Yini engcono edonsa ngamasondo amane, ngaphambili noma ngemuva
Okuqukethwe
Ukushayela emotweni ukudluliswa kwe-torque kusuka enjini kuya kunoma yiliphi isondo, eliba yidrayivu. Ngakho-ke, zonke izimoto ziqala ukuba nesici esibalulekile njengefomula yesondo, lapho idijithi yokuqala isho inani eliphelele lamasondo, kanti eyesibili - inombolo yokushayela.
Kodwa lo mqondo awubonisi enye impahla ebalulekile ye-chassis yezimoto, yiziphi ama-axles ahamba phambili nge-part-time drive, ngemuva noma ngaphambili? Nakuba zonke-wheel drive izimoto 4 × 4 noma ngisho 6 × 6 akusho lutho.
Iyini i-four-wheel drive, umehluko kusuka ngemuva nangaphambili
Uhlobo ngalunye lunezinzuzo zalo kanye nokubi, ngakho-ke lusekhona ngokulinganisela okulinganiselwe. Ngokombono wethiyori, imoto yokushayela amasondo angaphambili noma angemuva itholakala emotweni edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo ngokuvele kususwe izingxenye zokudlulisela ezidlulisela ukudonsa kwelinye noma kwelinye isondo. Eqinisweni, ubuchwepheshe akulula kangako ukufeza.
Iyunithi eyisibopho yemoto edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo ikesi lokudlulisa noma ikesi lokudlulisa, esabalalisa i-torque kuma-ekseli.
Ezimotweni ze-mono-drive, ayidingeki, kodwa ayikwazi ukukhishwa, icala lokudlulisa lihlanganiswe ohlelweni olujwayelekile lweyunithi yamandla, ngakho yonke imoto ingaphansi kokuhlelwa kabusha.
Njengoba esimweni esiphambene, uma ukuguqulwa kwe-All-wheel drive yengezwe emgqeni wokuqala, isibonelo, izimoto ezihamba phambili zemodeli efanayo, lokhu kuzobandakanya izinkinga ezinkulu.
Abakhiqizi abaningi abazami ngisho nokwengeza inguqulo engu-4 × 4 kuma-hatchback nama-sedans abo, bazikhawulele ekwandeni kokuvunyelwa komhlabathi kanye nekhithi yomzimba wepulasitiki wokulungiswa okuphambanayo.
Lokhu kusebenza nakusakhiwo sonke. Sekuwumlando ukuthi sekuvele ukuthi ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angaphambili iyunithi yamandla itholakala ngaphesheya kwe-enjini, u-gearbox ufakwe ama-shaft amabili anamajoyinti e-velocity (CV joints) aya emasondweni angaphambili, ahamba kanyekanye abuye alawuleke. .
Ukuze i-back-wheel drive, ngokuphambene nalokho, injini enebhokisi itholakala eduze kwe-axis yemoto, khona-ke i-driveshaft iya ku-axle yangemuva. Ukushayela ngamasondo amane kungenziwa ngamaleveli ahlukene okuba yinkimbinkimbi kuzo zombili lezi zimo.
Idivayisi nenqubo yokusebenza
Ukudlulisa i-torque, isethi yezingxenye kanye nemihlangano eyakha ukudluliselwa isetshenziswa.
Kuhlanganisa:
- i-gearbox (ibhokisi legiya), elibhekele izinguquko esilinganisweni segiya eliphelele, okungukuthi, isilinganiso sejubane lokujikeleza kwe-shaft injini kuya kwijubane lamasondo okushayela;
- ibhokisi lokudlulisa, ukuhlukanisa i-torque ngesilinganiso esinikeziwe (hhayi ngokulinganayo) phakathi kwama-axles okushayela;
- amagiya e-cardan anamajoyinti e-CV noma amalunga e-Hooke (iziphambano) adlulisa ukuzungeza kude ngama-engeli ahlukahlukene;
- shayela ama-axle gearboxes, ngaphezu kwalokho ushintsha isivinini sokujikeleza kanye nesiqondiso sokudluliswa kwe-torque;
- ama-axle shaft axhuma ama-gearbox anama-wheel hubs.
Njengoba sekushiwo, ezimbili eziyinhloko, isici amayunithi amandla transverse kanye longitudinal, bagqama isethi ingqikithi izikimu.
- Esimweni sokuqala, ikesi lokudlulisa linamathiselwe eceleni kwe-gearbox, kanti libuye libizwe nge-angular gearbox. Ngenxa yezizathu zesakhiwo, i-shaft yokushayela yelinye lamasondo angaphambili idluliswa kuyo, lapha isikhashana sisuswa ku-axle yangemuva nge-gear pair ene-hypoid gearing, lapho ukujikeleza kuguqula ama-degree angu-90 futhi kuya ku-cardan shaft egijima eduze. imoto.
- Icala lesibili libonakala ngokubekwa kwekesi lokudlulisa ku-axis efanayo ne-shaft ephumayo ye-gearbox. I-cardan shaft emasondweni angemuva itholakala nge-coaxially ne-shaft yokufaka yecala lokudlulisa, futhi langaphambili lixhunywe ngokudluliswa kwe-cardan efanayo, kodwa ngokuphenduka kwe-180-degree kanye nokushintsha phansi noma eceleni.
