Alan Turing. U-Oracle ubikezela kusuka ezinxushunxushwini

U-Alan Turing uphuphe ngokudala "i-oracle" ekwazi ukuphendula noma yimuphi umbuzo. Akekho noyedwa owakha umshini onjalo. Kodwa-ke, imodeli yekhompiyutha isazi sezibalo esihlakaniphile esaqhamuka nayo ngo-1936 ingabhekwa njenge-matrix yenkathi yekhompyutha - kusukela ekubaleni okulula kuya kuma-supercomputer anamandla.

Umshini owakhiwe i-Turing uyithuluzi elilula le-algorithmic, elidala ngisho naqhathaniswa namakhompyutha anamuhla nezilimi zokuhlela. Futhi nokho iqine ngokwanele ukuvumela ngisho nama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi abulawe.

Alan Turing

Encazelweni yakudala, umshini we-Turing uchazwa njengemodeli engabonakali yekhompuyutha esetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-algorithms, ahlanganisa itheyiphu ende ngokungenamkhawulo ehlukaniswe izinkambu lapho kubhalwa khona idatha. I-tape ingaba engapheli ohlangothini olulodwa noma ezinhlangothini zombili. Inkambu ngayinye ingaba kwesinye sezifundazwe ezingu-N. Imoto ihlezi ingaphezulu kwenye yezinkambu futhi ikwenye yezindawo zakwa-M. Kuye ngokuhlanganiswa kwesimo somshini kanye nenkambu, umshini ubhala inani elisha ensimini, uguqule isimo, bese uhambisa inkambu eyodwa kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Lokhu kusebenza kubizwa ngokuthi i-oda. I-Turing Machine ilawulwa uhlu oluqukethe noma iyiphi inombolo yemiyalelo enjalo. Izinombolo N kanye no-M zingaba yinoma yini, inqobo nje uma zinesiphetho. Uhlu lwemiyalo yomshini we-Turing lungacatshangwa njengohlelo lwawo.

Imodeli eyisisekelo ineteyipu yokufaka ehlukaniswe ngamaseli (izikwele) kanye nekhanda letheyiphu elingabuka iseli eyodwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Iseli ngalinye lingaqukatha uhlamvu olulodwa lwezinhlamvu ezinemikhawulo. Ngokujwayelekile, kubhekwa ukuthi ukulandelana kwezimpawu zokufaka kufakwe ku-tape, kusukela kwesokunxele, amaseli asele (ngakwesokudla kwezimpawu zokufaka) agcwele uphawu olukhethekile lwe-tape.

Ngakho-ke, umshini weTuring uqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• Ikhanda elinyakazayo elifundeka/lokubhala elikwazi ukuhamba linqamula itheyiphu, linyakazisa isikwele esisodwa ngesikhathi;
• isethi elinganiselwe yezifunda;
• izinhlamvu zamagama zokugcina;
• umugqa ongapheli onezikwele ezimakiwe, ngasinye esingaqukatha uhlamvu olulodwa;
• umdwebo wenguquko yesimo onemiyalo edala izinguquko esitobhini ngasinye.

Ama-Hypercomputers

I-Turing Machine ifakazela ukuthi noma iyiphi ikhompyutha esiyakhayo izoba nemikhawulo engenakugwemeka. Isibonelo, okuhlobene ne-theorem edumile ye-Gödel yokungapheleli. Isazi sezibalo esiyiNgisi safakazela ukuthi kunezinkinga ikhompuyutha engakwazi ukuzixazulula, ngisho noma sisebenzisa wonke ama-petaflop omhlaba wokubala ngale njongo. Isibonelo, awukwazi ukusho uma uhlelo luzongena ku-loop enengqondo ephindaphindwayo, noma luzokwazi ukunqamula - ngaphandle kokuzama uhlelo olungcupheni yokungena ku-loop, njll. (olubizwa ngokuthi inkinga yokumisa). Umphumela walezi zinto ezingenakwenzeka kumadivayisi akhiwe ngemva kokudalwa komshini we-Turing, phakathi kwezinye izinto, "isikrini sokufa esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" esijwayelekile kubasebenzisi bekhompyutha.

