Amabhethri Emoto - Umhlahlandlela Olula

Udinga ibhethri elisha kodwa awazi ukuthi iyiphi ongayikhetha? Awudingi ukuthola i-PhD kulesi sihloko, nansi incazelo yezinhlobo eziphambili zamabhethri emoto kanye nemithetho ethile elula yokuwakhetha.

Amabhethri ezimotweni avele kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-20s, lapho onjiniyela benquma ukuthi isiqalisi sikagesi singaba ngcono kakhulu ekuqaliseni injini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Ngendlela, umthombo wamandla uvele ovumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhlinzeka ngokukhanyisa kagesi ngisho nalapho injini ingasebenzi. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko usewukuqala injini, ngakho-ke amabhethri emoto abizwa ngokuthi amadivaysi okuqala avumela ukudlula kwemisinga ephezulu.

Iminyaka eminingi, ukukhethwa kwebhethri elilungile kuye kwancishiswa ekukhethweni kwemingcele efanele eshiwo umenzi. Namuhla, lapho kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri anezimpawu ezingaqondakali emashalofini, le ndaba ayibonakali ilula. Kodwa kuphela ngokubukeka.

Amabhethri e-lead acid

Lolu wuhlobo oludala kakhulu lwebhethri, elasungulwa ngo-1859. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isimiso sokwakhiwa kwayo asikashintshi. Iqukethe i-anode eholayo, i-lead oxide cathode kanye ne-electrolyte ewuketshezi, okuyisisombululo samanzi esingu-37% se-sulfuric acid. Uma sikhuluma ngomthofu, sisho ingxubevange yawo ne-antimony, ne-calcium ne-antimony, ne-calcium, noma ne-calcium nesiliva. Ama-alloy amabili okugcina agqama kumabhethri esimanje.

amalungelo: Izinzuzo zamabhethri "ezijwayelekile" zihlanganisa intengo ephansi, ukuqina okuphezulu nokumelana okuphezulu nokukhishwa okujulile. Ukushaja kabusha ibhethri "elingenalutho" kubuyisela ngokuphelele izilungiselelo zangempela. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukugcina isimo sokukhishwa okugcwele noma okuyingxenye isikhathi eside kuholela ku-acidification, okunciphisa ngokungenakulungiseka imingcele futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ukuqina.

ukukhubazeka: Ukungalungi okuvamile kwamabhethri e-lead-acid kufaka ubungozi be-oxidation kanye nesidingo sokuhlola njalo izinga le-electrolyte. Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside lapho kushoda khona kuholela ekuncipheni kwempilo yebhethri.

uhlelo lokusebenzaA: Amabhethri e-lead-acid awuhlobo oludume kakhulu lwamabhethri okuqala. Embonini yezimoto, isetshenziswa kabanzi cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto, kuhlanganisa. ezimotweni, amaloli, izithuthuthu nogandaganda.

Gel amabhethri

Emabhethri alolu hlobo, i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ithathelwa indawo ijeli ekhethekile etholwe ngokuxuba i-sulfuric acid ne-silica. Abashayeli abaningi bacabanga ukuyisebenzisa emotweni yabo, kodwa naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, akusona isisombululo esinconywayo.

amalungeloA: Amabhethri ejeli anezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwamabhethri e-asidi eholayo emanzi. Okokuqala, zingafakwa kunoma iyiphi indawo, zimelana nokutsheka okujulile ngisho nokusebenza isikhathi esifushane endaweni ehlanekezelwe, Okwesibili, i-electrolyte esesimweni sejeli ayishintshi, ayidingi ukufakwa phezulu futhi, okubalulekile, ingozi yokuvuza iphansi kakhulu noma kwenzeka umonakalo wemishini. Okwesithathu, amabhethri ejeli amelana nokudlidliza nokushaqeka. Ukumelana nokugqokwa kwe-cyclic cishe kuphezulu ngo-25% kunamabhethri e-lead-acid.

