Kuyini i-hydrometer? Isebenza kanjani futhi yenzelwe ini

Ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwemoto, kuyadingeka ngezikhathi ezithile ukukala ubungako be-electrolyte ne-antifreeze. Ngokungabonakali, le pharamitha ayinakunqunywa. Ngezinjongo ezinjalo, kukhona i-hydrometer.

Isebenza kanjani le divayisi, isebenza kanjani, yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona nokuthi isetshenziswa kuphi futhi? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zizosiza abashayeli be-novice ukuthi basebenzise i-hydrometer kahle.

Yini i-hydrometer?

Ubuningi bolu ketshezi kungukuhlungwa kwento eyengeziwe endaweni enkulu. Ulwazi lwale pharamitha lusiza ekutholeni ukuthi uketshezi lobuchwepheshe ludinga ukushintshwa nini noma lwenze kube lula ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bulandelwe yini ekukhiqizeni.

Abashayeli bezimoto basebenzisa i-hydrometer ukukala ikhwalithi ye-electrolyte ne-antifreeze. Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwezinto ezengeziwe endaweni enkulu kungaholela ekubandeni kuketshezi emakhazeni noma ukwehla kwezinga laso ngenxa yokuhwamuka kwamanzi ngokushesha ehlobo elishisayo.

Endabeni yebhethri, lokhu kuzoholela ebunzimeni bokuqalisa injini, ukunciphisa impilo yenkonzo, noma ukubola kwamapuleti okuhola. Isipholisi esiphansi samandla amancane singabilisa ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi.

Ukuvimbela ukuvela kwezinkinga, kuyadingeka ukukala lezi ziketshezi ngesikhathi esifanele usebenzisa i-hydrometer - iflothi yokuntanta ngesikali. Kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa, kepha kunezici ezithile okufanele uzicabangele.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Ngokwenganekwane, usosayensi wasendulo ongumGreki u-Archimedes waziphosa kubhavu ogelezayo, okwadala ukuthi amanzi agcwale. Lesi simo simenze wacabanga ukuthi ngendlela efanayo kungenzeka ukukala ivolumu yegolide okwenziwe ngayo umqhele kaTsar Heron II (umsunguli wanikezwa umsebenzi wokunquma ukuthi ngabe ucezu lobucwebe obuyigugu lwenziwe ngegolide elimsulwa).

Noma iyiphi i-hydrometer isebenza ngokuya ngomgomo wokufuduswa otholwe yi-Archimedes. Ngokomthetho we-hydrostatic, lapho into ethile icwiliswa kuketshezi, ibutho elinamandla liyasebenza. Inani layo lifana nesisindo samanzi ahlukanisiwe. Njengoba ukwakheka ketshezi kwehlukile, khona-ke amandla okususa amandla azohluka.

Ibhokisi elifakwe uphawu lifakwa esitsheni esikhulu esinoketshezi. Njengoba isisindo silungisiwe ezansi kwedivayisi, ibhodlela alijiki, kepha lihlala limile.

Endabeni yesilinganiso sendawo, njengokuthola ubukhulu be-antifreeze noma i-electrolyte, ama-hydrometers anedamu lapho kufakwa khona iflothi. Ngesikhathi sokufisa, lolu ketshezi lugcwalisa iflask enkulu ezingeni elithile. Lapho ujula wesibili uya ngokuya ngokuya, kwehla ukuminyana ketshezi. Ukuze unqume ikhwalithi yendawo evivinyiwe, udinga ukulinda i- "float" ukuze yehlise umoya.

Izinhlobo zedivayisi

Njengoba izinto eziwuketshezi zinobuningi bazo, ama-hydrometer alinganiswa ngakunye kwawo ngokwehlukana. Uma ucingo lusetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo, ukusebenza kwalo ngeke kuthathwe njengokulungile.

Ngaphezu kwesisindo sesisindo, esilinganiselwe uketshezi oluhambisanayo, idivayisi ingaba nezinhlobo ezintathu zesikali:

• Ukunquma ukuminyana kwento;
• Ukukala iphesenti lokungcola emvelweni;
• Ukunquma amaphesenti ento eyengeziwe encibilikiswe emanzini (noma esinye isisekelo), isibonelo, inani le-sulfuric acid ku-distillate yokulungiselela i-electrolyte.

