I-piston yenjini - iyini futhi iyini

Izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi zanamuhla zinomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqhathanisa nama-analogs akhiqizwa ekuqaleni komkhakha wezimoto. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abakhiqizi bafaka amasistimu we-elekthronikhi ongezelelweyo kuphiko lamandla ukuqinisekisa uzinzo, umnotho nokusebenza kahle.

Ngaphandle kokungabonakali kwezinhlelo zikagesi, insiza ye-ICE ihlale ingashintshiwe. Izinto eziyinhloko zeyunithi yilezi:

• Crank mshini;
• Isilinda-piston iqembu;
• Ukudla nokukhipha okuningi;
• Indlela yokusabalalisa igesi;
• Injini uhlelo Lubrication.

Izindlela ezinjengokusatshalaliswa kwe-crank negesi kufanele zivumelaniswe. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngenxa yedrayivu. Kungaba ibhande noma iketanga.

Iyunithi ngayinye yenjini yenza umsebenzi obalulekile, ngaphandle kokusebenza okuzinzile (noma ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile) kweyunithi yamandla okungenakwenzeka. Cabanga ngomsebenzi owenziwa yipiston emotweni, kanye nangesakhiwo sayo.

Yini i-piston yenjini?

Le ngxenye ifakwe kuzo zonke izinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo. Ngaphandle kwalo, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft. Kungakhathaliseki ukuguqulwa unit (ezimbili noma ezine-unhlangothi), ukusebenza piston akashintshiwe.

Lesi siqeshana esiyindilinga sinamathiselwe endukwini yokuxhuma, yona yona eqondiswa kulayini wensimbi. Ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule amandla akhishwe ngenxa yomlilo.

Isikhala ngenhla kwepiston sibizwa ngegumbi lokusebenza. Zonke imivimbo yenjini yemoto yenzeka kuyo (isibonelo, ukuguqulwa kokushaywa unhlangothi okune):

• I-valve yokungenisa ivula futhi umoya uxutshwe nophethiloli (kumamodeli we-carburetor asemkhathini) noma umoya uqobo uyamunzwa (ngokwesibonelo, umoya umunzwa enjinini kadizili, futhi uphethiloli unikezwa ngemuva kokuthi ivolumu icindezelwe kufinyelele ezingeni elifunwayo);
• Lapho i-piston inyuka, wonke ama-valve avaliwe, ingxube ayinandawo lapho ingaya khona, iyacindezelwa;
• Ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu (elibizwa nangokuthi lifile), inhlansi inikezwa kumxube ocindezelwe womoya-uphethiloli. Ukukhululwa okubukhali kwamandla kwakhiwa emgodini (inhlanganisela iyasha), ngenxa yalokho okwanda kwenzeka, okuhambisa ipiston phansi;
• Lapho nje ifinyelela endaweni ephansi, i-valve yokuphelelwa umoya iyavula bese amagesi aqeda ukususwa asuswe ngokugcwalisa okugcwele.

Imijikelezo efanayo yenziwa yizo zonke izakhi zeqembu le-injini yama-piston, kuphela ngokufuduswa okuthile, okuqinisekisa ukujikeleza okushelelayo kwe-crankshaft.

Ngenxa yobunzima obuphakathi kwezindonga zesilinda kanye ne-piston O-rings, ingcindezi idalwa, ngenxa yokuthi le nto ihambela esikhungweni esingaphansi esifile. Njengoba i-piston yesilinda esiseduze iqhubeka nokuzungeza i-crankshaft, eyokuqala ihamba ku-cylinder iye phezulu esikhungweni esifile. Yile ndlela inhlangano yokuphindisela evela ngayo.

Idizayini yepiston

Abanye abantu babiza i-piston njengeqoqo lezingxenye ezifakwe ku-crankshaft. Eqinisweni, lokhu kuyinto enesimo se-cylindrical, esithwala umthwalo womshini ngesikhathi sokuqhuma okuncane kwenhlanganisela kaphethiloli nomoya ekugcineni kwesifo sokucindezelwa.

