I-BMW test drive ne-hydrogen: ingxenye yokuqala

Ukubhonga kwesiphepho ebesizofika kusalokhu kuzwakala esibhakabhakeni njengoba indiza enkulu isondela endaweni eyoma eduze kwaseNew Jersey. NgoMeyi 6, 1937, umkhumbi-mkhumbi waseHindenburg wenza indiza yawo yokuqala yesizini, wathatha abagibeli abangu-97.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, ibhaluni elikhulu eligcwele i-hydrogen kufanele libuyele eFrankfurt am Main. Zonke izihlalo endizeni sezigcinwe yizakhamizi zaseMelika ezimagange ukubona ukuthweswa isihlalo kweNkosi yaseBrithani uGeorge VI, kepha isiphetho sathi laba bagibeli abasoze bagibela isigebenga sendiza.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuphothulwa kwamalungiselelo okuhlalisa indiza, umphathi wayo uRosendahl wabona amalangabi esiqwini sawo, futhi ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa ibhola elikhulu laphenduka ugodo olusabekayo olundizayo, lashiya izingcezu zensimbi ezidabukisayo kuphela phansi ngemva kwengxenye yesigamu sehora. umzuzu. Enye yezinto ezimangaza kakhulu ngale ndaba yiqiniso elijabulisayo lokuthi abagibeli abaningi ababegibele umkhumbi ovuthayo bagcina bekwazile ukusinda.

U-Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin waphupha ngokundiza ngemoto elula kunomoya emoyeni ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1917, edweba umdwebo onzima wendiza egcwele igesi futhi ethula amaphrojekthi wokuqalisa ukusebenza kwayo. UZeppelin waphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukubona indalo yakhe ingena kancane kancane ezimpilweni zabantu, futhi wafa ngo-1923, ngaphambi nje kokuba izwe lakhe lilahlekelwe iMpi Yezwe I, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi yakhe kwakwenqatshelwe yiSivumelwano SaseVersailles. AbakwaZeppelins bakhohlakala iminyaka eminingi, kepha konke kuyashintsha ngesivinini esethusayo ngokufika kukaHitler. Inhloko entsha yeZeppelin, uDkt Hugo Eckner, uqiniseke ngokuqinile ukuthi kudingeka izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe ekwakheni imikhumbi yezindiza, okuyiyona enkulu ukushintsha i-hydrogen evuthayo neyingozi nge-helium. Ngeshwa, noma kunjalo, i-United States, ngaleso sikhathi eyayingukuphela komkhiqizi wale nto eluhlaza, ayikwazanga ukuthengisa i-helium eJalimane ngaphansi komthetho okhethekile owaphasiswa yiCongress ngo-129. Kungakho lo mkhumbi omusha, oqokiwe i-LZ XNUMX, ekugcineni ufakwa i-hydrogen.

Ukwakhiwa kwebhaluni elisha elikhulu elenziwe ngama-alloys akhanyayo we-aluminium kufinyelela ebangeni elicishe libe ngamamitha angama-300 futhi linobubanzi obungamamitha angama-45. Indiza enkulu, elingana neTitanic, inikwe amandla yizinjini ezine zikadizili eziyi-16, ngayinye ine-1300 hp. Ngokwemvelo, uHitler akazange aphuthelwe yithuba lokuguqula i- "Hindenburg" ibe uphawu olucacile lwe-propaganda yeJalimane lamaNazi futhi wenza konke okusemandleni ukusheshisa ukuqala kokuxhashazwa kwayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, vele ngo-1936 umkhumbi-mkhathi "obabazekayo" wenza izindiza ezivamile ze-transatlantic.

