Hlola ezinye izindlela zokushayela: INGXENYE 2 - Izimoto
Uma unethuba lokundiza ngeWestern Siberia ebusuku, ngefasitela uzobona umbono othusayo, okhumbuza ugwadule lwaseKwaiti ngemuva kokuhoxa kwamabutho kaSaddam ngesikhathi sempi yokuqala e-Iraq. Izwe ligcwele "amathoshi" amakhulu avuthayo, okuwubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi abakhiqizi bakawoyela abaningi baseRussia basabheka igesi yemvelo njengomkhiqizo ongakhiqizi futhi ongenasidingo ekufuneni izinkambu zikawoyela ...
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi le nkunkuma izomiswa maduzane. Iminyaka eminingi, igesi yemvelo ibithathwa njengomkhiqizo osele futhi ishiswa noma imane ikhishelwe emoyeni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuze kube manje iSaudi Arabia iyodwa isilahle noma yashisa ngaphezu kwama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-450 kagesi wemvelo ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa uwoyela ...
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nqubo ihlehlisiwe - izinkampani eziningi zamafutha zanamuhla bezilokhu zisebenzisa igesi yemvelo isikhathi eside, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kwalo mkhiqizo nokubaluleka kwawo, okungakhula kuphela esikhathini esizayo. Lo mbono wezinto ubonakala ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho, ngokungafani nezinqolobane zikawoyela eseziphelile, kusekhona ama-gas deposits amakhulu. Lesi simo sakamuva sibonakala ngokuzenzakalelayo kungqalasizinda yezimboni zezwe elikhulu, umsebenzi walo ongacabangeki ngaphandle kwezimoto, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ngaphandle kwamaloli amakhulu namabhasi. Ziyanda izinkampani zezokuthutha emazweni angaphandle ezithuthukisa izinjini zikadizili zamaloli azo ukuze zisebenze nazo zombili izinhlelo ezihlangene zegesi nodizili kanye nophethiloli oluhlaza kuphela. Imikhumbi eminingi ishintshela kugesi wemvelo.
Ngokumelene nesizinda samanani entengo kaphethiloli we-liquid, intengo ye-methane izwakala imnandi, futhi abaningi sebeqala ukungabaza ukuthi kukhona okubanjiwe lapha - futhi ngesizathu esihle. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amandla ekhilogremu ye-methane aphakeme kunalawo ekhilogremu kaphethiloli, nokuthi ilitha elilodwa (okungukuthi, i-cubic decimeter) likaphethiloli linesisindo esingaphansi kwekhilogremu, noma ubani angaphetha ngokuthi ikhilogremu ye-methane iqukethe okuningi. amandla kunelitha likaphethiloli. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngisho ngaphandle kwalokhu kuxubana kwezinombolo nokungafani okungacacile, ukushayela imoto egijima ngegesi yemvelo noma i-methane kuzokubiza imali encane kakhulu kunokusebenzisa imoto esebenzisa uphethiloli.
Kodwa nansi i-classic enkulu ethi "KODWA"... Ingani, njengoba "umkhonyovu" mkhulu, cishe akekho noyedwa ezweni lakithi osebenzisa igesi yemvelo njengophethiloli wemoto, futhi izimoto ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa eBulgaria azivamile. isimangaliso kusuka kukhangaru kuya entabeni yasephayini iRhodope? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ojwayelekile ayinikezwa iqiniso lokuthi imboni yegesi emhlabeni wonke ithuthuka ngesivinini esikhulu futhi njengamanje ithathwa njengenye indlela ephephe kunazo zonke ku-liquid petroleum fuel. Ubuchwepheshe benjini ye-hydrogen busenekusasa elingaqinisekile, ukuphathwa kwe-in-cylinder yezinjini ze-hydrogen kunzima kakhulu, futhi iyiphi indlela eyongayo yokukhipha i-hydrogen emsulwa ayikacaci. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, ikusasa le-methane, uma silibeka ngobumnene, liyakhazimula - ikakhulukazi njengoba kunenqwaba yegesi yemvelo emazweni aphephile ngokwezombangazwe, lobo buchwepheshe obusha (okukhulunywe ngabo kumagazini wangaphambilini we-cryogenic liquefaction kanye nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwegesi yemvelo ibe yizicucu zegesi yemvelo. liquids) ziya zishibhile, kuyilapho intengo yemikhiqizo yakudala ye-hydrocarbon ikhula. Ingasaphathwa eyeqiniso lokuthi i-methane inawo wonke amathuba okuba umthombo oyinhloko we-hydrogen kumaseli kaphethiloli wesikhathi esizayo.
