I-bioethanol. Kungenzeka yini ukushintshela kuphethiloli omusha?

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol

I-Bioethanol, njenge-biodiesel, ikhiqizwa ngezinto zezitshalo. Ngokuvamile kunabanye, izitshalo ezimbili zithathwa ukuze kwenziwe i-bioethanol: ummbila nomoba. Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol e-United States ngokuyinhloko kusekelwe kummbila, eBrazil - kumoba. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izitshalo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesitashi noshukela wemifino nazo zingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe: amazambane, isithombo sebhitrudi, ubhatata, njll.

Emhlabeni, ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol kuthuthukiswa kakhulu eMelika. Amandla okukhiqiza eBrazil nase-United States ehlangene ahlanganisa ngaphezu kwesigamu (ngokuqondile, ngaphezu kwama-60%) okukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwala maphethiloli.

Emgogodleni wayo, i-bioethanol iwutshwala obujwayelekile be-ethyl (noma i-ethanol), obusetshenziswa ekwenzeni uphuzo oludakayo ngefomula yamakhemikhali eyaziwayo C.₂H₅awu Kodwa-ke, i-bioethanol ayifanele ukusetshenziswa kokudla ngenxa yokuba khona kwezithasiselo ezikhethekile, izithasiselo zikaphethiloli. Ngokungeziwe ku-tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), enyusa ukumelana nokuqhunyiswa kwama-biofuels, inciphisa ukugqwala kotshwala futhi ithwala umoya-mpilo owengeziwe obandakanyeka ekushiseni, amanani amancane ezinye izithasiselo zengezwa ku-bioethanol.

Ubuchwepheshe obuningana bokukhiqiza i-bioethanol baziwa.

1. Ukuvutshelwa kwemikhiqizo ye-organic. Yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kanye nendlela elula yokuthola utshwala be-ethyl. Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwemvubelo yezingxube eziqukethe ushukela, kutholakala isisombululo esinenqwaba ye-ethanol engaba ngu-15%. Ngokukhula kokuhlushwa, amagciwane emvubelo ayafa, okuholela ekumisweni kokukhiqizwa kotshwala be-ethyl. Kamuva, utshwala buhlukaniswa nesisombululo nge-distillation. Njengamanje, le ndlela ayisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izimboni ze-bioethanol.
2. Ukukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa ezihlangene. Izinto ezingavuthiwe zichotshozwa futhi zivutshelwe nge-glucoamylase ne-amylosubtilin. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-distillation yenziwa ngamakholomu asheshayo ngokuhlukaniswa kotshwala. Indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi yokukhiqiza i-bioethanol yezimboni.
3. ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrolysis. Eqinisweni, lokhu ukukhiqizwa kotshwala obuvela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa eziqukethe i-cellulose yangaphambi kwe-hydrolyzed ngokuvutshelwa kwezimboni. Isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe angemva kweSoviet.

Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwe-bioethanol, ngokwezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene, kufushane ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 ngonyaka.

I-bioethanol. Inani ilitha

Izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol nge-1 ilitha kuncike ezintweni eziningana.

1. Izindleko zokuqala zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezitshalwe ukuze zicutshungulwe.
2. Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo (ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nesilinganiso se-bioethanol ewumphumela nenani lezinto ezingavuthiwe ezihilelekile).
3. I-Logistics yokukhiqiza (okuseduze namasimu anezinto zokusetshenziswa amabhizinisi okucubungula, ukukhiqizwa okushibhile, ngoba izindleko zokuhamba uma kwenzeka lolu hlobo lwamafutha zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kunokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli we-petroleum).
4. Izindleko zokukhiqiza ngokwayo (ukwenziwa kwemishini, ukukhokhelwa kwabasebenzi, izindleko zamandla).

Ngakho-ke, emazweni ahlukene, izindleko zokukhiqiza i-1 litre ye-bioethanol ziyahlukahluka. Nazi izindleko zalo mafutha ngelitha kwamanye amazwe omhlaba:

• I-USA - $ 0,3;
• Brazil - $ 0,2;
• ngokujwayelekile kubakhiqizi baseYurophu - cishe u-$ 0,5;

Uma uqhathanisa, izindleko ezimaphakathi zokukhiqiza uphethiloli zilinganiselwa ku-$0,5 kuya ku-$0,8 ilitha, uma ungabheki amazwe athumela uwoyela ongahluziwe njengeSaudi Arabia noma iVenezuela, lapho ilitha likaphethiloli libiza ngaphansi kwelitha lamanzi.