Ngaphandle, wonke ama-hydrometer ayafana futhi asebenza ngokuya ngomgomo ofanayo, noma kunjalo, ngalinye lilinganiselwe imvelo yalo kanye nemingcele ethile.

Kusetshenziswa amadivayisi afanayo ukukala izinkomba:

• Amaphesenti wokuqukethwe kotshwala;
• Ukuqondiswa koshukela noma usawoti;
• Ubuningi bezixazululo ze-asidi;
• Okuqukethwe amafutha ngobisi;
• Izinga lemikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

Ukuguqulwa ngakunye kwe-hydrometer kunegama elifanayo.

Imitha yotshwala

Ikuvumela ukukala amandla esiphuzo esidakayo. Kulokhu, isilinganiso saso sizokhombisa iphesenti lotshwala esiphuzweni. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi amadivayisi anjalo awekho ndawo yonke, kepha futhi alinganiselwe izigaba ezithile zeziphuzo.

Isibonelo, ukukala i-vodka, i-liqueur neminye imimoya, ama-hydrometer asetshenziswayo, okuthweswa iziqu kungaphansi kwama-40 degrees. Endabeni yewayini nezinye iziphuzo ezinotshwala obuningi, kusetshenziswa amabhodlela anembe kakhudlwana.

IHydrometer yemikhiqizo kaphethiloli

Lesi sigaba samadivayisi senzelwe ukukala ikhwalithi kaphethiloli, uphalafini, uphethiloli kadizili neminye imikhiqizo kawoyela. Idivayisi ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuba khona kokungcola okunciphisa ikhwalithi kaphethiloli.

Azisetshenziswa kuphela ezitshalweni zezimboni. Umshayeli wemoto ojwayelekile angaphinde athenge umshini onjalo ukwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi sikuphi isiteshi sikaphethiloli okufanele ukukhulisa imoto yakhe.

I-Saccharometer

Ama-Refractometers asetshenziswa embonini yokudla, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni ama-juice. Idivayisi ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuvuthwa kwesithelo. Kukala ukuhlanganisa ushukela endaweni yokuhlola.

I-hydrometer yezimoto

Abashayeli bezimoto basebenzisa ama-hydrometer ukukala ukuminyana kwe-antifreeze ne-electrolyte. Okungasetshenziswa kancane ukulinganisa uketshezi lwamabhule kanye nophethiloli. Endabeni yamamodeli wokuhlola uketshezi olune-asidi, idivayisi ishintshwa kancane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inebhokisi elikhulu elingenalutho, ngaphakathi okuyiflat engilazi enesilinganiso esifanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, into enjalo incishisiwe (noma ngethiphu yenjoloba efana nepipette), kuthi ngakolunye uhlangothi kufakwe isibani senjoloba ukuthatha ingxenye ye-electrolyte.

Lo mklamo uphephe kakhulu, ngoba ukuthintana nezinto ezine-asidi nezinobuthi nesikhumba akufuneki. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto ezendawo yonke futhi zisetshenziselwa ukukala ukuminyana kweziphuzo ezahlukahlukene.

Njengoba iflothi licwiliswa endaweni ehlukile kuya ekujuleni kwayo, amapharamitha ahambelana noketshezi oluthile ahlelwe emazingeni ehlukene esikali.

Ngaphezu kokuguqulwa okubalwe ngenhla, ama-hydrometer asetshenziswa futhi kwezokwelapha (ukukala ubukhulu bezinto ezithile zebhayoloji kubantu), ekuphekeni, embonini yokudla (ngokwesibonelo, i-lactometer ilinganisa ubisi olunamafutha, futhi imitha kasawoti iyasiza ukunquma ukufaneleka kwamanzi ngezinhloso zokudla nobulukhuni bawo), kanye naku amabhizinisi akhiqiza imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali.

