Umhlaba webhethri - ingxenye 3

Umlando wamabhethri esimanje uqala ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kusukela kuleli khulu leminyaka imiklamo eminingi esetshenziswayo namuhla ivela. Lesi simo sifakazela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, emibonweni emihle kakhulu yososayensi bangaleso sikhathi, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nobunzima obuvela ekuthuthukisweni kwamamodeli amasha.

Zimbalwa izinto ezinhle kangangokuthi ngeke zithuthukiswe. Lo mthetho uyasebenza nasemabhethri - amamodeli ekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX acwengwa kaningi aze athatha ifomu lawo lamanje. Lokhu kuyasebenza naku Amaseli e-Leclanche.

Isixhumanisi sokuthuthukisa

Umklamo wosokhemisi waseFrance ushintshile UCarl Gasner ibe yimodeli ewusizo ngempela: ishibhile ukuyikhiqiza futhi iphephile ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa-ke, kwakusenezinkinga - ukumbozwa kwe-zinc kwesici kugqwalile lapho kuthintana ne-acidic electrolyte egcwalise isitsha, futhi ukuchafaza okuqukethwe okunolaka kungakhubaza idivayisi enamandla. Isinqumo saba ukuhlanganiswa ubuso obungaphakathi bomzimba we-zinc (i-mercury coating).

I-Zinc amalgam empeleni ayisebenzi kuma-asidi, kodwa igcina zonke izici ze-electrochemical zensimbi emsulwa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemithetho yemvelo, le ndlela yokwelula impilo yamaseli isetshenziswa kancane kancane (kumaseli angenayo i-mercury, ungathola umbhalo noma) (1).

2. Isakhiwo seseli ye-alkali: 1) ikesi (i-cathode lead), 2) i-cathode equkethe i-manganese dioxide, 3) isihlukanisi se-electrode, 4) i-anode equkethe i-KOH nothuli lwezinc, 5) i-anode terminal, 6) ukuvalwa kweseli (isivikeli se-electrode) . .

Enye indlela yokwandisa impilo ende yeseli nempilo ukwengeza i-zinc chloride i-ZnCl₂ okokugcwalisa inkomishi unama. Amaseli alo mklamo ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi I-Heavy Duty futhi (njengoba igama libonisa) aklanyelwe ukunika amandla amadivayisi asebenzisa amandla amaningi.

Ukuphumelela emkhakheni wamabhethri alahlwayo kwaba ukwakhiwa ngo-1955 we i-alkaline cell. Ukusungulwa konjiniyela baseCanada Lewis Urry, esetshenziswa inkampani yamanje ye-Energizer, inesakhiwo esihluke kancane kuleso seseli ye-Leclanchet.

Okokuqala, ngeke uthole i-graphite cathode noma inkomishi ye-zinc lapho. Womabili ama-electrode enziwa ngendlela yokunamathisela okumanzi, okuhlukanisiwe (ama-thickeners kanye nama-reagents: i-cathode iqukethe ingxube ye-manganese dioxide ne-graphite, i-anode yothuli lwe-zinc ene-admixture ye-potassium hydroxide), futhi iziphetho zazo zenziwe ngensimbi ( 2). Kodwa-ke, ukusabela okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kufana kakhulu nalokho okwenzeka kuseli ye-Leclanchet.

Umsebenzi. Yenza "i-autopsy yamakhemikhali" kuseli le-alkaline ukuze uthole ukuthi okuqukethwe kune-alkaline ngempela (3). Khumbula ukuthi izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanayo ziyasebenza ekuhlakazweni kweseli ye-Leclanchet. Ukuze unqume iseli le-alkaline, bheka inkambu ethi "Ikhodi Yebhethri".

3. "Isigaba" seseli ye-alkaline siqinisekisa okuqukethwe kwe-alkali.

Amabhethri enziwe ekhaya

4. Amabhethri e-Ni-MH ne-Ni-Cd asekhaya.

Amaseli angakwazi ukushajwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa abe umgomo wabaklami kusukela ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kagesi, yingakho izinhlobo eziningi zazo.

Njengamanje, enye yamamodeli asetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izinto zikagesi zasendlini ezincane amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium. I-prototype yabo yavela ngo-1899 lapho umsunguli waseSweden ekwenza. U-Ernst Jungner ufake isicelo selungelo lobunikazi lebhethri le-nickel-cadmium elingaqhudelana namabhethri asevele asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezimoto. ibhethri le-asidi eholayo.

