniyela beBMW, asebenza kanjani:

Izibani zangaphambili ze-BMW

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ngizisebenzisa kanjani izibani zami emotweni yami? Imodi yohlaka olusezingeni eliphansi iyashintsha uma kwenzeka: abashayeli abadlulayo (amamitha angu-150), lapho kungenzeka ukuthi kube khona okukhazimulayo okuzayo noma okudlulayo (ukubonakala esibukweni kuphuphuthekisiwe) abashayeli, edolobheni ezingxenyeni ezikhanyisiwe zomgwaqo. .

Luhlobo luni lokukhanya olukhona emotweni? Umshayeli unazo: izilinganiso, izinkomba, amalambu okupaka, DRL (amalambu asemini), amalambu (i-low / high beam), amalambu enkungu, amabhuleki, ukukhanya okuhlehlisayo.

Ukhanyisa kanjani isibani emotweni? Kuya ngemodeli yemoto. Kwezinye izimoto, ukukhanya kuvulwa ngokushintsha kwe-centre console, kwezinye - kukholomu yokuqondisa vula isignali yokushintsha.