Ama-biofuels nodumo lwawo olusheshayo

Ngisho nombazi uyasikwa kwesinye isikhathi. Lokhu kungabhalwa ngobuqili mayelana ne-Directive 2003/30 / EC ka-2003, ebhekele isabelo esingu-10% sezakhi ezisebenza ngamafutha ezimoto emazweni ase-European Union. IBiofuel yatholakala ngokudlwengulwa okwenziwe ngoyili, izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zokusanhlamvu, ummbila, ubhekilanga nezinye izitshalo. Abezombusazwe, hhayi abavela eBrussels kuphela, muva nje bamemezele ukuthi bayisimangaliso semvelo esindisa iplanethi, ngakho-ke baxhasa ukulinywa nokukhiqizwa okwalandela kwama-biofuels ngoxhaso oluvulekile. Esinye isisho sithi yonke induku inemikhawulo emibili, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule kwenzeke okuthile okungakaze kuzwakale, yize kwakubikezela kwasekuqaleni. Iziphathimandla ze-EU zisanda kumemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ngeke zisasekela ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ezikhiqizwayo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels uqobo, ngamanye amazwi, zixhasa kakhulu.

Kepha ake sibuyele embuzweni ofanele ngokuthi yaqala kanjani le projekthi ye-biofuel engenangqondo. Ngenxa yokwesekwa kwezezimali, abalimi baqala ukutshala izitshalo ezifanelekile zokukhiqiza i-biofuel, ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezivamile ezizosetshenziswa ngabantu kuncishiswe kancane kancane, futhi emazweni omhlaba wesithathu, ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi okwanda ngokwengeziwe kwasheshiswa ukuze kutholakale umhlaba wezitshalo ezikhulayo. Kuyacaca ukuthi umphumela omubi awuzange ungene isikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kwamanani akhuphukayo okudla okuyisisekelo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, indlala iba yimbi emazweni ampofu kakhulu, ukungeniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa okuvela emazweni wesithathu nakho akuzange kusize kakhulu ezolimo zaseYurophu. Ukulinywa nokukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels nakho kwandise ukukhishwa kwe-CO.₂ ngaphezu kokushisa izinto zokubasa ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-nitrous oxide (eminye imithombo ithi kufika ku-70%), okuyigesi elibamba ukushisa eliyingozi kakhulu kune-carbon dioxide - CO.₂... Ngamanye amagama, ama-biofuels enze umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni kunemivubukulo ezondwayo. Akufanele sikhohlwe ngomphumela ongasindisi kakhulu wama-biofuels enjini uqobo nakwizesekeli zayo. Okokhelekayo okunenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kungavimba amaphampu kaphethiloli, ama-injector, futhi konakalise izingxenye zenjoloba yenjini. I-Methanol ingashintsha kancane kancane ibe yi-formic acid lapho ivezwa ukushisa, kanti i-acetic acid ingashintsha kancane kancane ibe yi-ethanol. Kokubili kungadala ukugqwala ohlelweni lomlilo nasesimisweni sokukhipha ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.