Endizeni yokuqala ngo-1937, indawo yokuhlala yaseNew Jersey yayigcwele izibukeli ezijabule, ukuhlangana okunomdlandla, izihlobo kanye nezintatheli, eziningi zazo ezalinda amahora amaningi ukuze isiphepho sidambe. Ngisho nomsakazo ukhuluma ngomcimbi othokozisayo. Ngesinye isikhathi, ukulindela kokukhathazeka kuphazanyiswa ukuthula kwesikhulumi, okuthi ngemva kwesikhashana, simemeze: “Kuwa umlilo omkhulu esibhakabhakeni! Akekho ophilayo ... Umkhumbi uvele ukhanyise futhi ngaso leso sikhathi ubukeke njengethoshi elikhulu elivuthayo. Abanye abagibeli bethukile baqala ukugxuma besuka ku-gondola bebalekela umlilo owesabekayo, kodwa kwababulala ngenxa yobude obungamamitha ayikhulu. Ekugcineni, bambalwa kuphela abagibeli abalinda umkhumbi wezindiza ukuthi usondele emhlabeni, kodwa abaningi babo bashe kabi. Ngesinye isikhathi, umkhumbi awukwazanga ukumelana nomonakalo womlilo ovuthayo, futhi izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi e-ballast emnsalweni zaqala ukuthululela emhlabathini. I-Hindenburg ibala ngokushesha, isiphetho esivuthayo esingemuva siphahlazeka emhlabathini futhi sigcine ngokubhujiswa okuphelele ngemizuzwana engu-34. Ukushaqeka kombukwane kunyakazisa isixuku esibuthene phansi. Ngaleso sikhathi, imbangela esemthethweni yokuphahlazeka yayibhekwa njengokuduma, okwabangela ukuthungela i-hydrogen, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, uchwepheshe waseJalimane nowaseMelika baphikisana ngokuthi inhlekelele ngomkhumbi waseHindenburg, owadabula izivunguvungu eziningi ngaphandle kwezinkinga. , kwakuyimbangela yenhlekelele. Ngemva kokubuka okuningi kwezithombe ezigciniwe ezigciniwe, bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi umlilo uqale ngenxa yopende ovuthayo omboze isikhumba se-airship. Umlilo wendiza yaseJalimane ungenye yezinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, futhi inkumbulo yalesi senzakalo esibi isabuhlungu kakhulu kwabaningi. Ngisho nanamuhla, ukukhulunywa kwamagama athi "airship" nelithi "hydrogen" kuvusa isihogo somlilo saseNew Jersey, nakuba "isekhaya" ngokufanelekile, igesi elula futhi eningi kakhulu emvelweni ingaba usizo kakhulu, naphezu kwezindawo zayo eziyingozi. Ngokusho kwenani elikhulu lososayensi banamuhla, inkathi yangempela ye-hydrogen isaqhubeka, nakuba ngesikhathi esifanayo, enye ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi wesayensi iyangabaza mayelana nokubonakaliswa okunjalo okwedlulele kwethemba. Phakathi kwabantu abanethemba lokuhle abasekela inkolelo-mbono yokuqala kanye nabasekeli abaqine kakhulu bombono we-hydrogen, yiqiniso, kufanele kube ngabaseBavaria abavela kwa-BMW. Inkampani yezimoto yaseJalimane cishe izazi kangcono izinselelo ezingenakugwenywa endleleni eya emnothweni we-hydrogen futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, inqoba ubunzima ekushintsheni kumafutha e-hydrocarbon kuya ku-hydrogen.

Ukuvelela

Wona kanye umqondo wokusebenzisa uphethiloli ovumelana nemvelo futhi ongashi njengezinqolobane zikaphethiloli uzwakala njengomlingo esintwini esibhekene nomzabalazo wamandla. Namuhla, kukhona "imiphakathi ye-hydrogen" engaphezu kweyodwa noma emibili umsebenzi wayo ukukhuthaza isimo sengqondo esihle ngegesi elikhanyayo futhi ihlezi ihlela imihlangano, ama-symposium nemibukiso. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yamasondo i-Michelin, itshala imali eningi ekuhleleni i-Michelin Challenge Bibendum ethandwa kakhulu, inkundla yomhlaba wonke egxile ku-hydrogen yamafutha nezimoto eziqhubekayo.