Idizayini kanye nemingcele ye-hydrometer

Idivayisi iyi-flask evaliwe emikhawulweni yomibili. Kunokudutshulwa kwensimbi ngaphakathi kuyo. Inani lalo linqunywa ngenhloso yedivayisi (uketshezi ngalunye lunobuningi balo). Ibhodlela linesikali esikuvumela ukuthi unqume ngokunembile ipharamitha edingekayo. Amanye ama-hydrometer futhi angena kubhubhu omkhulu ongenalutho (njengakwimodeli ye-electrolyte).

Ibhodlela elengeziwe lisetshenziselwa ukukala iziphuzo ezithile eziyingozi. Yenzelwe ukuthatha ingxenye (ngokwesibonelo, ama-hydrometri ezimoto avumela ukuthatha ngokunembile ivolumu encane ye-electrolyte). Lo mklamo uvimbela i-electrolyte noma enye into enobuthi ukuthi ingangeni esikhunjeni.

Ngokuya ngomklamo nenjongo, ibhodlela lesibili lingenziwa ngesimo sebhodlela elinentamo ende noma ngesimo sethubhu yokuhlola ejiyile enesikali esifakiwe. Amanye amamodeli enziwe ngopulasitiki ominyene obala ongazweli ku-acid nolaka izixazululo ze-alkaline.

Uzakwabo wengilazi unezinzuzo ezimbalwa:

• Isibani sigcina ukubonakala kwaso kungakhathalekile ukuthi sisetshenziswa kangaki;
• Ingilazi imelana kakhulu nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo.

Okunye okungahambi kahle kwama-hydrometers engilazi ukuthi ayentekenteke, ngakho-ke imodeli ewayo kufanele igcinwe kahle (esimweni esinamaseli ahlukene ngebhodlela ngalinye). Kulokhu, iflothi kufanele lisuswe kuflask enkulu futhi ligcinwe emaphaketheni akhethekile ukuze lingaphuli.

Lapho uthenga i-hydrometer yohlobo olufanayo, kufanele unake iphutha (kuboniswa njengephesenti). Imvamisa, le pharamitha ibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izilinganiso ezinembile ekukhiqizeni.

Okunye futhi okubalulekile ukuthweswa iziqu kwesikali. Uma isikhathi eside, isilinganiso sizonemba kakhudlwana. Ama-hydrometer ashibhile kaningi anesilinganiso esincane, ngakho-ke ukunquma ukuminyana ngqo kwe-electrolyte noma i-antifreeze kuba nzima kakhulu.

Ukwenza kube lula kumshayeli ukuthola ukuthi ngabe inkomba ingaphakathi yini kokujwayelekile, isikali siqukethe amamaki anenani eliphansi elivumelekile (uphawu olubomvu). Inani elilungile limakwe ngokuluhlaza okotshani.

Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-hydrometer

Idivayisi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Ukunquma ipharamitha edingekayo, iflothi lifakwa esitsheni nesisombululo. Kumele ehlise umoya, okuzonikeza inkomba enembile kakhulu.

Lapho usebenza noketshezi olunobungozi, le nqubo kufanele yenziwe ngendlela ekhethekile. Njengoba ukusebenza okulungile kwebhethri kuncike ekumeni nasekugxileni kwe-asidi ku-electrolyte, kuyadingeka ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile uhlole le mingcele usebenzisa i-hydrometer (ukuthola imininingwane yokuthi ungayandisa kanjani impilo yebhethri, funda esihlokweni esehlukile).

Isibonisi sokuminyana se-electrolyte emabhethri kufanele sibe sebangeni lika-1,22-1,29 g / cm³ (kuya ngesimo sezulu lapho imoto isebenza khona). Amanye amamodeli webhethri afakwe iwindi lokuhlola elinenkomba yokushaja. Izinkomba zayo:

• umbala obomvu - izinga le-electrolyte lehlile, kuyadingeka ukuthi ugcwalise ivolumu (ngenkathi ukukhokhisa kusenokwanela ukuqala kokuphotha i-flywheel);
• umbala omhlophe - ibhethri licishe lakhishwe ngo-50%;
• okuluhlaza - ukunikezwa kwamandla kukhokhiswe ngokwanele.