ukukhubazeka: Ububi obuyinhloko bamabhethri ejeli amandla awo aphansi lapho ehlinzeka ngemisinga ephezulu, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngenxa yalokho, awasetshenziswa ezimotweni njengamabhethri okuqala.

uhlelo lokusebenza: Amabhethri e-gel njengamayunithi okuqala asetshenziswa embonini yezimoto, kodwa kuphela ezimotweni ezinamasondo amabili, lapho ama-currents okuqala aphansi kakhulu, ukusebenza kwenzeka ehlobo, futhi isikhundla sokusebenza singaphambuka kakhulu ukusuka mpo. Zibuye zifaneleke njengezinto ezimile, isibonelo kumakharavani, ezindaweni zokukhempa noma njengamabhethri asizayo ezimotweni ezingekho emgwaqeni.

Amabhethri EFB/AFB/ECM

Izifinyezo ezithi EFB (Ibhethri Eligcwele Izikhukhula Elithuthukisiwe), i-AFB (Ibhethri Lezikhukhula Ezithuthukisiwe) kanye ne-ECM (I-Enhanced Cycling Mat) zimelela amabhethri empilo ende. Mayelana nokuklama, basebenzisa i-electrolyte reservoir enkulu, amapuleti engxubevange ye-lead-calcium-tin, kanye nezihlukanisi ze-polyethylene ezinamaceleni amabili ne-polyester microfiber.

amalungelo: Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-asidi evamile, anempilo ye-cyclic kabili, i.e. eyenzelwe injini ephindwe kabili iqala njengamabhethri avamile. Bazizwa bekahle ezimotweni ezinenani elikhulu lama-pantographs.

ukukhubazeka: Amabhethri empilo ende awamelani nokukhishwa okujulile, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwawo. Intengo ephezulu nayo iyisimo esibi.

uhlelo lokusebenza: Amabhethri empilo ende aklanyelwe izimoto ezifakelwe uhlelo lokuqalisa kanye nezimoto ezinemishini kagesi ebanzi. Angasetshenziswa esikhundleni samabhethri e-lead-acid.

Amabhethri e-AGM

Isifinyezo esithi AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) sisho ibhethri elinezihlukanisi ezenziwe ngama-glass microfiber noma i-polymer fiber emunca ngokuphelele i-electrolyte.

amalungelo: I-AGM umkhiqizo osebenza ngokuyikho ngokuphindwe kathathu, ngokusekelwe enanini lama-start, kunebhethri elijwayelekile. Ezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukushaqeka okuphezulu, ukudlidliza noma ukumelana nokuvuza, ukulahlekelwa amandla aphansi kanye nokumelana okuphansi kwangaphakathi.

ukukhubazekaA: I-drawback enkulu impela amanani okuthenga aphezulu. Ezinye zihlanganisa ukuzwela ukushajwa ngokweqile kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu sokugcina, zifakwa ku-cabin noma i-trunk, hhayi endaweni yenjini.

uhlelo lokusebenza: Amabhethri e-AGM aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izimoto ezifakelwe amasistimu okuqalisa nokuthola amandla. Ngenxa yokuzwela kwawo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu okusebenza, awafaneleki njengokungena esikhundleni samabhethri avamile afakwe endaweni yenjini.

Ibhethri elihle noma elingenakulungiswa?

Ibhethri lendabuko lidinga ukunakekelwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngenxa yokuhwamuka, kuyadingeka ukugcwalisa izinga le-electrolyte ngokungeza amanzi a-distilled kumaseli. Izinga elilungile limakwe ecaleni. Izinzuzo zalolu hlobo lokuklama zihlanganisa impilo ende yenkonzo, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo sokuqapha njalo izinga le-electrolyte.

Ngokukhulayo, sibhekene namabhethri angalondolozi, lapho kungadingeki ukhathazeke ngezinga le-electrolyte. Ukuhwamuka okuphansi kwamanzi kwafinyelelwa ngenxa yamapuleti enziwe ngengxubevange yomthofu ene-calcium noma umthofu one-calcium nesiliva. Umzimba uklanywe ngendlela yokuthi amanzi amaningi abuyele esimweni samanzi. Ukuvimbela ingozi yokuqhuma ngenxa yokushajwa ngokweqile, abakhiqizi basebenzisa i-valve yokuphepha yendlela eyodwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-VLRA (I-Valve Regulated Lead Acid).