Izimiso eziningana

Nakuba sekube nesimemezelo esisemthethweni muva nje sokuhoxiswa kokwesekwa kokutshalwa kwezitshalo zokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel, akulimazi ukukhumbula ukuthi sonke isimo esizungeze ama-biofuel siguquke kanjani. Konke kwaqala ngo-Directive 2003/30/EC ka-2003, umgomo owawuwukuthola ingxenye engu-10% yamafutha ezimoto asekelwe ku-bio emazweni e-European Union. Le nhloso kusukela ngo-2003 yaqinisekiswa ngongqongqoshe bezomnotho bamazwe e-EU ngoMashi 2007. Ibuye ihambisane neziqondiso 2009/28EC kanye ne-2009/30 EC egunyazwe uMkhandlu WaseYurophu kanye nePhalamende LaseYurophu ngo-Ephreli 2010. I-EN 590, echitshiyelwa kancane kancane, iyingxenyana yevolumu ephezulu evunyelwe yama-biofuels kuphethiloli kumthengi wokugcina. Okokuqala, izinga le-EN 590 kusukela ngo-2004 lalawula inani eliphezulu le-FAME (i-fatty acid methyl ester, ngokuvamile evame ukudlwengulwa kawoyela we-methyl ester) laya kumaphesenti amahlanu kuphethiloli wedizili. Izinga lakamuva le-EN590/2009, lisebenza ngoNovemba 1, 2009, livumela kufika kumaphesenti ayisikhombisa. Kuyafana nokwengeza i-bio-alcohol kuphethiloli. Ikhwalithi yezithako ze-bio ilawulwa ngezinye iziqondiso, okuwukuthi uphethiloli we-diesel kanye nokwengezwa kwe-EN 14214-2009 indinganiso ye-FAME bio-ingredients (MERO). Isungula amapharamitha wekhwalithi wengxenye ye-FAME ngokwayo, ikakhulukazi amapharamitha akhawulela ukuzinza kwe-oxidative (inani le-iodine, okuqukethwe kwe-asidi engagcwele), ukubola (okuqukethwe kwe-glyceride) nokuvala umlomo wombhobho (izinsimbi zamahhala). Njengoba zombili lezi zindinganiso zichaza kuphela ingxenye eyengezwe kuphethiloli kanye nenani okungenzeka ukuthi likhona, ohulumeni bezwe baye baphoqeleka ukuba bashayele imithetho kazwelonke efuna izwe lengeze ama-biofuels kumafutha ezimoto ukuze lithobele iziqondiso eziyisibopho ze-EU. Ngaphansi kwale mithetho, okungenani amaphesenti amabili odumo lwengezwe kuphethiloli kadizili kusukela ngoSepthemba 2007 kuya kuZibandlela wezi-2008, okungenani u-2009% eminyakeni engu-4,5, futhi okungenani u-2010% we-biocomponent eyengeziwe wafakwa eminyakeni engu-6. Leli phesenti kufanele lihlangatshezwe umsabalalisi ngamunye ngokwesilinganiso phakathi naso sonke isikhathi, okusho ukuthi lingashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoba izidingo zezinga le-EN590/2004 akumele zeqe amaphesenti amahlanu eqoqweni elilodwa, noma amaphesenti ayisikhombisa selokhu kwaqala ukusebenza kwe-EN590/2009, ingxenye yangempela yodumo emathangeni eziteshini zosizo ingaba seqophelweni eliphezulu. ububanzi bamaphesenti angu-0-5 futhi isikhathi samanje ngamaphesenti angu-0-7.

Ubuchwepheshe obuncane

Akukho ndawo eziqondisweni noma ezitatimendeni ezisemthethweni okushiwo ukuthi ngabe kunesibopho sokuhlola ukushayela vele noma ukumane ulungiselele izimoto ezintsha. Umbuzo uvela ngokunengqondo ukuthi, njengomthetho, azikho iziqondiso noma imithetho eqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe ama-biofuel ahlanganisiwe okukhulunywa ngawo azosebenza kahle futhi ngokuthembekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-biofuels kungaholela ekwenqatshweni kwesikhalazo uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kohlelo lwamafutha emotweni yakho. Ubungozi buncane, kepha bukhona, futhi njengoba bungalawulwa yinoma yimuphi umthetho, empeleni udluliselwe kuwe njengomsebenzisi ngaphandle kwesicelo sakho. Ngaphezu kokwehluleka kohlelo lwamafutha noma injini uqobo, umsebenzisi kufanele futhi abheke ubungozi bokugcina okunomkhawulo. Ama-biocomponents abola ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi, ngokwesibonelo, i-bio-alcohol enjalo, engezwe kuphethiloli, imunca umswakama osuka emoyeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela icekele phansi uphethiloli kancane kancane. Kwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoba ukuminyana kwamanzi otshwaleni kufinyelela kumkhawulo othile lapho kukhishwa khona amanzi otshwaleni. Ngaphezu kokugqwala kwezingxenye zohlelo lukaphethiloli, kukhona nengozi yokuqandisa kwentambo yokuphakela, ikakhulukazi uma upaka imoto isikhathi eside ebusika. I-biocomponent kukaphethiloli kadizili ixhuma ngokushesha okukhulu ngokuhlukahluka, futhi lokhu kusebenza nakuphethiloli kadizili ogcinwe emathangini amakhulu, ngoba lawa kufanele abe nomoya. Ukuxutshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzobangela ukuthi izingxenye ze-methyl ester zivele ku-gel, okuholele ekwandeni kwe-viscosity kaphethiloli. Izimoto ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa, lapho uphethiloli ofuthwayo ushiswa khona izinsuku eziningana noma amasonto, azibeki engcupheni yokwehla kwephethiloli. Ngakho-ke, impilo yeshalofu eseduze icishe ibe yizinyanga ezi-3. Ngakho-ke, uma ungomunye wabasebenzisi abagcina uphethiloli ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene (ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwemoto), uzophoqeleka ukuthi ungeze isengezo ku-biofuel yakho ehlanganisiwe, ku-biogasoline, njenge-Welfobin, kudizili we-biodiesel. Futhi qaphela amaphampu ahlukahlukene ashibhile asolisayo, ngoba anganikeza uphethiloli wangemva kwewaranti obungeke buthengiswe ngesikhathi kwamanye amaphampu.