Idivayisi yepiston ifaka:

• phansi;
• ama-o-ring grooves;
• isiketi.

I-piston inamathele endukwini yokuxhuma ngophini wensimbi. Into ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo.

Ngezansi

Le ngxenye yengxenye ithatha ukucindezelwa komshini nokushisa. Kungumngcele ongezansi wegumbi lokusebenza lapho zonke izinyathelo ezingenhla zenzeka khona. Okuphansi akuhlali njalo. Ukuma kwayo kuncike kumodeli yemoto efakwe kuyo.

Uphawu ingxenye

Kule ngxenye, kufakwe isishisi sikawoyela nezindandatho zokuminyanisa. Banikela ngokuqina okuphezulu phakathi kwesilinda se-cylinder block, ngenxa yokuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, hhayi izinto eziyinhloko zenjini, kepha namasongo angashintshwa, aguga.

Ukuguqulwa okuvame kakhulu okwezindandatho ezintathu ze-O: izindandatho ezimbili zokucindezela kanye ne-one scraper kawoyela. Lesi sakamuva silawula ukuthambisa kwezindonga zesilinda. Isethi yengxenye engezansi nengxenye yokubeka uphawu ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yinhloko ye-piston ngomakhenikha bezimoto.

Skirt

Le ngxenye yengxenye iqinisekisa ukuma okuqondile okuqondile. Izindonga zesiketi ziqondisa i-piston futhi zivimbele ekuqhubekeni, okuzovimbela umthwalo we-mehendi ukuthi usatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu kwezindonga zesilinda.

Imisebenzi ephambili ye-piston

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-piston ukuhambisa i-crankshaft ngokucindezela induku yokuxhuma. Lesi senzo senzeka lapho inhlanganisela kaphethiloli nomoya ushisa. Indawo ephansi eyisicaba ithatha konke ukucindezela kwemishini.

Ngokwengeziwe kulo msebenzi, le ngxenye inezinye izakhiwo:

• Ifaka uphawu egumbini elisebenza esilindini, ngenxa yokuthi ukusebenza kahle kokuqhuma kunamaphesenti aphezulu (le parameter incike ebangeni lokucindezelwa nenani lokucindezelwa). Uma izindandatho ze-O zigugile, ubunzima buyahlupheka, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenza kweyunithi yamandla kuyancipha;
• Ipholisa igumbi lokusebenza. Lo msebenzi ufanelwe i-athikili ehlukile, kepha ngamafuphi, lapho ufakwa ngaphakathi kwesilinda, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kakhulu laya ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ukuvikela ingxenye ukuthi ingancibiliki kuyo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukususa ukushisa. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngamasongo wokuvala, iphini le-piston kanye nenduku yokuxhuma. Kepha izinto eziyinhloko eziqeda ukushisa ngamafutha nengxenye entsha yenhlanganisela yamafutha omoya.

Izinhlobo zama-piston

Kuze kube manje, abakhiqizi bakhiqize inani elikhulu lokuguqulwa okuhlukile kwe-piston. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kuleli cala ukufinyelela "kusho kwegolide" phakathi kokuncishiswa kokugqoka kwezingxenye, ukukhiqizwa kweyunithi nokupholisa okwanele kwezinto zokuxhumana.

Kuyadingeka izindandatho ezibanzi ukuze i-piston iphole kangcono. Kepha ngalokhu, ukusebenza kahle kwemoto kuyancipha, ngoba ingxenye yamandla izohamba ukunqoba amandla amakhulu okuxaka.