Ikhava yencwadi ka-Alan Turing

Inkinga yokuhlanganisa, njengoba kuboniswe umsebenzi kaJava Siegelman, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1993, ingaxazululwa ngekhompyutha esekelwe kunethiwekhi ye-neural, equkethe amaphrosesa axhunywe komunye nomunye ngendlela elingisa ukwakheka kobuchopho, nge umphumela wokubala usuka kokunye ukuya "kokufaka" kuya kokunye. Umqondo "wama-hypercomputer" usuvele, asebenzisa izindlela eziyisisekelo zendawo yonke ukwenza izibalo. Lokhu kungaba - nakuba kungavamile kungase kuzwakale - imishini eyenza inombolo engapheli yokusebenza ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe. UMike Stannett waseBritish University of Sheffield uhlongoze, ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-electron e-athomu ye-hydrogen, leyo ngombono engaba khona ngenani elingapheli lezifunda. Ngisho namakhompyutha e-quantum aphaphatheka ngaphambi kokuqina kwale miqondo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, ososayensi bebelokhu bebuyela ephusheni "le-oracle" uTuring ngokwakhe engazange ayakhe noma ayizame. U-Emmett Redd noStephen Younger baseNyuvesi yaseMissouri bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala "umshini omkhulu weTuring". Balandela indlela efanayo eyathathwa u-Chava Siegelman oshiwo ngenhla, akha amanethiwekhi e-neural lapho okukhiphayo, esikhundleni samanani we-zero-one, kukhona lonke uhla lwezifunda - kusukela kusignali "ngokugcwele" kuya "kucisha ngokuphelele" . Njengoba uRedd echaza kumagazini kaJulayi 2015 weNewScientist, "phakathi kuka-0 no-1 kukhona okungapheli."

UNksz Siegelman wajoyina abacwaningi ababili baseMissouri, futhi ndawonye baqala ukuhlola amathuba okuba khona kwezinxushunxushu. Ngokwencazelo ethandwayo, i-chaos theory iphakamisa ukuthi ukubhakuzisa amaphiko ovemvane kwelinye i-hemisphere kubangela isiphepho kwenye. Ososayensi abakha umshini omkhulu weTuring banengqondo efanayo - uhlelo lapho izinguquko ezincane zinemiphumela emikhulu.

Ekupheleni kuka-2015, ngenxa yomsebenzi ka-Siegelman, Redd, and Younger, kufanele kwakhiwe amakhompyutha amabili asekelwe kusiphithiphithi. Enye yazo inethiwekhi ye-neural ehlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu ze-elekthronikhi ezijwayelekile ezixhunywe ukuxhumana okuyishumi nanye kwe-synaptic. Eyesibili idivayisi ye-photonic esebenzisa ukukhanya, izibuko, namalensi ukuze iphinde idale ama-neurons ayishumi nanye kanye nama-synapses angu-3600.

Ososayensi abaningi bayangabaza ukuthi ukwakha "i-super-Turing" kuyiqiniso. Kwabanye, umshini onjalo ubungaba ukuzijabulisa okungokomzimba kokungahleliwe kwemvelo. Ukwazi konke kwemvelo, iqiniso lokuthi uzazi zonke izimpendulo, kuvela ekubeni kwakhe imvelo. Uhlelo olukhiqiza kabusha imvelo, i-Universe, yazi konke, i-oracle, ngoba iyafana nawo wonke umuntu. Mhlawumbe lena indlela eya ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, eya kokuthile okudala kabusha inkimbinkimbi nomsebenzi oxakile wobuchopho bomuntu. U-Turing ngokwakhe uphakamise ukuthi afake i-radioactive radium ekhompyutheni ayeyiklamele ukwenza imiphumela yezibalo zakhe ibe nesiphithiphithi futhi ingahleliwe.

Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe ama-prototypes emishini emikhulu esekwe kusiphithiphithi esebenza, inkinga isasele ukuthi ungafakazela kanjani ukuthi iyile mishini emikhulu. Ososayensi abakabi nawo umqondo wokuhlola ukuhlolwa okufanele. Ngokombono wekhompiyutha evamile engase isetshenziselwe ukuhlola lokhu, ama-supermachines angabhekwa njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiphutha, okungukuthi, amaphutha esistimu. Ngokombono womuntu, yonke into ingahle ingaqondakali ngokuphelele futhi ... isiphithiphithi.