Isizathu sangempela sokushiywa kwamagesi e-hydrocarbon njengophethiloli wezimoto kuseyizintengo zikawoyela eziphansi amashumi eminyaka, okuholele ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe bezimoto kanye nengqalasizinda ehambisanayo yezokuthutha emgwaqeni maqondana nokuhlinzekwa kwamandla wezinjini zikaphethiloli nodizili. Ngokuphikisana nomlando walo mkhuba ojwayelekile, imizamo yokusebenzisa uphethiloli wegesi kunqabile futhi ayibalulekile.
Ngisho nangemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, ukusweleka kukaphethiloli owuketshezi eJalimane kuholele ekuqhamukeni kwezimoto ezihlome ngezinhlelo ezilula kakhulu zokusebenzisa igesi yemvelo, okuthi, yize kukudala kakhulu, yehluke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezisetshenziswa amatekisi aseBulgaria namuhla. kusuka kumasilinda kagesi kanye nasezinciphiseni. Amafutha kagesi athola ukubaluleka okukhulu phakathi nezinkinga ezimbili zikawoyela ngo-1973 nango-1979-80, kepha noma kunjalo singakhuluma kuphela ngokuqhuma okufushane okwacishe kunganakwa futhi akuholelanga entuthukweni ebalulekile kule ndawo. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili kusukela kulesi simo esibucayi sakamuva, amanani kaphethiloli ahlala ephansi ngenkani, afinyelela amanani aphansi ngokungenangqondo ngo-1986 nango-1998 ku- $ 10 umphongolo. Kuyacaca ukuthi isimo esinjalo asikwazi ukuba nomthelela ovuselelayo kwezinye izinhlobo zamafutha kagesi ...
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11, isimo semakethe sihamba kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile siqonde kolunye uhlangothi. Ukulandela ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngo-2001 Septhemba XNUMX, kwaba nokwehla okuqhubekayo kodwa okuqhubekayo kokunyuka kwamanani kawoyela, okwaqhubeka nokukhuphuka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kakhulu kweChina neNdiya nobunzima ekutholeni imali entsha. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani zezimoto zinzima kakhulu ekuqondisweni kokukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwezimoto eziguqulwe ukuze zisebenzise uphethiloli wegesi. Izizathu zalobu bucayi zingatholakala kokubili ku-inertia yokucabanga kwabathengi abaningi abajwayele uphethiloli wendabuko (kwabaseYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, uphethiloli kadizili uhlala uyindlela enengqondo kunazo zonke kuphethiloli), kanye nesidingo sokutshalwa kwemali okukhulu kwingqalasizinda yamapayipi. kanye neziteshi ze-compressor. Uma lokhu kufakwa ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nezibizayo zokugcina uphethiloli (ikakhulukazi igesi yemvelo ecindezelwe) ezimotweni uqobo, isithombe esikhulu siqala ukucaca.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitsha zamandla kaphethiloli wegesi ziya ngokuya zihlukahluka futhi zilandela ubuchwepheshe bozakwabo bakaphethiloli. Iziphakeli zegesi sezivele zisebenzisa izakhi ze-elekthronikhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukujova uphethiloli oketshezini (oluyivelakancane) noma isigaba segesi. Ziyanda futhi izinhlobo zezimoto ezikhiqizayo ezisethelwe ifekthri ukuze kutholakale igesi eyodwa noma okungenzeka kube negesi ekabili/uphethiloli. Ngokuqhubekayo, enye inzuzo yamafutha egesi iyabonakala - ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali, amagesi agcwele i-oxidized ngokugcwele, futhi izinga lokukhishwa okuyingozi emagesi okukhipha izimoto eziwasebenzisayo liphansi kakhulu.
Isiqalo esisha
Kodwa-ke, ukuphumelela emakethe kuzodinga izinxephezelo zezezimali eziqondiswe ngqo kubasebenzisi bokugcina begesi yemvelo njengophethiloli wezimoto. Ukuheha amakhasimende, abathengisi be-methane eJalimane sebevele behlinzeka abathengi bezimoto zegesi yemvelo ngamabhonasi akhethekile, uhlobo lwawo ngezinye izikhathi okubonakala lungakholeki - ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yokusabalalisa igesi yaseHamburg ibuyisela abantu ngabanye ngokuthenga igesi. izimoto ezivela kubathengisi abathile isikhathi esingangonyaka. Umbandela kuphela womsebenzisi ukunamathisela isitikha sokukhangisa somxhasi emotweni yakhe...
