Kuthiwani uma...sithola ama-superconductors asezingeni eliphezulu? Izibopho zethemba

Izintambo zokudlulisa ezingalahleki, ubunjiniyela bakagesi obusezingeni eliphansi, ama-superelectromagnets, ekugcineni bacindezela izigidi zamadigri e-plasma kumareactors we-thermonuclear, ujantshi we-maglev othule futhi osheshayo. Sinamathemba amaningi ngamasuperconductors...

I-Superconductivity isimo esibonakalayo sokumelana nogesi kagesi sibizwa. Lokhu kufinyelelwa kwezinye izinto emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Wathola lesi simo se-quantum Kamerling Onnes (1) ku-mercury, ngo-1911. I-Classic physics iyehluleka ukuyichaza. Ngaphezu kokumelana ne-zero, esinye isici esibalulekile sama-superconductors phusha insimu kazibuthe kumthamo wayolokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Meissner (ohlotsheni I-superconductors) noma ukugxila kwendawo kazibuthe ibe "ama-vortices" (ohlotsheni lwe-II superconductors).

Ama-superconductors amaningi asebenza kuphela emazingeni okushisa asondele ku-zero ngokuphelele. Kubikwa ukuthi ngu-0 Kelvin (-273,15 °C). Ukuhamba kwama-athomu kulelizinga lokushisa cishe alikho. Lesi yisihluthulelo sama-superconductors. Ngokujwayelekile ama-electron ukuhamba ku-conductor kungqubuzana namanye ama-athomu adlidlizayo, kubangele ukulahlekelwa amandla kanye ukumelana. Kodwa-ke, siyazi ukuthi i-superconductivity ingenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Kancane kancane, sithola izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa lo mphumela ngokususa i-Celsius ephansi, futhi muva nje ngisho naku-plus. Kodwa-ke, lokhu futhi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa komfutho ophakeme kakhulu. Iphupho elikhulu ukudala lobu buchwepheshe ekamelweni lokushisa ngaphandle kokucindezela okukhulu.

Isisekelo somzimba sokubukeka kwesimo se-superconductivity ukwakheka kwamapheya abathumbi bezimpahla - okuthiwa Cooper. Amapheya anjalo angavela ngenxa yokuhlangana kwama-electron amabili anamandla afanayo. Amandla e-Fermi, i.e. amandla amancane kakhulu azokwanda ngawo amandla esistimu ye-fermionic ngemva kokwengezwa kwento eyodwa ngaphezulu, ngisho nalapho amandla okuxhumana okubabophayo emancane kakhulu. Lokhu kushintsha izakhiwo zikagesi zezinto ezibonakalayo, njengoba abathwali abangabodwa bangama-fermions futhi ama-pair angama-bosons.

Bambisane ngakho-ke, kuwuhlelo lwama-fermions amabili (isibonelo, ama-electron) asebenzisana nomunye ngokudlidliza kwe-crystal lattice, ebizwa ngokuthi amaphononi. Lesi simo sesichaziwe ULeona uyabambisana ngo-1956 futhi iyingxenye yethiyori ye-BCS ye-low-temperature superconductivity. Ama-fermions akha i-Cooper pair ane-spins enguhhafu (eqondiswe ezinhlangothini eziphambene), kodwa umphumela we-spin wesistimu ugcwele, okungukuthi, i-Cooper pair iyi-boson.

Ama-Superconductors emazingeni okushisa athile yizinto ezithile, isibonelo, i-cadmium, ithini, i-aluminium, i-iridium, iplatinum, kanti ezinye zidlulela esimweni se-superconductivity kuphela ngengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu (isibonelo, i-oxygen, i-phosphorus, isulfure, i-germanium, i-lithium) noma uhlobo lwezingqimba ezincanyana (i-tungsten, i-beryllium, i-chromium), kanti ezinye zingase zingakabi yi-superconducting, njengesiliva, ithusi, igolide, amagesi ahloniphekile, i-hydrogen, nakuba igolide, isiliva nethusi kuphakathi kwamakhondaktha angcono kakhulu ekamelweni lokushisa.

"Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu" lisadinga amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu

In 1964 Ngonyaka UWilliam A. Little uphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona kwe-high-temperature superconductivity ku polymers eziphilayo. Lesi siphakamiso sisekelwe ekubhanqweniseni kwama-electron e-exciton-mediated ngokuphambene nokumataniswa kwephonon-mediated kumbono we-BCS. Igama elithi "ama-superconductors okushisa aphezulu" lisetshenziswe ukuchaza umndeni omusha wezitsha zobumba ezenziwe nge-perovskite ezitholwe nguJohannes G. Bednorz kanye no-C.A. Müller ngo-1986, lapho bathola uMklomelo KaNobel. Lawa ma-superconductors amasha e-ceramic (2) enziwe ngethusi nomoya-mpilo exutshwe nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-lanthanum, i-barium ne-bismuth.

2. Ipuleti le-Ceramic lihamba phezu koozibuthe abanamandla

Ngokombono wethu, "high-temperature" superconductivity yayisephansi kakhulu. Ngezingcindezi ezijwayelekile, umkhawulo wawuyi-140 ° C, futhi ngisho nama-superconductors anjalo abizwa ngokuthi "izinga eliphezulu lokushisa". Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lika -70°C le-hydrogen sulfide lifinyelelwe ngokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-superconductors aphezulu okushisa adinga i-nitrogen engamanzi eshibhile uma ipholiswa, kune-helium ewuketshezi, ebalulekile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile i-ceramic ephukayo, ayisebenzi kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zikagesi.

