I-Baltic cauldron: i-Estonia, iLatvia neLithuania
Isitimela sezikhali sase-Estonian esine-broadgauge armored No. 2 e-Valga emngceleni we-Estonian-Latvia ngo-February 1919.
I-Estonia, iLatvia neLithuania inendawo ehlangene yengxenye yePoland, kodwa ingxenye yesithupha kuphela yabantu bayo. La mazwe amancane - ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhetha okuhle kwezepolitiki - athola inkululeko yawo ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Nokho, behlulekile ukumvikela ngesikhathi esilandelayo...
Okuwukuphela kwento ehlanganisa abantu baseBaltic isikhundla sabo sokuma kwezwe. Ahlukaniswa ngezivumo (amaKatolika noma amaLuthela), kanye nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Ama-Estonia ayisizwe saseFinno-Ugric (esihlobene kude namaFinns namaHungary), amaLithuanians angamaBalt (ahlobene eduze namaSlav), futhi isizwe saseLatvia sakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kweFinno-Ugric Livs namaSemigallian aseBaltic. , Latgalian kanye Kurans. Umlando walezi zizwe ezintathu nawo uhlukile: abaseSweden baba nethonya elikhulu e-Estonia, iLatvia kwakuyizwe eligcwele isiko lamaJalimane, kanti iLithuania yayiyiPolish. Eqinisweni, izizwe ezintathu zaseBaltic zakhiwa kuphela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho zizithola zingaphakathi kwemingcele yoMbuso WaseRussia, ababusi bawo ababebambelele esimisweni sokuthi "bahlukanise futhi babuse." Ngaleso sikhathi, izikhulu ze-tsarist zakhuthaza isiko labalimi - okungukuthi, isi-Estonian, isiLatvia, isiSamogiti - ukuze zenze buthaka ithonya laseScandinavia, isiJalimane nesiPolish. Bazuza impumelelo ephakeme: abantu abasha baseBaltic bafulathela ngokushesha "abahlomuli" babo baseRussia futhi bashiya umbuso. Nokho, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Impi Enkulu oLwandle iBaltic
Lapho iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala iqala ehlobo lika-1914, iRussia yayisesimweni esihle kakhulu: kokubili umyalo waseJalimane no-Austro-Hungarian, owaphoqeleka ukuba ulwe ezinhlangothini ezimbili, awukwazanga ukuthumela amabutho amakhulu nezindlela zokulwa nebutho le-tsarist. AmaRussia ahlasela iMpumalanga Prussia ngamabutho amabili: elinye labhujiswa ngokumangalisayo amaJalimane eTannenberg, kanti elinye laphindiselwa emuva. Ekwindla, izenzo zathuthela endaweni yoMbuso WasePoland, lapho izinhlangothi zombili zashintshana khona ngokuphambene. OLwandle iBaltic - ngemva "kwezimpi ezimbili emachibini aseMasurian" - ingaphambili laqina emgqeni womngcele wangaphambili. Imicimbi eseceleni eliseningizimu yempumalanga esempumalanga - e-Lesser Poland naseCarpathians - ivele yaba nesinqumo. NgoMeyi 2, 1915, izifundazwe ezimaphakathi zaqala ukuhlasela lapha futhi - ngemva kweMpi YaseGorlice - zazuza impumelelo enkulu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, amaJalimane aqala ukuhlasela okuncane okuncane eMpumalanga Prussia - kwakufanele avimbele amaRussia ekuthumeleni ama-reinforcements e-Lesser Poland. Kodwa-ke, umyalo waseRussia waphuca amasosha ohlangothini olusenyakatho olusempumalanga, wabashiya ukuba bamise ukuhlasela kwe-Austro-Hungary. Eningizimu, lokhu akuzange kulethe umphumela owanelisayo, futhi enyakatho, amabutho aseJalimane anesizotha anqoba amanye amadolobha kalula ngendlela emangalisayo. Impumelelo yeCentral Powers emaceleni womabili we-Eastern Front yethusa amaRussia futhi yabangela ukukhishwa kwamasosha eMbusweni wasePoland, ezungezwe enyakatho naseningizimu. Ukufuduka okukhulu okwenziwa ehlobo lika-1915 - ngo-August 5, amaJalimane angena eWarsaw - kwaholela ibutho laseRussia enhlekeleleni. Ulahlekelwe amasosha acishe abe yisigidi nesigamu, cishe ingxenye yemishini kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yezimboni. Yiqiniso, ekwindla kwamiswa ukuhlasela kweCentral Powers, kodwa ngezinga elikhulu lokhu kwakungenxa yezinqumo zezombangazwe zaseBerlin naseVienna - ngemva kokungathathi hlangothi kwebutho le-tsarist, kwanqunywa ukuthumela amasosha ngokumelene namaSerbs, amaNtaliyane. kanye nesiFulentshi - esikhundleni sokusuka ekuhlaselweni yiRussia.
Ekupheleni kuka-September 1915, ingaphambili lasempumalanga laqina emgqeni ofana nomngcele osempumalanga we-Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: kusukela eCarpathians eningizimu, waya ngqo enyakatho eDaugavpils. Lapha, eshiya idolobha ezandleni zaseRussia, ingaphambili liphendukela entshonalanga, lilandela iDvina ukuya oLwandle iBaltic. IRiga oLwandle iBaltic yayisezandleni zabantu baseRussia, kodwa amabhizinisi ezimboni kanye neningi lezakhamuzi zasuswa edolobheni. Ingaphambili lalimi kulayini we-Dvina iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili. Ngakho-ke, ohlangothini lwaseJalimane kwasala: uMbuso wasePoland, isifundazwe saseKaunas kanye nesifundazwe saseCourland. AmaJalimane abuyisela izikhungo zombuso zoMbuso wasePoland futhi ahlela uMbuso waseLithuania kusukela esifundazweni saseKaunas.