Injini ye-diesel

Endabeni yenjini kadizili, okukhathaza kakhulu impilo yohlelo lokujova, ngoba i-biocomponent iqukethe izinsimbi namaminerali angavala izimbobo zombhobho, anciphise ukusebenza kwawo futhi anciphise izinga likaphethiloli elinamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi aqukethe kanye nenani elithile lama-glycerides angonakalisa izingxenye zensimbi zohlelo lokujova. Ngo-2008, uMkhandlu Wokuxhumanisa waseYurophu (CEC) wethula indlela ka-F-98-08 yokuhlola izinjini zikadizili ezinezinhlelo ezivamile zokujova izitimela. Ngempela, le ndlela, esebenza kumgomo wokukhulisa ngokungeyikho okuqukethwe kwezinto ezingathandeki esikhathini esifushane sokuhlolwa, ikhombisile ukuthi uma kungafakwa oketshezi lukadizili izinto zokuhlanza ezisebenza kahle, izinsimbi ezisebenza ngensimbi kanye ne-corrosion inhibitors. ukunciphisa ukungena kwama-injectors. .. kuvaleke futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte kakhulu ukusebenza kwenjini. Abenzi bayayazi le ngozi, ngakho-ke uphethiloli osezingeni eliphakeme othengiswa iziteshi ezinophawu uhlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela ezidingekayo, kufaka phakathi okuqukethwe kwama-biocomponents, futhi kugcina uhlelo lokujova lusesimweni esihle isikhathi eside sokusebenza. Uma kwenzeka ufaka uphethiloli ngophethiloli kadizili ongaziwa, ongaba sezingeni eliphansi kanye nokushoda kwezithasiselo, kunengozi yokuvaleka futhi, esimweni sokuthambisa okungaphansi, ngisho nokufakwa ezintweni ezizwelayo zohlelo lokujova. Kumele kungezwe ukuthi izinjini ezindala zikadizili zinohlelo lokujova olungazweli kakhulu ekuhlanzekeni nasekuthambiseni udizili, kepha azikuvumeli ukuvaleka kwabajova ngezinsimbi ezisele ngemuva kokuphakanyiswa kukawoyela wemifino.

Ngaphandle kohlelo lokujova, kunenye ingozi ehambisana nokuphendula kukaphethiloli wamafutha kuma-biofuels, njengoba sazi ukuthi inani elincane likaphethiloli ongashisiwe kuyo yonke injini lingena kuloyela, ikakhulukazi uma linesihlungi se-DPF ngaphandle kwesithasiselo sangaphandle . Okokhelekayo kungena kuphethiloli wenjini ngesikhathi sokushayela okufishane kaningi ngisho nasesimo sezulu esibandayo, kanye nangesikhathi sokugqoka ngokweqile kwenjini ngamasongo e-piston futhi, muva nje, ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kwesihlungi se-particulate. Izinjini ezifakwe isihlungi se-particle ngaphandle kwezithasiselo zangaphandle (i-urea) kufanele zifake uphethiloli kudizili ngesikhathi sokushaywa yisisi ukuze ivuselele futhi ihambise ingashiswanga epayipini lokukhipha. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, leli qoqo likaphethiloli, esikhundleni sokuhwamuka, lijiya ezindongeni zesilinda futhi lihlunge uwoyela wenjini. Le ngozi ingaphezulu uma usebenzisa i-biodiesel ngoba ama-biocomponents anezinga lokushisa eliphezulu le-distillation, ngakho-ke ikhono lawo lokuhlangana ezindongeni zamasilinda bese ngemuva kwalokho anciphise uwoyela liphakeme kancane kunalapho usebenzisa uphethiloli ojwayelekile kadizili ohlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukunciphisa isikhawu sokushintsha uwoyela siye ku-15 km ejwayelekile, ebaluleke kakhulu kubasebenzisi bezindlela ezibizwa nge-Long Life Modes.