Isizathu sokuthi kungani igesi yemvelo eJalimane naseBulgaria (kuwo womabili la mazwe iningi legesi yemvelo livela eRussia ngamapayipi) lishibhe kakhulu kunezinye izinto zokubasa, kufanele zifunwe ezindaweni eziningi ezisemthethweni. Intengo yemakethe yegesi ixhunyaniswe ngokunengqondo nentengo kawoyela: njengoba intengo kawoyela ikhuphuka, kanjalo nentengo yegesi yemvelo, kodwa umehluko wamanani kaphethiloli negesi kumthengi wokugcina ubangelwa ikakhulukazi intela ephansi yemvelo. igesi. EJalimane, isibonelo, intengo yegesi inqunywe ngokomthetho kuze kube ngu-2020, futhi uhlelo lwalokhu "kulungiswa" lumi kanje: phakathi nalesi sikhathi, intengo yegesi yemvelo ingakhula kanye nentengo kawoyela, kodwa inzuzo yayo elinganiselwe. ngaphezu kweminye imithombo yamandla kumele igcinwe isezingeni elingashintshi. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngohlaka olungokomthetho olunjalo olulawulwayo, amanani aphansi kanye nokungabikho kwanoma yiziphi izinkinga ekwakhiweni "kwezinjini zegesi", inkinga kuphela yokukhula kwale makethe ihlala iyinethiwekhi engathuthukisiwe yeziteshi zegesi - eJalimane elikhulu, ngoba Isibonelo, kunamaphuzu anjalo angama-300 kuphela, futhi eBulgaria kukhona amaningi.
Amathemba okugcwalisa lokhu kushoda kwengqalasizinda abukeka emuhle njengamanje - eJalimane, inhlangano ye-Erdgasmobil kanye nesikhulu sikawoyela saseFrance i-TotalFinaElf ihlose ukutshala imali eningi ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezintsha zikaphethiloli eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, futhi eBulgaria izinkampani eziningana zenze okufanayo. umsebenzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi maduze iYurophu yonke izosebenzisa inethiwekhi efanayo ethuthukisiwe yeziteshi zokugcwalisa igesi yemvelo kanye ne-liquefied petroleum njengabathengi e-Italy naseNetherlands - amazwe ukuthuthukiswa kwawo kule ndawo esikutshele ngakho kumagazini odlule.
IHonda Civic GX
Embukisweni wezimoto iFrankfurt Motor Show ngo-1997, abakwaHonda bethula iCivic GX, bethi iyona moto ehambisana nemvelo emhlabeni. Kwavela ukuthi isitatimende sokufisa samaJapane akuyona nje enye iqhinga lokumaketha, kodwa iqiniso elimsulwa, elihlala libalulekile kuze kube yilolu suku, futhi lingabonakala ekusebenzeni kuhlelo lwakamuva lwe-Civic GX. Imoto yakhelwe ukuthi isebenzise igesi yemvelo kuphela, futhi injini yakhelwe ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele isilinganiso esiphezulu se-octane kaphethiloli wegesi. Akumangalisi ukuthi izimoto zalolu hlobo namuhla zinganikeza amazinga e-exhaust aphansi kunalawo adingekayo emnothweni wesikhathi esizayo we-Euro 5 European, noma aphansi ngo-90% kune-US ULEVs (Ultra Low Emission Vehicles). . Injini ye-Honda isebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi isilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela esingu-12,5:1 sinxephezela inani eliphansi levolumu yamandla egesi yemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli. Ithangi le-120-litre lenziwe ngezinto eziyinhlanganisela, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwegesi okufanayo kungu-6,9 amalitha. Isistimu ye-valve ye-valve eguquguqukayo yakwaHonda yakwaHonda isebenza kahle nezakhiwo ezikhethekile zikaphethiloli futhi ithuthukisa nakakhulu ukushaja kwenjini. Ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokushiswa kwegesi yemvelo kanye neqiniso lokuthi uphethiloli "womile" futhi awunazo izakhiwo zokugcoba, izihlalo ze-valve zenziwe ngama-alloys akhethekile aphikisana nokushisa. Amapiston nawo enziwe ngezinto eziqinile, njengoba igesi ayikwazi ukupholisa amasilinda lapho ihwamuka njengophethiloli.