I-razdatka ingaba lula, ibophezeleke kuphela ekuhlanganiseni okwamanje, noma inkimbinkimbi, lapho imisebenzi eyengeziwe yethulwa ukukhulisa ikhono lokuwela izwe noma ukulawuleka:
- i-demultiplier, okungukuthi, i-overdrive yokuphindaphinda i-torque emgwaqeni;
- umehluko ophakathi nendawo osabalalisa isikhathi ngengxenye ethile;
- ama-clutch e-electromagnetic friction asebenza njengama-actuator ohlelweni lokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwamandla okudlulisa;
- ama-shafts okukhipha amandla kumadivayisi engeziwe.
Ama-gearbox we-axle emishini engu-4×4 nawo angaba nzima ngokuba khona komehluko olawulwayo noma ama-clutch kagesi. Kufikela okhiye abaphoqiwe kanye nokulawulwa kwesondo okuhlukene kwe-ekseli eyodwa.
Izinhlobo zamasondo onke
Ezindleleni ezihlukene zokushayela, kuyasiza kakhulu ukusabalalisa kabusha i-torque phakathi kwamasondo ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle ngakolunye uhlangothi, nekhono lokunqamula izwe ngakolunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ukudluliselwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuyabiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezahlukene nezigaba zemishini zisebenzisa izikimu zokushayela ezahlukene.
Njalo
Okunengqondo kakhulu kungaba ukusebenzisa wonke amasondo njalo nakuzo zonke izimo zomgwaqo. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukubikezelwa kokusabela kanye nokulungela njalo komshini nganoma yiluphi ushintsho esimweni. Kodwa lokhu kubiza kakhulu, kudinga izindleko ezengeziwe zikaphethiloli futhi akulungile ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Uhlelo lwakudala lwe-All-wheel drive (PPP) kukho konke ukulula kwalo lusetshenziswa emotweni yeSoviet engapheli i-Niva. Injini ye-longitudinal, bese kuba ibhokisi, ikesi lokudlulisa igiya lixhunywe kuyo ngokusebenzisa i-cardan shaft emfushane, lapho ama-shaft amabili eya khona ngaphambili nangemuva.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukujikeleza kwamasondo angaphambili nangemuva ngesivinini esihlukile, okubalulekile endaweni egandayiwe eyomile emakhoneni, kukhona umehluko wamahhala we-interaxle ecaleni lokudlulisa, elingavinjwa ukuze okungenani kube namasondo amabili okushayela. -umgwaqo lapho ezinye ezimbili zishelela.
Kukhona ne-demultiplier, ecishe iphinde kabili i-thrust ngokuncipha okufanayo kwejubane, esiza kakhulu injini ebuthaka uma kuqhathaniswa.
Kuhlale kune-torque emasondweni okushayela kuze kube yilapho eyodwa yawo ingena khona. Lena inzuzo eyinhloko yalolu hlobo lokudlulisela. Asikho isidingo sokucabanga ngokuhlanganisa kwayo ngesandla noma udale i-automation eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngokwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-PPP akukhawulelwe ku-Niva eyodwa. Isetshenziswa ezimotweni eziningi ezibizayo ze-premium. Lapho intengo yendaba ayinandaba ngempela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudluliswa kunikezwa ngenqwaba yezinsizakalo ezengeziwe ze-elekthronikhi, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa ukulawulwa ngamandla angaphezu kwamandla, uhlelo luvumela lokhu.
Okuzenzakalelayo
Ukuxhuma i-axle yokushayela eyengeziwe nge-automation kunezinguqulo eziningi, izikimu ezimbili eziqondile zingahlukaniswa, ezisetshenziswa ku-BMW namanye amaphrimiyamu amaningi, kanye ne-clutch kudrayivu yesondo elingemuva ejwayelekile kuma-crossovers amaningi.
Esimweni sokuqala, yonke into yabelwe ama-clutches e-razdatka nge-electronic drive. Ukugoqa noma ukuncibilikisa le clutch esebenza emafutheni, kungenzeka ukuthi uguqule ukusatshalaliswa kwezikhathi kuma-axes ebangeni elibanzi.
Imvamisa, uma uqala ngenjini enamandla, lapho amasondo angemuva okushayela eqala ukushibilika, angaphambili axhunywe ukuwasiza. Kukhona amanye ama-algorithms wokusabalalisa kabusha, afakwe ngokuqinile kwinkumbulo yamayunithi okulawula afunda ukufundwa kwezinzwa eziningi.
Icala lesibili liyafana, kodwa amasondo amakhulu angaphambili, kanti angemuva axhunywe isikhathi esifushane ngokuhlangana phakathi kwe-cardan shaft ne-axle gearbox.