Kodwa-ke, ithemba elivela ezinkulumweni ezinkundleni ezinjalo alanele ukuqaliswa okungokoqobo kwe-hydrogen idyll emangalisayo, futhi ukungena emnothweni we-hydrogen kuyisenzakalo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesingenakwenzeka kulesi sigaba sobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko.

Muva nje, noma kunjalo, isintu besilwela ukusebenzisa eminye imithombo yamandla ehlukile, okuyi-hydrogen ingaba yibhuloho elibalulekile lokugcina amandla elanga, omoya, amanzi ne-biomass energy, liguqulwe libe amandla wamakhemikhali. ... Ngamagama alula, lokhu kusho ukuthi ugesi owenziwe yile mithombo yemvelo awunakugcinwa kumanani amakhulu, kepha ungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen ngokubola kwamanzi abe yi-oxygen ne-hydrogen.

Kuyamangaza njengoba kuzwakala, ezinye izinkampani zikawoyela ziphakathi kwabasekeli abakhulu balolu hlelo, phakathi kwabo okungaguquki kakhulu i-BP yaseBrithani enkulu, enesu elithile lokutshala izimali zokutshala izimali ezibalulekile kule ndawo. Yiqiniso, i-hydrogen ingabuye ikhishwe emithonjeni ye-hydrocarbon engavuseleleki, kodwa kulokhu, isintu kufanele sibheke isisombululo senkinga yokugcina i-carbon dioxide etholakala kule nqubo. Kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa ukuthi izinkinga zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen, ukugcinwa kanye nokuthutha ziyaxazululeka - ngokusebenza, leli gesi selivele likhiqizwa ngobuningi futhi lisetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza embonini yamakhemikhali ne-petrochemical. Kulezi zimo, noma kunjalo, izindleko eziphezulu ze-hydrogen azibulali, ngoba "zincibilika" ezindlekweni eziphakeme zemikhiqizo ekuhlanganiseni kwayo okubamba iqhaza.

Nokho, umbuzo wokusebenzisa igesi ekhanyayo njengomthombo wamandla uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi benyakazisa ubuchopho babo befuna enye indlela engasetshenziswa esikhundleni sikawoyela kaphethiloli, futhi kuze kube manje sebefinyelele embonweni ofanayo wokuthi i-hydrogen iyona ehambisana kakhulu nemvelo futhi itholakala ngamandla anele. Nguye kuphela ohlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezidingekayo zoshintsho olushelelayo oluya ekushintsheni isimo samanje. Isisekelo sazo zonke lezi zinzuzo yiqiniso elilula kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu - ukukhishwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen kuzungeza umjikelezo wemvelo wokuhlanganisa nokubola kwamanzi... Uma isintu sithuthukisa izindlela zokukhiqiza sisebenzisa imithombo yemvelo efana namandla elanga, umoya namanzi, i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa. futhi isetshenziswe ngamanani angenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokukhipha noma yikuphi ukukhishwa okuyingozi. Njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo, i-hydrogen sekuyisikhathi eside iwumphumela wocwaningo olubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu naseJapane. Lezi zamuva, nazo, ziyingxenye yomsebenzi wezinhlelo eziningi ezihlangene ezihloswe ekwakheni ingqalasizinda ye-hydrogen ephelele, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha nokusabalalisa. Ngokuvamile lezi zenzakalo zihambisana noxhaso olubalulekile lukahulumeni futhi lusekelwe ezivumelwaneni zamazwe ngamazwe. NgoNovemba 2003, isibonelo, kwasayinwa iSivumelwano Sokubambisana Komnotho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ase-Hydrogen, esihlanganisa amazwe amakhulu emhlabeni anezimboni njenge-Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Italy and Japan. , Norway, Korea, Russia, UK, US and European Commission. Inhloso yalokhu kubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe "ukuhlela, ukugqugquzela nokuhlanganisa imizamo yezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene endleleni eya enkathini ye-hydrogen, kanye nokusekela ukwakhiwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa nokusabalalisa i-hydrogen."