I-petroli

Njengoba sekushiwo, ingozi enkulu kakhulu endabeni ye-biogasoline ukungaziphathi kahle kwe-ethanol ngamanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izakhi ze-biocomponents zizomunca amanzi ohlelweni lukaphethiloli nasemvelweni. Uma upaka imoto yakho isikhathi eside, ngokwesibonelo ebusika, ungaba nezinkinga ukuqala, kukhona nengozi yokuqandisa ulayini wokuphakela, kanye nokugqwala kwezingxenye zohlelo lwamafutha.

Kwezinguquko ezimbalwa

Uma ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kungakushiyanga ngokuphelele, funda imigqa embalwa elandelayo, ngalesi sikhathi ezothinta umnotho womsebenzi uqobo.

• Inani elilinganisiwe lekhalori likaphethiloli omsulwa cishe liyi-42 MJ / kg.
• Inani elilinganisiwe lekhalori le-ethanol cishe liyi-27 MJ / kg.

Kungabonakala kumanani angenhla ukuthi utshwala bunenani eliphansi le-calorific kunophethiloli, okusho ngokunengqondo ukuthi amandla amakhemikhali amancane aguqulwa abe amandla emishini. Ngenxa yalokho, utshwala bunenani eliphansi le-calorific, okuthi, nokho, akuthinti amandla noma ukuphuma kwe-torque yenjini. Imoto izolandela indlela efanayo, idla kuphela uphethiloli omningi nomoya omncane uma kuqhathaniswa uma ihamba ngophethiloli omsulwa ojwayelekile. Endabeni yotshwala, isilinganiso esifanele sokuxuba nomoya ngu-1: 9, esimweni sikaphethiloli - 1: 14,7.

Umthethonqubo wakamuva we-EU uthi kunokungcola okungu-7% kwe-biocomponent kukaphethiloli. Njengoba sekushiwo, u-1 kg kaphethiloli unenani lekhalori elingu-42 MJ, kanti u-1 kg we-ethanol uno-27 MJ. Ngakho-ke, i-1 kg kaphethiloli oxubile (7% biocomponent) inenani lokugcina lokushisa elingu-40,95 MJ / kg (0,93 x 42 + 0,07 x 27). Mayelana nokusetshenziswa, lokhu kusho ukuthi sidinga ukuthola enye i-1,05 MJ / kg eyengeziwe ukufanisa umlilo wephethiloli ojwayelekile ongasetshenzisiwe. Ngamanye amagama, ukusetshenziswa kuzokhuphuka ngo-2,56%.

Ukubeka lokho ngokoqobo, ake sithathe lokhu kusuka ePB kuye eBratislava Fabia 1,2 HTP endaweni eyi-12-valve. Njengoba lokhu kuzoba uhambo lomgwaqo, ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe cishe kungu-7,5 wamalitha ngebanga le-100 km. Ebangeni elingu-2 x 175 km, ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kuzoba ngamalitha angama-26,25. Sizobeka intengo kaphethiloli enengqondo engu- € 1,5, ngakho-ke izindleko eziphelele ngu- € 39,375 € 1,008. Kulokhu, sizokhokha ama-euro angu-XNUMX nge-bio-orthology yasekhaya.

Ngakho-ke, izibalo ezingenhla zibonisa ukuthi ukonga kwangempela kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ku-4,44% (7% - 2,56%) kuphela. Ngakho-ke sine-biofuel encane, kodwa isanyusa izindleko zokusebenzisa imoto.

isiphetho

Inhloso yale ndatshana bekungukuveza imiphumela yokwethula i-biocomponent okuyimpoqo kumandla okubasa endabuko. Lesi senzo sokuxhamazela esenziwe ezinye izikhulu asigcinanga nje ngokubanga isiphithiphithi ekutshalweni nasezintweni zokudla okuyisisekelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, izinkinga zobuchwepheshe, njll., Kodwa ekugcineni kwaholela nasekukhuleni kwezindleko zokusebenzisa imoto uqobo. Mhlawumbe eBrussels abazi isaga sethu sesiSlovak esithi "linganisa kabili bese usika kanye".