I-anatomy yomshini omkhulu

Ingxoxo neMenenja Yenjini ye-Porsche uMatthias Hofstätter mayelana ne-911 entsha

I-911 iyimoto yamaphupho kwabaningi. Siphinde sihlangane nomphathi wophiko lwezinjini kwaPorsche ukuze asitshele ngokuguquguquka amathimba okuthuthukiswa kwenkampani okwakumele abhekane nakho ngesikhathi enza umfuziselo. Imigqa elandelayo inikezelwe kubuchwepheshe be-992 entsha.

Ukudonsa i-lever yokukhulula ikhava phezu kwenjini kungadukisa. Ngemuva kokubuka kancane, uyabona ukuthi lokho okumele kube yikhava empeleni kuyiphaneli encane kune-spoiler yangemuva, ongabona ngaphansi kwayo okufana nesitsha sepulasitiki esifakwe abalandeli ababili. Umsebenzi wabo ucacile, kodwa ukubukeka kwawo kunomunye umphumela - kuvusa amamodeli apholile emoyeni ngefeni yawo egxile kubalandeli ezungezwe izintambo ezinamandla kagesi.

450. Le nombolo iveza amandla esizukulwane esisha i-4 Carrera S no-Carrera 992S 1986-litre bi-turbo-six-cylinder flat-six injini futhi ivusa ngokushesha ezinye izinhlangano - le-super Porsche ka-959 ebizwa nge-450, nayo eyakhiqiza i-33 hp. . Nge. Isikhathi esihle sokuqhathanisa nokuveza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezinomkhiqizo ofanayo. Kodwa-ke, uma eminyakeni engu-959 edlule i-XNUMX yayiyindlela ephakeme kakhulu futhi engavamile yekhono lobuchwepheshe, namuhla injini enamandla afanayo inikwa amandla yizinguqulo ezishiwo ngenhla zeCarrera S, ezingaphansi kwesigaba somkhiqizo.

Ukufana kwethu kudlulela nasekususweni, okusondele kakhulu - 2848's 3cc iqhathaniswa ne-959's 2981cc. Injini ye-3 iwumsebenzi wobuchwepheshe wangempela wesikhathi sayo, nokupholisa okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhlanganisiwe. Amasilinda apholiswa yisiphephetha-moya esinamandla, kuyilapho amakhanda ethembele kusistimu yokupholisa amanzi engu-992L. Ifaka isandla ekulahlekeni kokushisa, vele, njengazo zonke izinjini "zomoya" ze-Porsche, kunohlelo lokugcoba olupholile uwoyela olungakuhlanganisi noma yikuphi. uwoyela ungabi ngaphezu kwamalitha ayi-959. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwemodeli enenjini yangemuva kanye nama-radiator angaphambili, i-25 izungezwe amapayipi akha uhlelo oluvamile lokujikeleza.

Ngale ndlela, kuncane okushintshile namuhla. I-911 Carrera 4S, engathathwa njengesihlobo esiseduze sama-959 ngenxa yokudluliselwa okubili, ayinciki kumuntu onamandla, kepha kunalokho iyaphola futhi iphethe amalitha angama-28,6 wamanzi, kuyilapho uhlelo lokuthambisa lubonisa amalitha ayi-11,3. ibhotela.

Nokho, izakhiwo, okuhlanganisa ilungiselelo enezingqimba amasilinda ayisithupha, nokho, kunenye inkomba ebalulekile ukufana kokubili izinjini - ukwethembeka. Eqinisweni, lokhu kujwayelekile kuwo wonke amabhayisikili e-boxer enkampani, angeke aqede iwaranti uma eqhutshwa kuthrekhi. Ku-Porsche, ukusebenzisana kwezingxenye zenjini ezihambayo, ngokulandelanayo, ukungqubuzana endaweni yamasongo e-piston, i-piston, i-cylinder, kanye nama-bearings we-crankshaft kanye nomshini wesikhathi, bekulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ama-Turbines emvelo ehlukile

Kuwo womabili amamodeli, ama-turbocharger atholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zamabhange angama-cylinder, kepha ngo-959, kwakhiwa uhlelo lwe-cascade refueling, olwahlala luyigwinya elimhlophe emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe. Inhlanganisela ye-turbocharger encane nenkulu ibonakala ilinga futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa namuhla ezinjini zikadizili, kodwa ayifanele izinjini zikaphethiloli - ngenxa yenani elincane legesi ngomthwalo ophansi kanye ne-rpm, kodwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ayisebenzi ngendlela efanele. okuhlanganisiwe. kumayunithi womjovo oqondile anesilinganiso esiphezulu sokuminyanisa ama-twin-jet turbines ahlanganiswe nama-nifold exhaust akhelwe emakhanda. Uma kunesidingo, ama-compressor kagesi (Volvo) noma kagesi (Mercedes). Ngokwezinga elithile, izizathu ezingenhla zenza umehluko ekusebenzeni phakathi kwezinjini ezingu-992 nezingu-995. Nakuba, ngokungafani nezinguqulo ezinkulu ze-turbocharged (eseyisizukulwane esingu-991), injini yeCarrera 4S inama-fixed geometry wastegate turbocharger anokucindezela kokugcwalisa okungu-1,2. Ibha ye-.530, i-torque ephezulu ingu-2300 Nm ku-450 rpm. Yomibili le mishini ifinyelela amandla amakhulu angama-6500 hp. ku-500 rpm, kodwa naphezu kokuba ne-turbocharger encane, i-torque ephezulu esuka ku-959 Nm kuya ku-5500 itholakala kuphela ku-…33 rpm. Lokhu kuwukubonakaliswa okucacile ngempela kokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kule minyaka engama-XNUMX.

Ukulingana kahle

Nokho, yini echaza lo mehluko? Impendulo iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziningi zobuchwepheshe. I-992 iyazuza ekwakhiweni kwenjini "efakwe ibhokisi", nebhange ngalinye lamasilinda agcwaliswe nge-turbocharger eyodwa. Mayelana nalokhu, ingathathwa njengesamba sezinjini ezimbili ezinamasilinda amathathu, futhi kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenjini lufaneleka kakhulu emishinini ene-turbocharged ngenxa yebanga elide lamagagasi okushaya umoya kanye nokuntuleka ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwabo. Ezinjinini eziqondile-eziyisithupha, amagesi asuka ku-cylinder ngayinye emithathu angahanjiswa ku-turbine ehlukile noma kwisekethe ye-dual-turbine ehlukile, kodwa ngenxa yebanga eliphakathi kwama-cylinder banks, yisixazululo sokuqala kuphela esisala njengenketho kwabayisithupha. -izinjini zamabhokisi e-cylinder. isikimu esishibhile kodwa esingasebenzi kahle ngesinye). Ku-cascade charge ye-959, isilinda ngasinye kwayisithupha sishaja i-turbocharger ngayinye uma isebenza.

Kepha lokho kuyingxenye kuphela ye-equation. Injini engu-992 inesiteleka eside esibalelwa ku-9,4 mm (imfuneko yethoshi eliphakeme), njengoba izinto zanamuhla zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme zivumela amandla akhuphukayo njengoba ijubane le-piston lenyuka lisuka ku-14,5 laya ku-16,6 m / s. ... Ngenxa yokujova okuqondile (esizukulwaneni esisha ngama-piezo injektha wokuxuba kahle), inqubo yokuhlanganiswa eyinkimbinkimbi, ukulawula okungqongqoza nokucindezelwe komoya okufinyeleleka emazingeni okushisa aphansi kusetshenziswa abashintshashintshi bokushisa bamanzi bamuva (okubuye kusize ukunciphisa indlela yomoya emisindweni), isilinganiso sokucindezela sandiswa 10,2: 1. Ngokufaka isistimu yokushaja eguquguqukayo ye-VarioCam ku-equation ecatshangelwayo, lo mehluko ekusebenzeni kwenjini ucace bha.

Isikhathi sokushintsha ... bese ubuya

Injini yeCarrera enamalitha amathathu ayihlukile kakhulu kunangaphambili, kodwa futhi iyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqhathaniswa nomnikeli wayo, eyethulwe muva nje ngo-991. ). kuze kufike ku-30 Nm) kubonakala kutholakala kalula ngesilungiselelo esilula sesoftware. Okubi futhi kwaba yindlela iqembu leMatthias Hofstetter, inhloko yomnyango wezinjini zePorsche, lapho umlobi walolu lwazi waba nethuba lokuhlangana okwesibili ngesikhathi kwethulwa ama-420.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ongeke ulithole kunoma yikuphi umshini wokunyathelisa ukuthi i-911 entsha ekuqaleni yayiklanywe njenge-hybrid plug-in. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ithrekhi yangaphambili yandisiwe futhi yayilapho, phakathi kwamasondo angaphambili, ukuthi ibhethri ye-lithium-ion kufanele ibe khona. I-transmission esanda kwakhiwa enama-clutch amabili kanye nayisishiyagalombili esikhundleni samagiya ayisikhombisa inosayizi onyukile wendlu phakathi kuka-crankshaft namasethi amabili ama-clutch - cishe amasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili. Kwakufanele iqukathe "idiski kagesi", njengoba uHofstetter eyibiza kanjalo injini, mhlawumbe ngenxa yomklamo wayo wediski. Kuze kube manje kuhle kakhulu, futhi ngombono kubukeka kukuhle, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuguqula isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi phambili naphansi kuzoba nomphumela onenzuzo ekusabalaliseni isisindo se-911. Nokho, ngokusebenza, imoto isabela ezifisweni ezinjalo ngendlela engavamile kakhulu. indlela. UMatthias Hofstetter uthi: “Izinguqulo zokuqala (zesibonelo) zika-992 zaba nesivinini esikhulu, futhi zabangela umuzwa wangempela kwesokudla.” Kodwa-ke, ibhalansi enhle yemodeli iya esihogweni, futhi i-911 iba engazinzile futhi engenakulinganiswa emakhoneni. Ukukhweza amamotho ngaphambili anamandla okufaka i-torque kungaqeda ukushiyeka ngezinga elithile, kodwa kusho ukubuyela ebhodini lokudweba kanye nezindleko ezinkulu zokuklama ezintsha. Kunoma ikuphi, uhlelo lwe-hybrid olulula lwenjini eyodwa lushiywe, inani elibi kakhulu lomsebenzi wokuklama likhanseliwe, futhi i-911 ibuyile endleleni ngaphandle kwabasizi bakagesi. Imizamo yokwandisa amandla nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa igxile ezingxenyeni ezifana nenjini, ukuhanjiswa kanye nokusebenza komzimba.

Egameni lamandla akhulayo, inguqulo entsha ye-injini ifakwe ama-turbocharger amakhulu - ngokulandelana amamilimitha amathathu (kufika ku-48 mm) namamilimitha amane (kufika ku-55 mm) we-turbine ne-compressor. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzuza ukucindezela kwebha engu-1,2, naphezu kwezithiyo ezidalwe isihlungi esisha se-diesel particulate. Ukuma kwezishintshi zokushisa komoya ezicindezelwe nakho kushintshiwe, ukusuka ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwama-cylinder banks kuya endaweni emaphakathi nangaphezulu kwenjini. Lokhu kufinyeza indlela yomoya, kuthuthukisa ukusabela kwenjini, futhi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwepompo (okwakunzima ukukufeza, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sokungagcini sabantu abasemkhunjini i-Porsche mayelana nezinguquko ezinqala zomklamo). Ukucushwa okusha kusetha isiteji sokunciphisa ama-degree angu-10 ekugelezeni komoya okuqondiswa injini, futhi lokhu, kanye nama-injection e-piezo akha ingxube encane yamafutha omoya, kuvumela isilinganiso sokucindezela ukuba senyuke ngesigamu seyunithi sibe ngu-10,2: 1 ( yisikhathi esihle sokusho ukuthi egameni lokuvimbela imibandela yokuqhunyiswa, isilinganiso sokucindezela sika-959 singu-8,3:1 kuphela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kulinganiswe indlela yamagesi eya kuma-turbines, isifunda sashintshwa saba yinye ngokusuka phansi kuya phezulu. Ngakho-ke, ama-turbines azungeza kwelinye icala lapho ebhekwa ngemuva kwemoto.

Kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-VarioCam olunamaphrofayli ahlukene we-camshaft cam, onjiniyela be-Porsche balungisa ukuhamba kwamaphayiphu amabili okudla ngezindlela ezihlukile, anokuhamba okuhlukile kokulayisha umthwalo. Ngakho-ke, umoya ongena enjini uqala "ukuzulazula", udale ukunyakaza okunesiyaluyalu, zombili eceleni kwe-axis mpo (okuthiwa i-vortex) kanye nendawo (somersault). Lokhu kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ngokuphawulekayo ikhwalithi yenqubo yomlilo, lapho ngaphambili ilangabi lihamba ngokushesha futhi amandla omlilo esebenza kahle. Lapho ulayisha ngokugcwele, unhlangothi luye luphume ngoba isivinini somoya siphakeme ngokwanele ukuthi isisombululo esinjalo asidingekile. Ngenxa yalokhu, uHofstätter uthi ukungcola kokukhishwa kwegesi eluhlaza kuyehla kakhulu, okuholela ekutheni i-catalyst manje inomsebenzi omncane kakhulu okumele iwenze. Ngakho-ke, imayela layo lenyuka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi amagesi, i-catalyst ebuzwayo ayisenziwa ngensimbi eshisiwe, kepha seyi-cast, yona, enciphisa ukumelana nokugeleza kwegesi futhi inyuse ukusebenza kwayo uqobo. Yonke i- "ensemble yezakhiwo", kufaka phakathi isihlungi se-particulate esinama-valve ahlanganisiwe, siyadingeka ukudala umsindo we-911 ohluke ngokuphelele.

I-aluminium eyengeziwe esimweni

Ukuhambisa kusha ngokuphelele, manje ngamagiya ayisishiyagalombili, okuthi, ngohlelo lokushayela, ihlukile ku-911 futhi ayisetshenziswa kunoma imuphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo noma okhathazayo. Igiya lokuqala lifushane kunelaphambilini, kanti elelesishiyagalombili lide kunegiya lesikhombisa eliphakeme kunangaphambili. Izilinganiso ezintsha zamagiya nazo zivumela idrayivu yokugcina eyinde, okuholela enjinini ethule futhi igijime ngejubane eliphansi ngejubane lomgwaqo omkhulu.

Ukuhanjiswa okuqondile kwe-torque ku-axle yangaphambili kuyisidingo sokusebenza kahle kwemoto, futhi lokhu kungenxa yoyilo olusha lwe-multi-plate clutch umahluko ongaphambili. Iyunithi lonke lipholile ngamanzi, ama-disc aqinisiwe kanye nokubaleka okusheshayo. Konke lokhu akugcini ngokuthuthukisa amandla, kepha nekhono lokuwela izwe lomshini, ngokwesibonelo, uma ushayela eqhweni.

Yize isebenzisa kakhulu izakhiwo zamanje ezingama-992, ekusebenzeni kwayo isishintshe kakhulu. Ingxenye yensimbi kulo mklamo "wokuxuba okuningi" yehlisiwe isuka kuma-63 yaya kumaphesenti angama-30. Ngaphandle, panels ezinkulu zensimbi yasendulo zithathelwe indawo yilezo ze-aluminium, ezidinga indlela entsha yokuzilungisa. Inani (i-aluminium elikhishiwe) lenyuka kakhulu engxenyeni esekelayo yomzimba. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukumelana nokuhlukumezeka kungcono kakhulu.

Kwengezwe kuphakheji esebenza kahle iyonke i-adaptive body aerodynamics, kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukene ukuqondisa umoya ku-spoiler sangemuva nasezimbotsheni ezingaphambi kwamasondo angaphambili. Lezi zamuva zifakwe ama-valve asebenzayo avuleka kuye ngezidingo zamayunithi okupholisa. I-spoiler sangemuva sinenye indima futhi, yokuqondisa umoya lapho kudingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukupholisa kwenjini futhi ikakhulukazi ama-intercoolers. Futhi, vele, kukho konke lokhu kufanele sengeze amabhuleki ahlukile kanye ne-chassis ye-Porsche, kanye ne-torque vectoring kanye nokwehla nge-anti-roll bar esebenzayo ku-axle yangemuva, kanye nesiteringi sesondo sangemuva esisebenzayo.

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev

2020-08-30