Lezi zinkomba zizosiza ekunqumeni ukuthi ngabe umthombo wamandla ungasetshenziswa yini ukusebenzisa imishini esebenzisa amandla amaningi, ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokulalelwayo (kuchazwa kanjani ukuthi i-amplifier yemoto kufanele ichazwe kahle lapha).

Ukugcinwa kokuphakelwa kwamandla ngezikhathi ezithile kuzosiza ekunqumeni ukuthi ngabe kufakwa iziphuzo ezidayiswayo (distillate) yini noma ibhethri lidinga ukuvuselelwa. Kumabhethri anezinsizakalo, izilinganiso zenziwa nge-hydrometer yemoto. Nayi inkomba esheshayo yokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani kahle.

Imiyalo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokuthatha izilinganiso

Ngaphambi kokulinganisa uketshezi lwensizakalo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa liyifanele le nqubo. Abakhiqizi batusa ukuthatha izilinganiso emazingeni okushisa ngaphakathi +20 degrees (hhayi imvelo, kepha indawo evivinyiwe). Ubuningi bolwelwesi olufanayo buyashintsha ngokufundwa okuhlukile kwe-thermometer, ngakho-ke, ukuqeda ukungalungi, kufanele uthobele lesi sincomo.

Ukuze kube lula ukukala, ezinye izinguquko zesimanje zifakwe i-thermometer ukucacisa izinga lokushisa ketshezi. ukuze ukwazi ukunquma ngokunembile ukuthi ngabe uketshezi luyahlangabezana yini nemingcele edingekayo, kwesinye isikhathi ukulungiswa kukhonjiswa esikalini (noma kumadokhumenti ezobuchwepheshe wedivayisi) kucatshangelwa ukushisa okungajwayelekile.

Inqubo yenziwa ngokulandelana okulandelayo:

1. udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kudlule okungenani amahora ayisithupha selokhu ukukhokhiswa kokugcina;
2. wonke ama-plugs webhethri awavuleki;
3. iflothi (i-hydrometer) lifakwa kuflask enkulu, kufakwa ipheya ngaphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi - ukhokho onentamo encishisiwe;
4. ngaphambi kokwehlisa ithiphu yenjoloba ku-electrolyte, ipheya licindezelwe ngokuphelele;
5. i-pipette icwiliswa oketshezi, ipheya alithunjiwe;
6. ivolumu ye-electrolyte kufanele ibe ningi kangangokuthi iflothi elingaphakathi kwebhodlela lintanta ngokukhululeka futhi alithinti izindonga zebhokisi;
7. ngemuva kokufunda izinkomba, i-electrolyte ibuyela kahle ebhange lebhethri, ama-plugs asontekile.

Ukuze ulondolozwe kahle, i-hydrometer kufanele igezwe ngamanzi. Lokhu kuzovimbela ukwakheka koqwembe ngaphakathi kuflask, okungathinta ukunemba kwezilinganiso ngokuzayo.

Ukuphepha kokulinganisa

Uketshezi lobuchwepheshe emotweni luvame ukuba nobuthi futhi, ukuxhumana isikhathi eside nesikhumba, kungasilimaza (ikakhulukazi esimweni sesisombululo se-asidi), ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulandela izindlela zokuphepha lapho usebenza nabo. Nakhu okufanele ukuthi wonke umshayeli wemoto akhumbule:

• ukugwema ukuthintana ne-asidi nesikhumba sezandla, kufanele kusetshenziswe amagilavu ​​enjoloba;
• ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwebhethri, amanzi avela kuwo angahwamuka (asebenza ekuguqulweni okuhlinzekiwe), ngakho-ke, lapho ukhipha ama-plugs, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ungafaki intuthu ye-asidi;
• lapho usebenza nebhethri, akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ukubhema nokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umthombo welangabi elivulekile;
• kubalulekile ukuthatha izilinganiso endaweni enomoya omuhle;
• ukusebenza noketshezi okuyingozi akukubekezeleli ukushesha (ngenxa yokunganaki, i-electrolyte ingangena emzimbeni wemoto futhi yonakalise insimbi).