I-anode yeseli i-cadmium, i-cathode iyinhlanganisela ye-nickel e-trivalent, i-electrolyte iyisisombululo se-potassium hydroxide (emiklamo yesimanje "eyomile", i-paste emanzi yama-thickeners egcwele isisombululo se-KOH). Amabhethri e-Ni-Cd (lokhu yigama lawo) ane-voltage yokusebenza ecishe ibe ngu-1,2 V - lokhu kungaphansi kwamaseli alahlwayo, okuthi, nokho, akuyona inkinga ezinhlelweni eziningi. Inzuzo enkulu yikhono lokusebenzisa i-current ephawulekayo (ngisho nama-ampere ambalwa) kanye nokushisa okubanzi okusebenzayo.

5. Sicela uhlole izidingo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri ngaphambi kokushaja.

Ukungalungi kwamabhethri e-nickel-cadmium kuwumthwalo "umphumela wenkumbulo". Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kuvamise ukushajwa kabusha amabhethri e-Ni-Cd akhishwe kancane kancane: isistimu isebenza sengathi umthamo wayo ulingana kuphela nenkokhiso egcwaliswa kabusha ngokushajwa kabusha. Kwezinye izinhlobo zamashaja, "umphumela wememori" ungancishiswa ngokushaja amaseli ngemodi ekhethekile.

Ngakho-ke, amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium akhishiwe kufanele ashajwe ngomjikelezo ogcwele: aqale akhishwe ngokuphelele (kusetshenziswa umsebenzi weshaja ofanele) bese eshajwa kabusha. Ukushajwa kabusha njalo kunciphisa ukuphila okulinganiselwe kwemijikelezo engu-1000-1500 (ukuthi amaseli amaningi alahlwayo azothathelwa indawo ibhethri elilodwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwawo, ngakho-ke izindleko zokuthenga eziphezulu zizozikhokhela izikhathi eziningi, ingasaphathwa eyobunzima obuncane ebhethrini. ). imvelo ngokukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwamaseli).

Izakhi ze-Ni-Cd eziqukethe i-cadmium enobuthi zishintshiwe amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride (Igama le-Ni-MH). Isakhiwo sabo sifana namabhethri e-Ni-Cd, kodwa esikhundleni se-cadmium, kusetshenziswa ingxubevange yensimbi enezimbotshana (Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zr, izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile) ezinekhono lokumunca i-hydrogen (4). I-voltage yokusebenza yeseli ye-Ni-MH nayo icishe ibe ngu-1,2 V, ezivumela ukuthi zisetshenziswe ngokushintshana namabhethri e-NiCd. Amandla amaseli e-Nickel-Metal Hydride makhulu kunalawo amaseli e-Nickel-Cadmium anosayizi ofanayo. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo ze-NiMH ziyazikhulula ngokushesha. Sekuvele kunemiklamo yesimanje engenayo le nkinga, kodwa ibiza kakhulu kunamamodeli ajwayelekile.

Amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride awabonisi "umphumela wenkumbulo" (amaseli akhishwe kancane angashajwa kabusha). Nokho, kuyadingeka njalo ukuhlola izidingo zokushaja zohlobo ngalunye emiyalweni yeshaja (5).

Endabeni yamabhethri e-Ni-Cd ne-Ni-MH, asincomi ukuwaqaqa. Okokuqala, ngeke sithole lutho oluwusizo kuzo. Okwesibili, i-nickel ne-cadmium akuzona izakhi eziphephile. Ungathathi ubungozi ngokungadingekile futhi ushiye ukulahlwa kochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.

Inkosi yama-accumulators, okungukuthi...

6. "Inkosi yamabhethri" emsebenzini.

… Ibhethri le-asidi yomthofu, eyakhiwa ngo-1859 isazi sefiziksi saseFrance Gaston Plantego (yebo, yebo, idivayisi izoba neminyaka engu-161 ubudala kulo nyaka!). I-electrolyte yebhethri icishe ibe ngu-37% wesisombululo se-sulfuric acid (VI), kanti ama-electrode angumthofu (anode) nomthofu ombozwe ungqimba lwe-lead dioxide PbO.₂ (cathode). Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, imvula ye-lead(II) (II)PbSO sulfate yakha amafomu kuma-electrode.₄. Lapho ishaja, iseli elilodwa line-voltage engaphezu kuka-2 volts.

ibhethri eliholayo empeleni inakho konke okungalungile: isisindo esibalulekile, ukuzwela ekuphumeni kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi, isidingo sokugcina esimweni esikhokhisiwe, ingozi yokuvuza kwe-electrolyte enolaka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimbi enobuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela: ukuhlola ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte, ukwengeza amanzi emakamelweni (sebenzisa kuphela i-distilled noma i-deionized), ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi (ukwehla ngaphansi kwe-1,8 V ekamelweni elilodwa kungalimaza ama-electrode) kanye nemodi yokushaja ekhethekile.