Indlela engenzeka yokusetshenziswa kwalesi siphethiloli esihambisana nemvelo emkhakheni wezimoto ingaba kabili. Enye yazo imishini eyaziwa ngokuthi "ama-fuel cell", lapho inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ye-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo evela emoyeni ikhipha ugesi, kanti okwesibili ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa i-hydrogen ewuketshezi njengophethiloli kumasilinda enjini yangaphakathi evuthayo. . Isiqondiso sesibili sisondele ngokwengqondo kubo bobabili abathengi nezinkampani zezimoto, kanti i-BMW ingumsekeli wayo ogqamile.

Manufacturing

Njengamanje, ngaphezu kwe-cubic metres ye-hydrogen ehlanzekile engaphezu kuka-600 billion akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke. Impahla eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwayo igesi yemvelo, ecutshungulwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukuguqula". Amanani amancane e-hydrogen atholwa ngezinye izinqubo ezifana ne-electrolysis ye-chlorine compounds, i-oxidation ingxenye yamafutha anzima, i-gasification yamalahle, i-pyrolysis yamalahle ukukhiqiza i-coke, nokuguqulwa kukaphethiloli. Cishe ingxenye yokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen emhlabeni isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ammonia (esetshenziswa njenge-feedstock lapho kukhiqizwa umanyolo), ekucwengeni uwoyela nasekuhlanganiseni i-methanol. Lezi zinhlelo zokukhiqiza zithwalisa kanzima imvelo ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, futhi, ngeshwa, akukho neyodwa yazo enikeza enye indlela enengqondo yesimo samanje samandla - okokuqala, ngoba zisebenzisa imithombo engavuseleleki, futhi okwesibili, ngoba lokho kukhiqizwa kukhipha izinto ezingafuneki njengekhabhoni. dioxide, okuyimbangela eyinhloko. Umphumela we-greenhouse. Isiphakamiso esithakazelisayo sokuxazulula le nkinga sisanda kwenziwa abacwaningi abaxhaswe yi-European Union kanye nohulumeni waseJalimane, abaye benza ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi "ukuthunjwa", lapho i-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen egesi yemvelo iphonswa phakathi. amasimu amadala aphelile. amafutha, igesi yemvelo noma amalahle. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo akulula ukuyisebenzisa, ngoba amasimu kawoyela noma igesi ayimigodi yangempela oqweqweni lomhlaba, kodwa ngokuvamile ayizakhiwo zesihlabathi ezinezimbobo.

Indlela yesikhathi esizayo ethembisa kakhulu yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen isewukubola kwamanzi ngogesi, okwakwaziwa kusukela esikoleni samabanga aphansi. Isimiso silula kakhulu - i-voltage kagesi isetshenziswa kuma-electrode amabili acwiliswe emanzini okugeza, kuyilapho ama-ion e-hydrogen ane-positive aya ku-electrode engalungile, futhi ama-ion oksijini ane-oksijini angena kuleyo eqondile. Ngokuvamile, izindlela ezimbalwa eziyinhloko zisetshenziselwa ukubola kwamanzi e-electrochemical - "i-alkaline electrolysis", "i-membrane electrolysis", "i-high pressure electrolysis" kanye "nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-electrolysis".

Konke bekungaba kuhle uma i-arithmetic elula yokuhlukanisa ayizange iphazamise inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelaphi kagesi odingekayo kule njongo. Iqiniso liwukuthi okwamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwayo ngokungenakugwenywa kukhipha imikhiqizo eyingozi, inani kanye nohlobo oluhluka kuye ngokuthi lwenziwa kanjani, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kuyinqubo engasebenzi kahle futhi ebiza kakhulu.

Ukwephula umjikelezo onamandla nokuvala umjikelezo wamandla ahlanzekile okwamanje kungenzeka kuphela uma usebenzisa amandla emvelo futhi ikakhulukazi elanga ukukhiqiza ugesi odingekayo ukubola amanzi. Ukuxazulula lo msebenzi ngokungangabazeki kuzodinga isikhathi esiningi, imali nomzamo, kepha ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ukukhiqiza ugesi ngale ndlela sekuvele kwaba yiqiniso.

