Izimbobo ezimhlophe ziwubunye endaweni eyodwa
Intuitively, zibonakala ziwumphumela wemigodi emnyama. Ngokwezibalo, nazo zilungile. Ngamafuphi, kungaba kuhle ukube zikhona. Ngeshwa, abukho ubufakazi balokhu okwamanje.
Amathuba okuba khona kwezimbobo ezimhlophe aqale abonwa yisazi sendawo yonke saseBrithani kanye nesazi sezinkanyezi Freda Hoilea ngo-1957 kwase kuba isiRashiya Igor Dmitrievich Novikov ngo-1964. Izinto zalolu hlobo zilindeleke njengengxenye Schwarzschild izixazululo, echaza inkambu yamandla adonsela phansi eduze kwesisindo esiyindilinga, esingaphenduki njengenkanyezi, iplanethi, noma imbobo emnyama.
Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics uthi inani le-entropy endaweni yonke lingaba njalo noma likhuphuke. I-entropy ekhulayo yezimbobo ezimnyama ifanelana kahle nalokhu. Umgodi omhlophe usekelwe kokuphambene - ukwehla kwe-entropy, okungamukeleki ngokombono we-physics eyaziwa yithi. Kodwa-ke, i-physics esiyaziyo inomphumela wokuba semthethweni kulokho esikwaziyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukube bekunjalo, bekuzoba nenye i-physics lapho i-entropy ingawa ngempela. Ngakho-ke, sifinyelela umphumela cishe ongenakugwemeka womqondo wezimbobo ezimhlophe kanjalo. i-multivshehsaint.
Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izimbobo ezimhlophe - okuwumphumela kanye "nohlangothi oluphambene" lwezimbobo ezimnyama - nazo zivela ezweni lethu, noma kunjalo, isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ukuze zinyamalale ngokushesha, "zinamahloni" ngokuphulwa komthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. . Ngo-2006, kwabonakala ukuqubuka (okuqokwe njenge 060614), okwathatha imizuzwana eyi-102. Ngokuvamile, izenzakalo ezinjalo zenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho ukukhanya okucishe kube yimizuzu emibili ebangeni eliphakeme kakhulu lefrikhwensi kwakungalindelekile. Kwaba neziphakamiso zokuthi kwakuwumgodi nje omhlophe. Nokho, kwizazi zezinkanyezi eziningi, lokhu kwakuwumbono ongamukeleki.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi abanye abacwaningi behlobanisa ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimhlophe ama-quasars - izinto ezinkulu ezimise okwenkanyezi ezikhipha imisebe ye-electromagnetic eqhubekayo. Nokho, ucwaningo olucophelelayo luye lwakhipha lokhu okungenzeka.
Emaphethelweni esayensi, kunemibono yokuthi kungenzeka ukudala i-wormhole exhuma umgodi omhlophe kumnyama. Ukuba khona kokuxhumana okunjalo kwahlongozwa isazi sefiziksi saseJalimane ngo-1921. Herman Weil ngesikhathi socwaningo lwakhe olukhulu emkhakheni we-electromagnetic. Eminyakeni yakamuva baqala lo mqondo Albert Einstein Oraz Nathan Rosenowathuthukisa imodeli Ibhuloho lase-Einstein-Rosen. Leli bhuloho lizoba uhlobo lwesinqamuleli esixhuma amaphuzu amabili endaweni yonke noma ezindaweni ezihlukene. UNovikov noHoyle bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi njengoba izimbobo ezimnyama zimunca izinto ezingasakwazi ukuphunyuka, kungase kube nezinto ezizikhiphayo. Imodeli yembobo emhlophe ecatshangelwayo yayisekelwe ekubeni khona kwesibungu esixhuma emgodini omnyama. Bese kuba nezingxabano, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nokwenzeka komgodi omhlophe kusukela esikhathini esidlule ukuhlangana nomgodi wangempela omnyama, okungaholela ekudalweni komshini wesikhathi ...