I-clutch ishisa ngokushesha, kodwa akulindelekile ukuthi isebenze isikhathi eside, ngezinye izikhathi udinga ukusunduza kancane imoto phezu kwe-axle yangemuva emgwaqeni oshelelayo noma ekujikeni okunzima. Cishe wonke ama-crossovers ekuguqulweni kwe-4 × 4 akhiwe ngale ndlela.
Kuphoqiwe
Uhlobo olulula nolushibhile lwamasondo onke, olusetshenziswa ezimotweni ze-SUV lapho indawo yazo ehlala njalo yokusebenza ingekho ku-pavement. I-axle yangemuva isebenza njenge-axle yokushayela njalo, futhi uma kunesidingo, umshayeli angavula i-axle yangaphambili, kanzima, ngaphandle kokuhlukana.
Ngakho-ke, endaweni eqinile, imoto kufanele ibe yi-back-wheel drive, ngaphandle kwalokho ukudluliselwa kuzolimala. Kodwa imishini enjalo inomkhawulo omkhulu wokuphepha, ilula futhi ingabizi ukuyilungisa.
Ama-pickup amaningi angenisiwe kanye nama-SUV anezinguquko ezinjalo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizayo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinguqulweni zokuzikhethela ezithuthuke kakhulu.
Okuhle nokubi kwe-4WD (4×4)
Minus, empeleni, eyodwa - intengo yenkinga. Kodwa kubonakala yonke indawo:
- ekuqaleni imoto inzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke iyabiza lapho uthenga;
- kaningi kudinga ukulungiswa, imishini eyengeziwe, ukwethembeka kuyancipha;
- ngenxa yezingxenye ezengeziwe ezijikelezayo, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphezulu;
- ukwanda kwesisindo, okuthinta amandla kanye nokusebenza kahle;
- ubunkimbinkimbi ekuhlelweni kwamayunithi buyakhula, okubonakala ngobunkimbinkimbi bokugcinwa.
Konke okunye kufanelekile:
- ikhono eliphelele lokuwela izwe, wonke amasondo alayishwe nge-torque;
- umshini ulawulwa kangcono ngenxa ye-thrust vector eyengeziwe ku-ekseli elawulwayo;
- amandla athuthukisiwe emigwaqweni eshelelayo, amathayi ashelela kancane;
- ukwabiwa kabusha kwe-thrust kunciphisa izidingo zamandla ezingxenye;
- Irabha yokunyathela isondo igqoka ngokulinganayo.
Konke lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa kabanzi wonke-wheel drive emishinini enamandla futhi ezibizayo, lapho ukwengeza intengo akubaluleki kangako.
Uyishayela kanjani imoto enamasondo amane
Ukuze uqaphele wonke amathuba we-wheel drive, kubalulekile ukutadisha izici zokuklama zemoto ethile, ukuqonda ukuthi uhlelo lwayo lokudlulisela lusebenza kanjani.
- Ungasebenzisi i-plug-in all-wheel drive ngaphandle komehluko we-interaxle ku-asphalt, lokhu kuzoholela ekugugeni nasekudabukeni okusheshayo.
- Ukuzijwayeza ukushayela emigwaqweni eshelelayo emakhoneni, ngokuvamile izimoto ezidonsa ngawo wonke amasondo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinokuhluka kwamahhala noma ukudlulisa i-torque okuzenzakalelayo, zingaziphatha ngendlela engalindelekile, ziguqule indlela yokuziphatha ukusuka ekushayeleni amasondo angaphambili ukuya kumasondo angemuva futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Futhi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisana ne-gas pedal ngokushintshana ngeqhinga eliphambene ne-diametrically, imoto yokwengeza i-traction ingase ihambe ne-skid ngaphakathi kwejika, noma iqale ukushelela i-axle yangaphambili iphumele ngaphandle. Okufanayo kusebenza ekuncipheni kwe-axle skid yangemuva eqalile.
- Ukuzinza okuhle kwe-4 × 4 ebusika kungalahleka ngokuzumayo kumshayeli. Udinga ukulungiselela lokhu, ngoba izimoto ze-mono-drive zihlale zixwayisa ngokulahleka kokudonsa kusengaphambili.
- Ikhono elihle lokunqamula izwe akufanele liholele ekuvakasheni okungacabangeli “kubantu abaqamekeleyo” ngodaka noma ezindaweni zeqhwa. Ikhono lokuphuma kulezo zimo ngaphandle kogandaganda lincike kakhulu emathayini akhethiwe kunasekukwazini kwe-automation ekudluliseni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngesu lokushayela elinengqondo, imoto edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo izosiza njalo ukugwema izinkinga lapho ama-monodrives azongena kuzo ngaphambili kakhulu. Vele ungayisebenzisi ngokweqile.
Ngokuzayo, zonke izimoto zizothola wonke amasondo. Lokhu kungenxa yenqubekelaphambili kubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa isikimu esinenjini kagesi isondo ngalinye namandla kagesi athuthukile.
Lezi zimoto azisadingi ulwazi lobunjiniyela ngohlobo lokushayela. Umshayeli kuzomele alawule i-accelerator pedal kuphela, imoto izokwenza okunye.