Amapayipi e-Honda GX esigabeni segesi ajovwe ngegesi yemvelo, enkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-770 kunenani elilinganayo likaphethiloli. Inselele enkulu yezobuchwepheshe yonjiniyela bakwa-Honda kwakuwukudala ama-injection afanele ukuthi asebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo kanye nezimfuneko - ukuze kuzuzwe amandla aphelele, ama-injection kumele abhekane nomsebenzi onzima wokunikeza kanyekanye inani elidingekayo legesi, okuyinto, ngokuyisisekelo, uphethiloli owuketshezi uyajovwa. Lokhu kuyinkinga yazo zonke izinjini zalolu hlobo, njengoba igesi ithatha umthamo omkhulu kakhulu, isusa umoya futhi idinga umjovo ngqo emakamelweni avuthayo.
Ngawo lowo 1997, Fiat futhi wabonisa imodeli efanayo Honda GX. Inguqulo ye-"bivalent" ye-Marea ingasebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zikaphethiloli - uphethiloli negesi yemvelo, futhi igesi iphonswa ngomshini wesibili, ozimele ngokuphelele. Injini ihlale iqala kuphethiloli owuketshezi bese ishintshela kugesi. Injini engu-1,6 litre inamandla angu-93 hp. ngophethiloli wegesi kanye ne-103 hp. Nge. uma usebenzisa uphethiloli. Eqinisweni, injini isebenza kakhulu ngegesi, ngaphandle uma iphelile noma umshayeli enesifiso esicacile sokusebenzisa uphethiloli. Ngeshwa, "imvelo emibili" yamandla e-bivalent ayikuvumeli ukusetshenziswa okugcwele kwezinzuzo zegesi yemvelo ye-octane ephezulu. I-Fiat okwamanje ikhiqiza inguqulo ye-Mulipla ngalolu hlobo lwe-PSU.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amamodeli afanayo avela kuhlu lwe-Opel (Astra neZafira Bi Fuel yezinguqulo ze-LPG ne-CNG), i-PSA (Peugeot 406 LPG neCitroen Xantia LPG) neVW (Golf Bifuel). IVolvo ithathwa njengeyakudala kule ndawo, ikhiqiza okuhlukile kwe-S60, V70 ne-S80, okwazi ukusebenzisa igesi yemvelo kanye ne-biogas ne-LPG. Zonke lezi zimoto zinezinhlelo zokujova igesi zisebenzisa imibhobho ekhethekile, izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezilawulwa ngogesi nezinto ezihambelana nophethiloli ezifana nama-valve nama-piston. Amathangi kaphethiloli e-CNG aklanyelwe ukumelana nengcindezi yebha engu-700, yize igesi uqobo ligcinwa lapho ngokucindezelwa okungekho ngaphezu kwama-200 bar.
BMW
I-BMW ingumgqugquzeli owaziwayo wokusebenzisa uphethiloli oqhubekayo futhi sekuyiminyaka eminingi ithuthukisa izitimela ezinamandla ezimotweni ezinezinye izindlela. Emuva ekuqaleni kwawo-90s, inkampani yaseBavaria yakha amamodeli ochungechunge lwe-316g no-518g, asebenzisa igesi yemvelo njengophethiloli. Entuthukweni yayo yakamuva, inkampani yanquma ukuzama ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuyisisekelo futhi, kanye neqembu laseJalimane leziqandisi i-Linde, inkampani kawoyela ye-Aral kanye nenkampani yamandla i-E.ON Energy, bakha iphrojekthi yokusebenzisa amagesi anoketshezi. Le phrojekthi ithuthukiswa ngezindlela ezimbili: eyokuqala ukwakhiwa kwempahla ye-hydrogen ewuketshezi, eyesibili ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo ewuketshezi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen ewuketshezi kusabhekwa njengobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo, esizokhuluma ngabo kamuva, kodwa uhlelo lokugcina nokusebenzisa igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi lungokoqobo futhi lungasetshenziswa embonini yezimoto eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, igesi yemvelo ipholile yashisa ngamazinga -161 degrees futhi iyabanda ngokucindezela kwebha engu-6-10, ngenkathi idlulela esigabeni soketshezi. Ithangi licwebezela futhi likhanya kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa namasilinda acindezelwe kagesi futhi icishe ibe yi-cryogenic thermos eyenziwe ngezinto eziqinisa kakhulu. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe besimanje beLinde, ngaphandle kwezindonga zamathangi ezincanyana futhi ezilula kakhulu, i-methane engamanzi ingagcinwa kulesi sifundazwe amasonto amabili ngaphandle kwenkinga, noma ngabe kushisa kakhulu futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sefriji. Isiteshi sokuqala sokugcwalisa i-LNG, lapho kwakhiwa khona utshalomali lwama- € 400, sesivele siyasebenza eMunich.