Ibhethri lesikhathi esizayo

Namuhla, ngaphezu kwe-70% yezimoto ezintsha emakethe zifakwe uhlelo lokuqala lokumisa. Isabelo sabo sizoqhubeka sanda, ngakho ikusasa eliseduze lingelamabhethri anempilo ende yesevisi. Ngokukhulayo, onjiniyela basebenzisa izinhlelo ezilula zokubuyisela amandla, okuzoholela ekwenyukeni kwesabelo semakethe samabhethri e-AGM. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kufike inkathi yezimoto ezixubile noma ezisebenza ngogesi, singase sibhekane nenye “inguquko” encane ngenxa yenkampani yasePoland.

Umkhiqizi webhethri u-ZAP Sznajder wase-Piastow unelungelo lobunikazi bebhethri le-carbon. Amapuleti enziwe nge-spongiy glassy carbon futhi ambozwe ungqimba oluncane lwengxubevange yomthofu. Izinzuzo zalesi sixazululo zihlanganisa isisindo sebhethri esilula kakhulu kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezilinganiselwe eziphansi. Nokho, inselele iwukuba ingcweti kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuvumela lawo mabhethri ukuthi akhiqizwe ngobuningi.

Ungakhetha kanjani ibhethri elifanele?

Okokuqala inani lesikhala esinaso. Ibhethri kufanele libe likhulu ngokwanele ukuze lingene esisekelweni salo. Okwesibili, i-polarity, ngokuvamile ilungiselelo liwukuthi lapho uthenga, sidinga ukwazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi okufanele lube luhle nokuthi yikuphi okufanele lube olubi. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke sikwazi ukufinyelela izintambo futhi ngeke sikwazi ukuxhuma ibhethri kuyunithi.

Kumodeli yemoto ngayinye, umenzi unqume uhlobo olufanele lwebhethri. Imingcele yayo - umthamo ngamahora we-ampere [Ah] kanye nokuqala kwamanje kuma-amperes [A] - kuchazwa ngendlela yokuthi anele ukuqala injini ngisho nalapho kuneqhwa elinzima. Uma injini nohlelo lukagesi lusebenza kahle futhi luqala ngokushelela, asikho isizathu sokucabanga ukusebenzisa ibhethri elikhudlwana noma amandla okuqala aphezulu.

Okukhulu kungaba ngaphezulu?

Ukusebenzisa ibhethri elinamapharamitha aphezulu kwenza kube lula ukuqala injini, kodwa futhi kuba nobubi. Ukuqala okuphezulu kwamanje kuzosiza isiqalisi siqale injini ngokushesha, kodwa ngokuvamile sisho ukuphila kwebhethri okufushane. Ukususwa okuningi kusho ukuqala okuningi, okubaluleke kakhulu ebusika ezinjinini zikadizili. Uma sisebenzisa amandla amakhulu, sicabangela isenzakalo sokuzikhipha (okuvezwa njenge-% maqondana nomthamo), ngakho-ke uma singavamisile ukusebenzisa imoto kanye nebanga elifushane, i-generator ingase ingabi naso isikhathi sokushaja ibhethri ngokugcwele. , ikakhulukazi uma amandla angaphezu kwamandla amancane. Ngakho-ke uma sinebhethri elinamapharamitha aphezulu kakhulu kunokunconywa, kunengqondo ukuhlola njalo isimo sokushajwa kwalo. Kunconywa ukuthi ibhethri elinamandla kakhulu libe namandla angekho ngaphezu kuka-10-15% atuswe umenzi. Khumbula, nokho, ukuthi ibhethri elilinganiselwe kangcono lizoba nzima futhi libize kakhulu ukulithenga, futhi lingase libe nempilo emfushane (amaza aphezulu, ukushajwa ngaphansi).