I-bioethanol E85

Mhlawumbe isabelo sebhubesi phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zikaphethiloli eziqukethe i-bioethanol zithathwa yi-brand E85. Lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli luyi-85% ye-bioethanol kanye no-15% ojwayelekile we-petroleum petroleum.

Lawa mafutha afaneleka kuphela ezimotweni eziklanywe ngokukhethekile ezikwazi ukusebenza ngama-biofuels. Ngokuvamile zibhalwe njengezimoto zikaphethiloli ze-Flex.

I-Bioethanol E85 isatshalaliswa kabanzi eBrazil, futhi itholakala nase-United States. EYurophu nase-Asia, amamaki e-E5, E7 kanye ne-E10 avame kakhulu ngokuqukethwe kwe-bioethanol okungamaphesenti angu-5, 7 no-10, ngokulandelana. Ivolumu esele kulezi zingxube zamafutha ngokwesiko yabelwa uphethiloli ojwayelekile. Futhi muva nje, i-E40 fuel enokuqukethwe kwe-bioethanol engu-40% ithola ukuthandwa.

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Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwe-bioethanol

Ake sibheke izinzuzo ze-bioethanol kuqala.

1. Ukushibha okulinganiselwe kokukhiqiza. Lokhu kunikezwa ukuthi umkhiqizi wezwe akanazo ezakhe, izinqolobane zikawoyela eziningi, futhi imboni yezitshalo iyathuthukiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, iBrazil, enemithombo embalwa kawoyela ezweni lonke, kodwa eye yathuthukisa ezolimo nesimo sezulu esivumayo, kunenzuzo enkulu kakhulu ukwenza uphethiloli osekelwe ku-bioethanol.
2. Ubungane bemvelo bokukhipha amandla. I-bioethanol ehlanzekile ikhipha amanzi kuphela ne-carbon dioxide lapho ishiswa. Awekho ama-hydrocarbon asindayo, izinhlayiya ze-soot, i-carbon monoxide, izakhi ezinesulfure ne-phosphorus ezikhishelwa emkhathini lapho injini isebenza ku-bioethanol. Ngokusho kokuhlola okuphelele (kucatshangelwa yonke imingcele ehlolwe ngokwezinga le-EURO), ukuhlanzeka kwamagesi e-exhaust kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-8 ezinjinini ezisebenzisa i-bioethanol.
3. Ukuvuselelwa. Uma izinqolobane zikawoyela zinomkhawulo (iqiniso elifakazelwe namuhla: izinkolelo-mbono mayelana nemvelo yokuvuselela kawoyela njengoba ukukhishwa okuvela emathunjini oMhlaba kwenqatshwa umphakathi wesayensi wezwe), khona-ke ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol kuncike kuphela ekuvunweni kwamasimu.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi. Ngokwesilinganiso, lapho ushayela ku-bioethanol, ngesistimu kaphethiloli ehlelwe kahle, kuze kufike ku-15% kaphethiloli kugcinwa ngesilinganiso sevolumu. Ngokuvamile, esikhundleni samalitha angu-10 kaphethiloli, imoto izosebenzisa amalitha angu-100 we-bioethanol kuphela ngamakhilomitha angu-8,5.

Ububi balolu hlobo lukaphethiloli, ikakhulukazi maqondana nenqwaba yezimoto ezikhona, bukhulu njengamanje.

1. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-bioethanol emotweni lapho i-ECU ingenazo izilungiselelo zokusebenza ku-biofuel. Futhi ngokuvamile, kuvame ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kwemoto engakhelwanga uphethiloli wemifino. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nesilinganiso sevolumu edingekayo yomoya kanye nophethiloli ku-bioethanol kuyahluka kuphethiloli. Lokhu kuholela ekusebenzeni okungazinzile kwenjini.
2. Ukucekelwa phansi kwe-raber ne-plastic seal. Izakhiwo zenjoloba nepulasitiki ezivumela lezi zinto ukuba zingathathi hlangothi ngokuphathelene nabathwali bamandla we-petroleum azikwazi ukunikeza ukumelana kwamakhemikhali ku-ethanol. Futhi izimvu zamanzi, ezingamelana nokusebenzisana nophethiloli amashumi eminyaka, zibhujiswa esikhathini esingangezinyanga ngokuthintana notshwala njalo.
3. Ukwehluleka okusheshayo kwenjini engaklanyelwe ukushayela nge-bioethanol. Njengomphumela wamaphuzu amabili adlule.

Ngokusekelwe kulokhu osekushiwo, singaphetha ngokuthi i-bioethanol izoba enye indlela enhle kakhulu kuphethiloli ovamile uma imoto yakhelwe lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli.

I-BIOETHANOL EMOTWENI YAKHO: UMNGANE NOMA ISITHA?