Ukuba khona kwebhuloho i-Einstein-Rosen kusikisela ukuhamba emkhathini okungenamkhawulo. Nokho, ngo-1962 isazi sefiziksi saseMelika John Wheeler yashicilela iphepha ngokusho ukuthi ibhuloho le-Einstein-Rosen lalingeke lizinze kakhulu. Ngokubona kwakhe, akukho okwakungadlula kuwo, ngisho nokukhanya, ngoba umhubhe wawuzovala ngokushesha. Uma lokhu ngandlela thize kuphumelele, khona-ke indaba ezowela emgodini omnyama izophonswa ngaphandle komunye umkhawulo womhubhe, kusukela emgodini omhlophe, kuphela futhi kuphela. kuma-gifs. Amandla amakhulu, imisinga kanye ne-ionization izoguqula ngokoqobo izinto ezizulazulayo zibe uthuli nama-molecule.
Ngakho-ke kuleli qophelo, izimbobo ezimhlophe ziyi-theory ngokuphelele. Okwamanje asinabo ubufakazi bokuba khona kwazo. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyinganekwane, nakuba ikuvumela ukuthi udale izakhiwo zezibalo eziwusizo ezikuvumela ukuthi ubonise kahle ukucatshangelwa kwendawo ezungeze umgodi omnyama. Ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi amakhulu, akukho okungaphuma kulokho okuthiwa umkhathizwe womcimbi. Ngokwezilinganiso zamuva nje, kungase kube nezimbobo ezimnyama ezingafika ezigidini eziyi-100 emthaleni wethu wodwa. Izinto okungenakukhanya kuzo ngisho nokukhanya kuye kwacwaningwa ososayensi amashumi eminyaka.
Umgodi omnyama nomhlophe - imodeli
Ububanzi bezimbobo ezimhlophe bubonakala bungaqondakali, kodwa-ke, okwenza osolwazi abaningi baveze imibono ecatshangelwayo. Ngo-2014, izazi ze-physics ezimbili - UCarlo Rovelli Oraz Ulimi Haggard abavela eNyuvesi yase-Aix-Marseilles eFrance - bashicilele isihloko lapho bethula khona imodeli i-quantum reflection ngaphakathi kwembobo emnyama ingene emgodini omhlophe. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, kuthatha ama-millisecond ambalwa kuphela. Nokho, nakuba ukuguqulwa kwenzeka ngokuphazima kweso, izazi zesayensi yezinkanyezi zigcizelela ukuthi imigodi emnyama ingabonakala ikhona izigidigidi zeminyaka ngoba amandla adonsela phansi elula amaza okukhanya futhi andise isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, umuntu kufanele aqonde inkolelo yokuthi izimbobo ezimhlophe "zikhona" kakade, kodwa asiziboni ngenxa yemiphumela yamandla adonsela phansi.
ngaphambili kancane U-Nikodem Poplavski I-Pole esebenza eNyuvesi yase-Indiana yashicilela inkolelo yokuthi izimbobo ezimnyama nezimhlophe zingase zibe nesibopho sokwakhiwa kwendawo yonke entsha. Ngokombono wakhe, i-Big Bang empeleni yayiwumphumela wokuhlehla kwezimo zokufinyela ngaphakathi kwembobo emnyama ekhona kwenye indawo yonke.
Imibono mayelana nezimbobo ezimhlophe njengemiphumela ye-black morphs ibonakala yamukeleka kakhulu kunezimangalo okwamanje. UStephen Hawking eminyakeni edlule mayelana nomkhathizwe womcimbi "okhuphukayo" kanye nokunyamalala kwemigodi emnyama, kanye nolwazi namandla ayemuncwe yikho ngaphambilini.
Kuze kube manje, alukho ulwazi olungaphunyuka emkhathizwe womcimbi ohlukanisa imbobo emnyama ngokoqobo njengoba siwazi. Okokuqala, ulwazi mayelana nezimbobo ezimhlophe - ukuthi zikhona noma cha. Futhi kungaba kuhle ukwazi ukuthi kukhona yini okufanayo ngazo zonke izindaba esizaziyo mayelana namahubhe namasango kwamanye ama-universe.