I-BMW, isibonelo, idlala indima ebonakalayo ekudalweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo zamandla elanga. Isizinda sikagesi, esakhiwe edolobheni elincane laseBavaria eNeuburg, sisebenzisa amaseli e-photovoltaic ukukhiqiza amandla akhiqiza i-hydrogen. Amasistimu asebenzisa amandla elanga ukushisa amanzi athakazelisa ngokukhethekile, onjiniyela benkampani bathi, kanye namandla okushisa avela kugesi kagesi - izitshalo ezinjalo zelanga sezivele zisebenza ogwadule lwaseMojave eCalifornia, olukhiqiza i-354 MW kagesi. Amandla omoya nawo aya ngokuya ebaluleka, njengoba amapulazi omoya asogwini lwamazwe anjenge-US, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium kanye ne-Ireland adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Kukhona nezinkampani ezikhipha i-hydrogen ku-biomass ezindaweni ezihlukene zomhlaba.

Isitoreji

I-Hydrogen ingagcinwa ngobuningi ngezigaba zegesi nezamanzi. Idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke, lapho i-hydrogen inengcindezi ephansi kakhulu, ibizwa ngokuthi "amamitha wegesi". Amathangi aphakathi nendawo namancane alungele ukugcina i-hydrogen ekucindezelweni kwebha engama-30, kuyilapho amathangi akhethekile amancane kakhulu (amadivayisi abizayo enziwe ngensimbi ekhethekile noma izinto ezihlanganisiwe eziqiniswe nge-carbon fiber) egcina ingcindezi engapheli yebha engu-400.

I-hydrogen nayo ingagcinwa esigabeni esiwuketshezi ku--253°C umthamo weyunithi ngayinye, equkethe amandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-0 kunalapho igcinwe kubha engu-1,78 - ukuze kuzuzwe inani elilinganayo lamandla ku-hydrogen ewuketshezi ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye, igesi kufanele icindezelwe phezulu. ku-700 bar. Kungenxa yayo kanye amandla aphezulu e-hydrogen epholile lapho i-BMW isebenzisana ne-German Frigeration concern Linde, esungule amathuluzi esimanjemanje e-cryogenic okukhipha uketshezi nokugcina i-hydrogen. Ososayensi baphinde banikeze ezinye, kodwa ezingasebenzi, ezinye izindlela zokugcina i-hydrogen, isibonelo, ukugcinwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi kufulawa wensimbi okhethekile ngendlela yama-hydrides ensimbi, njll.

Ezokuthutha

Ezindaweni ezinokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali nezindawo zokuhluza uwoyela, sekusungulwe inethiwekhi yokudlulisa i-hydrogen. Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe bufana nokuthuthwa kwegesi yemvelo, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu okwedlule ngezidingo ze-hydrogen akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nasekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, izindlu eziningi emadolobheni aseYurophu zazikhanyiswe ngepayipi elincane legesi, elaline-hydrogen efinyelela kuma-50% futhi lasetshenziswa njengophethiloli wezinjini zokuqala zomlilo zangaphakathi. Izinga lobuchwepheshe lanamuhla livumela ukuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen enamanzi ngamathangi akhona we-cryogenic, afana nalawo asetshenziselwa igesi yemvelo. Njengamanje, ososayensi nonjiniyela benza amathemba nemizamo emikhulu emkhakheni wokwakha ubuchwepheshe obanele bokukhipha nokuhambisa i-hydrogen engamanzi. Ngalo mqondo, yile mikhumbi, amathangi wesitimela e-cryogenic namaloli angaba isisekelo sokuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen esikhathini esizayo. Ngo-Ephreli 2004, isiteshi sokuqala sokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, esakhiwa ngokubambisana yi-BMW kanye ne-Steyr, savulwa maduzane naseMunich Airport. Ngosizo lwawo, ukugcwalisa amathangi nge-hydrogen enamanzi kwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza futhi ngaphandle kwengozi yomshayeli wemoto.