Ngokwakhiwa, wonke ama-piston ahlukaniswe kwaba yizinguquko ezimbili:

• Ukuze izinjini ezimbili-unhlangothi. Ngaphansi kuzo kunesakhiwo esiyindilinga, esithuthukisa ukususwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcwala kanye nokugcwaliswa kwegumbi elisebenzayo.
• Izinjini ezine-stroke. Ekuguqukeni okunjalo, phansi kuzoba concave noma kube flat. Isigaba sokuqala siphephe kakhulu lapho isikhathi se-valve sigudluliwe - noma i-valve ivulekile, i-piston ngeke ihambisane nayo, ngoba kukhona okukhona okuhambisanayo kuyo. Futhi, lezi zinto zinikeza ukuhlanganiswa okungcono kwengxube egumbini lokusebenzela.

Ama-pistons ezinjini zikadizili ayisigaba esihlukile sezingxenye. Okokuqala, zinamandla kakhulu kunezifaniso zephethiloli zangaphakathi zomlilo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ngoba ingcindezi engaphezu kwama-atmospheres angama-20 kufanele yenziwe ngaphakathi kwesilinda. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi enkulu, isibhamu esivamile siyowa kalula.

Okwesibili, lawo mabhistela avame ukuba nezikhala ezikhethekile, ezibizwa ngokuthi amagumbi omlilo wepiston. Zakha isiyaluyalu kuhlangothi lokudla, zinikeze ukupholisa okuthuthukile komuntu ongaphansi oshisayo kanye nokuxubana okusebenzayo kwephethiloli / nomoya.

Kukhona okunye ukwahlukaniswa kwalezi zinto:

• Abalingisi. Zenziwa ngokujikijela kutho olungenalutho oluqinile, oluthi lucutshungulwe kuma-lathes. Amamodeli anjalo asetshenziswa ezimotweni ezilula;
• Amaqembu esizwe. Lezi zingxenye ziqoqiwe kusuka ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, okwenza ukuthi kuhlanganiswe izinto zokwakha izinto zepiston (isibonelo, isiketi singenziwa nge-aluminium alloy, futhi phansi kungenziwa ngensimbi noma ngensimbi). Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme nokuxakaniseka komklamo, ama-piston anjalo awafakiwe kuma-motor ajwayelekile. Isicelo esiyinhloko sokuguqulwa okunjalo yizinjini ezinkulu zangaphakathi zomlilo ezisebenzisa uphethiloli kadizili.

Izidingo zama-piston enjini

Ukuze i-piston ibhekane nomsebenzi wayo, lokhu okulandelayo kumele kuhlangatshezwane ngenkathi kukhiqizwa:

1. Kumele imelane nemithwalo yokushisa ephezulu, ngenkathi ingakhubazeki ngaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini, futhi ukuze ukusebenza kahle kwemoto kungawi nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, okokusebenza akumele kube ne-coefficient ephezulu yokukhulisa;
2. Izinto okwenziwe ngazo le ngxenye akufanele ziguge ngokushesha ngenxa yokwenza umsebenzi wokuthwala okusobala;
3. I-piston kufanele ibe lula, ngoba njengoba isisindo sikhuphuka ngenxa ye-inertia, umthwalo osendongeni yokuxhuma kanye nokhuni ukhuphuka kaningana.

Lapho ukhetha i-piston entsha, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucabangela izincomo zomkhiqizi, ngaphandle kwalokho injini izothola imithwalo eyengeziwe noma ilahlekelwe ukuzinza.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Enzani ama-piston enjinini? Kumasilinda, enza umnyakazo ophindaphindayo ngenxa yokushiswa kwengxube yamafutha omoya kanye nomthelela ku-crank ophuma kumapiston angomakhelwane ehamba phansi.

Yiziphi pistons akhona? Ngesiketi esilinganayo nesasimetric esinobukhulu obuhlukene obungezansi. Kukhona amapiston anwebekayo alawulwayo, i-autothermal, i-autothermatic, i-duoterm, edidekile, eyisiketi, i-Evotec, i-aluminium yomgunyathi.

Yiziphi izici zomklamo we-piston? Ama-piston awahlukani nje ngokuma, kodwa futhi ngenani lezikhala zokufaka izindandatho zokuvala. I-piston skirt ingaba tapered noma umgqomo-shape.