Pho kungani isakhiwo sasendulo sisasetshenziswa? “Inkosi Yama-Accumulators” inalokho okuyimfanelo yombusi wangempela - amandla. Ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamanje namandla aphezulu afinyelela ku-75% (leli nani lamandla elisetshenziselwa ukushaja lingatholwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza), kanye nomklamo olula kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, kusho ukuthi ibhethri eliholayo Ayisetshenziswa nje kuphela ukuqala izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi, kodwa futhi njengengxenye yokunikezwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo. Naphezu kweminyaka engu-160 yomlando, ibhethri eliholayo lisasebenza kahle futhi alizange lithathelwe indawo ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zisetshenziswa (futhi ngayo, ihola ngokwayo, okuyinto, ngenxa yebhethri, ingenye yezinsimbi ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi obukhulu) . Uma nje ukuhamba kwezimoto okusekelwe ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi kuqhubeka nokuthuthuka, indawo yayo cishe ngeke isongelwe (6).

Abasunguli abazange bayeke ukuzama ukudala ukumiselela kwebhethri le-asidi yomthofu. Amanye amamodeli adumile futhi asasetshenziswa embonini yezimoto namuhla. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye neshumi nambili, imiklamo yenziwa lapho isisombululo sika-H singasetshenziswanga.₂SO₄kodwa i-alkaline electrolyte. Isibonelo ibhethri lika-Ernst Jungner le-nickel-cadmium eliboniswe ngenhla. Ngo-1901 Thomas Alva Edison ushintshe umklamo ukuze usebenzise insimbi esikhundleni se-cadmium. Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-asidi, amabhethri e-alkaline alula kakhulu, angasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi akunzima ukuwaphatha. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwazo kubiza kakhulu, futhi ukonga kwamandla kuphansi.

Ngakho, yini elandelayo?

Yebo, izihloko ezikhuluma ngamabhethri aziyiqedi imibuzo. Abaxoxi, ngokwesibonelo, ngamaseli e-lithium, avame ukusetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izinto zikagesi zasendlini njengezibali noma amabhodi omama wekhompyutha. Ungafunda kabanzi ngabo esihlokweni sikaJanuwari mayelana noMklomelo KaNobel weKhemistry wangonyaka odlule, futhi engxenyeni engokoqobo - ngenyanga (okuhlanganisa ukubhidliza kanye nolwazi).

Kunamathemba amahle ngamaseli, ikakhulukazi amabhethri. Umhlaba uya ngokuya uyahamba, okusho isidingo sokuzimela ngaphandle kwezintambo zikagesi. Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okusebenzayo ezimotweni zikagesi nakho kuyinkinga enkulu. - ukuze bakwazi ukuncintisana nezimoto ezinenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi nakwezomnotho.

i-accumulator battery

Ukuze kube lula ukuhlonza uhlobo lweseli, ikhodi ekhethekile yezinhlamvu nezinombolo yethulwe. Ezinhlotsheni ezivame ukutholakala ezindlini zethu zezinto zikagesi ezincane, inefomu lenombolo-uhlamvu-uhlamvu-inombolo.

Futhi ukuthi:

- idijithi yokuqala inombolo yamaseli; indiva kumaseli awodwa;

– uhlamvu lokuqala lukhombisa uhlobo lweseli. Uma ingekho, ubhekene nesixhumanisi se-Leclanche. Ezinye izinhlobo zamaseli zilebulwe kanje:

C - lithium cell (uhlobo oluvame kakhulu),

H - Ibhethri ye-Ni-MH,

K - ibhethri ye-nickel-cadmium,

L - i-alkaline cell;

- incwadi elandelayo ikhombisa ukuma kwesixhumanisi:

F - plate,

R - cylindrical,

P - ukuqokwa okuvamile kwezixhumanisi ezinomumo ngaphandle kwe-cylindrical;

- inombolo yokugcina noma izibalo zibonisa usayizi wesixhumanisi (amanani ekhathalogi noma akhombisa ubukhulu ngokuqondile) (7).

7. Ubukhulu bamaseli namabhethri adumile.

Izibonelo zokumaka:

R03
- iseli ye-zinc-graphite ubukhulu bomunwe omncane. Elinye igama elithi AAA noma.

LR6 - iseli le-alkaline elilingana nomunwe. Elinye igama elithi AA noma.

I-HR14 - Ibhethri ye-Ni-MH; uhlamvu C lusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa usayizi.

KR20 – Ibhethri le-Ni-Cd, usayizi walo nalo omakwe ngohlamvu D.

3LR12 - ibhethri eliyisicaba eline-voltage engu-4,5 V, ehlanganisa amaseli e-alkaline angama-cylindrical.

6F22 - Ibhethri engu-9-volt, ehlanganisa amaseli ayisicaba e-Leclanchet ayisithupha.

CR2032 Iseli ye-lithium enobubanzi obungu-20 mm nobukhulu obungu-3,2 mm.

Bheka futhi: