Ukubusa kwe-silicon yaseMelika
Indlela yokuphawula esimemezelweni sika-Intel sikaJulayi sokuthi inkampani ibicubungula ukukhiqiza kwaba ukuthi kuphawula ukuphela kwenkathi lapho inkampani kanye ne-United States bebusa imboni ye-semiconductor. Lesi sinyathelo singaphindela ngale kweSilicon Valley, sithinte ukuhweba komhlaba wonke kanye nepolitiki yezwe.
Inkampani yaseCalifornia evela eSanta Clara ibe ngumkhiqizi omkhulu wamasekethe ahlanganisiwe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Lo mkhiqizo uhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa okungcono kakhulu nezitshalo zamaphrosesa zamanje kakhulu. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-Intel yayisenazo izindawo zokukhiqiza e-US, kuyilapho iningi lezinye izinkampani ezikhiqizayo zase-US ama-chips zavala noma zadayiswa izimboni zasekhaya eminyakeni eminingi edlule futhi zanikeza ezinye izinkampani ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi e-Asia. U-Intel waphikisa ngokuthi ukugcinwa kokukhiqizwa e-US kufakazela ukuphakama kwemikhiqizo yayo kuneminye. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, inkampani ichithe amashumi ezigidigidi zamaRandi ithuthukisa izimboni zayo, futhi lokhu kubonakale njengenzuzo eyinhloko eyenza inkampani ibe phambili kunabanye embonini.
Kodwa-ke, iminyaka yakamuva kube uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezingemnandi ze-Intel. Inkampani yehlulekile uhlelo lokulungiselela ama-silicone wafers ane-7 nm lithography. Akwaziwa ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola amaphutha, kodwa kuzomele kukhiqizwe. Imikhiqizo yokuqala engu-7nm ekhiqizwe ezimbonini zethu ngezinga elikhulu kulindeleke ngo-2022.
Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, iTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC), okuyimanje ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele nge-semiconductor, izokhiqiza ama-Intel chips (1). Izinkinga ngokushintshela ku-7nm, kanye nempumelelo yokukhiqiza kwezinye izinqubo, ziholele i-Intel kwinkontileka ne-TSMC ukuze yenze amanye alawa ma-chip ngenqubo ye-6nm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibiko ithi i-TSMC izoba yinhle naku-Intel. amaprosesa, kulokhu kuzinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-5 kanye ne-3 nm. Lawa ma-nanometers aseTaiwan athathwa njengehluke kancane, isibonelo i-TSMC's 6nm ithathwa njengelingana nokuminyana kokupakisha okufanayo ne-Intel's 10nm. Kunoma yikuphi, i-TSMC ayinazo izinkinga zokukhiqiza, futhi i-Intel ingaphansi kwengcindezi yokuncintisana eqhubekayo evela ku-AMD ne-NVidia.
Ngemuva kwe-CEO Bob Swan I-Intel ithe icubungula ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, intengo yamasheya enkampani yehle ngamaphesenti ayi-16. USwan uthe indawo lapho kwenziwa khona i-semiconductor akuyona into enkulu kangako, ehluke ngo-180 degrees kunaleyo eyayishiwo yi-Intel phambilini. Lesi simo sinomongo wezepolitiki, njengoba osopolitiki abaningi baseMelika kanye nochwepheshe bezokuphepha kuzwelonke bekholelwa ukuthi ukuthunywa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile phesheya (ngokungaqondile eChina, kodwa nasemazweni athonywa yiChina) kuyiphutha elikhulu elingase libe likhulu. Ngokwesibonelo i-xenon eqoshiwe I-Intel SA iyinhliziyo yamakhompuyutha kanye nezikhungo zedatha ezisekela ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zamandla enyukliya (bona futhi: ), imikhumbi-mkhathi nezindiza zisebenza ezinhlelweni zokuhlola kanye nokuhlaziya idatha. Kuze kube manje, zenziwe kakhulu emafektri e-Oregon, e-Arizona naseNew Mexico.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-smartphones namanye amadivaysi eselula kushintshe imakethe ye-semiconductor. I-Intel ithathe amaphrojekthi ukuhlanganiswa kwama-chipsets eselulakodwa akakaze akwenze kube okubalulekile, njalo ukubeka phambili amaphrosesa ekhompuyutha namaseva. Iqale nini ukuqhuma kwe-smartphone, abenzi bezingcingo basebenzisa amaphrosesa avela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Qualcomm noma bathuthukise ezabo, njenge-Apple. Unyaka nonyaka, izimboni ezinkulu zama-chip zaseTaiwan ze-TSMC zaziminyanisa ezinye izingxenye. Ngenkathi i-Intel, i-TSMC ikhiqiza ngaphezu kwesigidigidi ngonyaka. Ngenxa yesilinganiso, inkampani yaseTaiwan manje isingaphambi kwe-Intel kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza.
Ngokunikela ngokunikeza umphakathi ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ze-silicon, i-TSMC ishintshe ngendlela engenakuhlehliswa imodeli yebhizinisi yomkhakha. Izinkampani azisadingi ukutshala imali emigqeni yokukhiqiza, zingagxila ekuthuthukiseni ama-chips amasha ukwenza imisebenzi emisha nemisebenzi. Lokhu bekukade kuyisithiyo esibalulekile ezinkampanini eziningi. Ubunjiniyela bezinhlelo buwutshalomali lwezigidi, kanti ukutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizeni kwakho yizigidigidi. Uma kungadingeki uthathe lokhu kwakamuva, maningi amathuba okuba ube nephrojekthi entsha ephumelelayo.
Ukuze kucace, i-Taiwan ayisona isitha sase-United States, kodwa ukusondela kanye nokuntuleka kwesithiyo solimi ne-PRC kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokwenzeka kokuvuza kwemishini eyimfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa kakhulu kwe-US hegemony nakho kubuhlungu, uma kungenjalo ekwakhiweni kwamaphrosesa, khona-ke emkhakheni wezindlela zokukhiqiza. I-AMD, inkampani yaseMelika, imbangi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Intel emakethe yamalaptop nakwezinye izingxenye eziningi, isinesikhathi eside ikhiqiza imikhiqizo ezimbonini ze-TSMC, i-American Qualcomm ibambisana ngaphandle kwezinkinga nabakhiqizi abavela ezweni laseChina, ngakho-ke i-Intel ngokomfanekiso. imele isiko laseMelika lokukhiqiza ama-chip ezweni.
AmaShayina asalele emuva ngeminyaka eyishumi
Ubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor buyinhliziyo yombango wezomnotho we-US-China. Ngokuphambene nokubukeka, kwakungeyena uDonald Trump owaqala ukubeka imingcele ekuthunyelweni kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi eChina. Ukuvinjelwa kwaqala ukwethulwa nguBarack Obama, ethula isivimbelo ekuthengisweni, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo ye-Intel. Izinkampani ezifana ne-ZTM, Huawei kanye ne-Alibaba zithola uxhaso olukhulu kuziphathimandla zaseShayina ukuze zisebenze ngama-chips azo. I-China ihlanganisa izinsiza zikahulumeni nezinkampani kulokhu. Kunezinhlelo zokukhuthaza okuhloswe ngazo ukuheha ongoti kanye nonjiniyela abanekhono abavela kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi, okubalulekile uma kubhekwa ulwazi olungenhla, abavela eTaiwan.
UMnyango Wezohwebo wase-US usanda kumemezela lokho ngemuva kwalokho ama-semiconductor chips ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhiqizwa izinkampani zase-US ayikwazi ukudayiselwa i-Chinese Huawei ngaphandle kwemvume yayo yangaphambili kanye nelayisensi yoMnyango Wezohwebo wase-US. Isisulu salezi unswinyo kwakuyi-TSMC yaseTaiwan, eyaphoqeleka ukuthi ilahle ukukhiqizwa kweHuawei, okuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva.
Ngaphezu kwe izimpi zokuhweba I-America yahlala ingumholi womhlaba kanye nomnikezeli omkhulu wama-semiconductors, kuyilapho i-China yaba umthengi omkhulu waseMelika. Ngaphambi kwalolu bhubhane lwango-2018, i-United States yathengisa ama-semiconductor chips abiza ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-75 eChina, cishe amaphesenti angama-36. Ukukhiqizwa kwaseMelika. Imali engenayo yemboni e-US incike kakhulu emakethe yaseShayina. Kuyaxaka ukuthi unswinyo lukahulumeni wase-US lungagcina lucekele phansi imakethe yaseShayina njengoba amaShayina ekwazi ukuzakhela imikhiqizo eqhathanisekayo, futhi esikhathini esifushane, abahlinzeki bama-chip abavela eJapan naseKorea bazohlomula ngokugcwalisa ngokuzithandela isikhala esishiywe yi-U.S.
Njengoba sesishilo AmaShayina atshala imali eningi ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwalo mkhakha.. Izikhungo eziningi ziyakhiwa, njengasekhempasini yenyuvesi emaphethelweni e-Hong Kong, lapho ithimba lonjiniyela eliholwa u-Patrick Yue ofunde e-Stanford liklama ama-computer chips azosetshenziswa esizukulwaneni esisha sama-smartphone enziwe e-China. Lo msebenzi uxhaswe kancane ngabakwaHuawei, isikhondlakhondla sezokuxhumana kanye nezokuxhumana eChina.
I-China ayifihli isifiso sayo sokukwazi ukuzimela ngobuchwepheshe. Izwe lingena kwamanye amazwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi lithenga ama-semiconductors. Njengamanje, ngokusho kwenhlangano yemboni ye-SIA, amaphesenti angu-5 kuphela. iqhaza imakethe ye-semiconductor yomhlaba wonke (2) kodwa bahlela ukukhiqiza amaphesenti angama-70. wonke ama-semiconductors ewasebenzisayo ngo-2025, uhlelo lokuzikhandla olugqugquzelwa impi yokuhweba yase-US. Abaningi bayakungabaza lezi zinhlelo, njengoPiero Scaruffi, isazi-mlando saseSilicon Valley kanye nomcwaningi wezobunhloli bokufakelwa, okholelwa ukuthi amaShayina manje aseneminyaka engaba ngu-10 ngemuva kwabakhiqizi abaphezulu uma kuziwa kubuchwepheshe be-silicon, kanye nezizukulwane ezintathu kuya kwezine ngemuva kwabo. izinkampani ezifana ne-TSMC. emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza. I-China ayinaso isipiliyoni ukukhiqizwa kwama-chips ekhwalithi ephezulu.
2. Amasheya emakethe ye-semiconductor yomhlaba wonke ngokombiko we-SIA oshicilelwe ngoJuni 2020 ()
Yize ziba ngcono futhi ziba ngcono ekuklameni ama-chips, unswinyo lwase-US kwenze kwaba nzima ukuthi izinkampani zaseChina zingene emakethe. Futhi lapha sibuyela ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwe-TSMC ne-Huawei, emisiwe, okwenza ikusasa lama-chips aseShayina aguqulelwe ukusebenza kunethiwekhi ye-5G Kirin(3). Uma i-Qualcomm ingakutholi ukugunyazwa kukahulumeni wase-US ukuhlinzeka ngama-snapdragons, amaShayina azothola kuphela iminikelo . Ngakho-ke, inkampani yaseShayina ngeke nje ikwazi ukunikeza ama-smartphones ane-chipsets esezingeni elifanele. Lokhu ukwehluleka okukhulu.
Ngakho-ke okwamanje, kubukeka sengathi abantu baseMelika bayehluleka, njengesidingo sokudlulisa ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizi we-Intel processor eTaiwan, kodwa amaShayina nawo ayahlaselwa, futhi amathemba okuqamba kwawo emakethe ye-silicon asekude. futhi kufiphele. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe lesi ukuphela kokubusa okuphelele kwe-American, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi enye i-hegemon izovela.