Sibutsetelo samamodeli we-hydrometer adumile

Ukuthola i-hydrometer yekhwalithi akunzima ngoba iyithuluzi elilula elingatholwa kunoma yisiphi isitolo sezingxenye zezimoto. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamadivayisi anjalo. Zihlukile komunye nomunye ngamapharamitha alinganiswe ngawo. Nawa amanye ama-hydrometer adumile.

Ukuze uthole i-antifreezengoba:	Izindleko ezilinganisiwe, cu	isithunzi	amaphutha
UJonnesway AR030002	8	Ihlangene, iyasebenza, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ithembekile	Othandekayo
I-JTC 1040	5	Isisindo esingasindi futhi sicwebile, esisebenzayo (iphoyinti leqhwa kanye nephuzu lokubila elimakwe esikalini)	Iphatha kabi ekuxhumaneni isikhathi eside nama-asidi
I-AV Steel AV-920097	4	Intengo yesabelomali, ukusetshenziswa kalula, okuthembekile, okuguquguqukayo	Ukumaka okuncane esikalini
Okwe-electrolyte:
UJonnesway AR030001	7	Izilinganiso eziguquguqukayo, ezingasindi, ezinemibala eminingi, ezihlala isikhathi eside	Izindleko eziphezulu
Hiner Premium 925 010	6	Intengo enengqondo, icala lepulasitiki, ivolumu encane yama-electrolyte ahlolwe	Igcinwe ngaphandle kwesembozo, iparele lingancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Ibhethri ye-Autoprofi BAT / TST-118	5	Kulula ukuyisebenzisa, isikali sombala, intengo engabizi	Kusetshenziswa kuphela kumamodeli webhethri we-lead-acid, imiphumela ayivezi njalo inkomba yangempela
I-JTC 1041	4	Inketho enezindleko eziphansi, amandla we-flask, amelana nezixazululo ze-acid, ukunemba kokulinganisa, icwecwe	Ukuntanta kuvame ukunamathela odongeni lweflask, akukho cala
Pennant AR-02 5002	2	Engasindi, uphawu, ingilazi, ishibhile	Ibhalbhu yenjoloba ngokushesha ilahlekelwa yi-elasticity yayo, akukho cala

Ngaphambi kokukhetha ukuguqulwa, udinga ukubonisana nochwepheshe, ngoba njalo ngonyaka abakhiqizi benza amamodeli amasha anezici ezithuthukisiwe. Okunye ukuguqulwa kungenzeka kungasebenzi ekulinganiseni izinhlobo ezithile zamanzi.

Ezitolo, ungathola amamodeli wendawo yonke ongalinganisa ngayo ikhwalithi yokupholisa ne-electrolyte. Ezinye zazo zinokudayela futhi zilinganiswe ngamanzi acolisisiwe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamanzi. Ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa okunjalo okubiza kakhulu kufaneleka kakhulu eziteshini zesevisi yobuchwepheshe kunokusebenzisa kwasekhaya.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, i-hydrometer akuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi, lapho nesiqalo singalinganisa kahle isimo se-electrolyte noma i-antifreeze. Ngenxa yale nqubo elula, umshayeli uzokwazi ukwelula kakhulu impilo yebhethri futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokupholisa injini.

Ividiyo ngesihloko

Nansi ividiyo emfushane yokuthi usetshenziswa kanjani i-hydrometer ukukala ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte kumabhethri anesevisi:

INDLELA YOKUSEBENZISA I-HYDRO METER ukukala ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte yebhethri

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Yini engalinganiswa ngeHydrometer? Lolu cingo lukala ukuminyana kwanoma yiluphi uketshezi lobuchwepheshe. Isebenza ngesisekelo somthetho ka-Archimedes. Idivayisi yezimoto yakhelwe i-antifreeze ne-electrolyte.

Iyini i-hydrometer futhi isetshenziswa kanjani? Leli flask elineshubhu elingenalutho elivaliwe, ngaphakathi lapho kukhona isibhamu sensimbi. Ipheya licosha uketshezi. Izinga layo esikalini libonisa ukuminyana.

Unganquma kanjani ukuminyana nge-hydrometer? Kulokhu, ishubhu elingaphakathi linesilinganiso esineziqu zoketshezi oluhlukene. Inketho elula ithubhu elivaliwe elinesikali. Icwiliswe oketshezini.