Ososayensi basakholelwa ukuthi kunenketho engcono elinde ukutholwa, into entsha emangalisayo ezohlangabezana nemibandela efana nale superconductivity ekamelweni lokushisaezingabizi futhi ezingokoqobo ukusebenzisa. Olunye ucwaningo luye lwagxila ethusi, ikristalu eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe izingqimba zama-athomu ethusi nawe-oxygen. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ngemibiko ethile exakile kodwa engachazwa ngokwesayensi yokuthi igraphite efakwe emanzini ingasebenza njenge-superconductor ekamelweni lokushisa.

Iminyaka yakamuva kube uchungechunge oluyiqiniso "lokuguquguquka", "impumelelo" kanye "nezahluko ezintsha" emkhakheni we-superconductivity emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngo-Okthoba 2020, kwabikwa ukuthi i-superconductivity emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni (ku-15 ° C). i-carbon disulfide hydride (3), nokho, ngengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu (267 GPa) ekhiqizwe i-laser eluhlaza. I-Holy Grail, okungaba yinto eshibhile uma kuqhathaniswa engaba yi-superconductive ekamelweni lokushisa nokucindezela okuvamile, ayikatholakali.

3. I-superconductive esekelwe kukhabhoni engu-15°C.

I-Dawn of the Magnetic Age

Ukubalwa kwezicelo ezingenzeka ze-high-temperature superconductors kungaqala nge-electronics namakhompiyutha, amadivaysi anengqondo, izakhi zememori, amaswishi kanye nokuxhumana, amajeneretha, ama-amplifiers, ama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana. Okulandelayo ohlwini: amadivaysi azwela kakhulu okulinganisa izinkambu kazibuthe, ama-voltage noma ama-currents, omazibuthe bawo Imishini yezokwelapha ye-MRI, izisetshenziswa kazibuthe zokugcina amandla, izitimela zamabhulethi, izinjini, amajeneretha, ama-transformer nezintambo zikagesi. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zalezi zixhobo ze-superconducting zamaphupho zizoba ukuchithwa kwamandla aphansi, ukusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu kanye ukuzwela okwedlulele.

kuma-superconductors. Kunesizathu sokuthi kungani izitshalo zikagesi zivame ukwakhiwa eduze namadolobha amatasa. Ngisho namaphesenti angu-30. adalwe yibo Amandla kagesi ingase ilahleke kolayini bokudlulisela. Lena inkinga evamile ngezinto zikagesi. Amandla amaningi aya ekushiseni. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ebalulekile yobuso bekhompuyutha igcinelwe izingxenye zokupholisa ezisiza ukuqeda ukushisa okukhiqizwa amasekhethi.

Ama-Superconductors axazulula inkinga yokulahlekelwa kwamandla okushisa. Njengengxenye yocwaningo, ososayensi, ngokwesibonelo, bayakwazi ukuziphilisa amandla kagesi ngaphakathi kwendandatho ye-superconducting eminyakeni emibili. Futhi lokhu akunawo amandla engeziwe.

Okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokumisa kwamanje kwakungenxa yokuthi bekungekho ukufinyelela ku-helium ewuketshezi, hhayi ngoba umsinga awukwazanga ukuqhubeka nokugeleza. Ukuhlola kwethu kusiholela ekukholweni ukuthi ama-currents ezintweni ze-superconducting angageleza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, uma kungenjalo. Amandla kagesi kuma-superconductors angageleza unomphela, adlulise amandla mahhala.

в akukho ukumelana umsinga omkhulu wawungageleza ocingweni lwe-superconducting, olubuye lukhiqize izizibuthe zamandla amangalisayo. Zingasetshenziselwa ukuzulazula izitimela ze-maglev (4), esezikwazi kakade ukufinyelela isivinini esingafika ku-600 km/h futhi zisekelwe superconducting ozibuthe. Noma zisebenzise ezikhungweni zikagesi, esikhundleni sezindlela ezivamile lapho izinjini zomoya zizungeza ezindaweni zikazibuthe ukuze zikhiqize ugesi. Ozibuthe abanamandla be-superconducting bangasiza ukulawula ukusabela kwe-fusion. I-superconducting wire ingasebenza njengedivaysi efanelekile yokugcina amandla, esikhundleni sebhethri, futhi amandla ohlelweni azogcinwa iminyaka eyinkulungwane nesigidi.

Kumakhompiyutha e-quantum, ungageleza ngokwewashi noma ngokuphambene newashi ku-superconductor. Izinjini zemikhumbi nezezimoto zingaba zincane ngokuphindwe kashumi kuneziyikho namuhla, futhi imishini ebizayo ye-MRI yokuxilonga ingangena entendeni yesandla sakho. Eqoqwe emapulazini asogwadule olukhulu emhlabeni jikelele, amandla elanga angagcinwa futhi adluliselwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.

4. Isitimela se-maglev saseJapane

Ngokusho kwesazi sesayensi yemvelo kanye nosaziwayo odumile wesayensi, Kakuubuchwepheshe obufana nama-superconductors buzongenisa inkathi entsha. Ukube sasisaphila enkathini kagesi, ama-superconductors ezingeni lokushisa elivamile ayeyofika nenkathi kazibuthe.