Izinqubo zomlilo ezinjini zikaphethiloli ezinegesi
Njengoba sekushiwo, igesi yemvelo iqukethe ikakhulukazi i-methane, kanye ne-liquefied petroleum gas - i-propane ne-butane ngezilinganiso ezincike esikhathini sonyaka. Njengoba isisindo samangqamuzana sikhula, ukumelana nokungqongqoza kwezinhlanganisela ze-hydrocarbon zikapharafini (i-straight-chain) njenge-methane, i-ethane, ne-propane kuncipha, ama-molecule ahlukana kalula, futhi ama-peroxides amaningi ayanqwabelana. Ngakho-ke, izinjini ze-diesel zisebenzisa uphethiloli we-diesel esikhundleni sikaphethiloli, njengoba izinga lokushisa lokuzimela liphansi esimweni sangaphambili.
IMethane inesilinganiso esiphezulu se-hydrogen / carbon kunawo wonke ama-hydrocarbon, okusho ukuthi ngesisindo esifanayo, i-methane inenani lamandla eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwama-hydrocarbon. Ukuchaza leli qiniso kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ulwazi oluthile ngamakhemikhali namandla obudlelwano, ngakho-ke ngeke sibhekane nalokhu. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi i-molecule ye-methane ezinzile ihlinzeka ngenombolo ye-octane ecishe ibe yi-130.
Ngalesi sizathu, izinga lokushisa kwe-methane liphansi kakhulu kunalelo likaphethiloli, ama-molecule amancane avumela i-methane ukuthi ishe ngokuphelele, futhi isimo sayo segesi siholela ekunciphiseni kukawoyela okuncane kusuka ezindongeni zesilinda ezinjinini ezibandayo uma kuqhathaniswa nemixube kaphethiloli. ... IPropane yona inesilinganiso se-octane esingu-112, esisaphakeme kunamaphethiloli amaningi. Izingxube ezingafanele ze-propane-air zishisa ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi kunophethiloli, kepha ezinothile zingaholela ekulayisheni ngokweqile kwenjini, ngoba i-propane ayinazo izinto zokupholisa zikaphethiloli ngenxa yokungena kwayo kumasilinda ngendlela yegesi.
Le nkinga isivele ixazululiwe ngokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ngomjovo oqondile we-propane ye-liquid. Ngenxa yokuthi i-propane incibilika kalula, kulula ukwakha isistimu yokuyigcina emotweni, futhi asikho isidingo sokushisisa ama-manifolds okukhiphayo ngoba i-propane ayincibiliki njengoba kwenza uphethiloli. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-thermodynamic kwenjini, lapho kuphephile khona ukusebenzisa ama-thermostat agcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokupholisa. Okuwukuphela kokubi okuphawulekayo kwezibaseli zegesi ukuthi i-methane noma i-propane ayinawo umphumela wokugcoba kuma-valve okukhipha umoya, ngakho ochwepheshe bathi “iwuphethiloli owomile” olungele amasongo e-piston kodwa awubi kuma-valve. Awukwazi ukuthembela kumagesi ukuthi ulethe izithasiselo eziningi kumasilinda enjini, kodwa izinjini ezisebenza kulawa mafutha azidingi izithasiselo eziningi njengezinjini zikaphethroli. Ukulawula ingxube kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ezinjinini zegesi, njengoba izingxube ezinothile ziholela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu egesi yokukhipha umoya kanye nokugcwala kwamavalvu, kuyilapho izingxube ezingezinhle zidala inkinga ngokwehlisa izinga lokuvutha elivele liphansi, okuphinde kube yimfuneko yokugcwala kwamavalvu ashisayo. . Isilinganiso sokucindezela ezinjinini ze-propane singanyuswa kalula ngamayunithi amabili noma amathathu, futhi ku-methane - ngisho nangaphezulu. Ukwanda okuwumphumela wama-nitrogen oxide kuncishiswa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi sekukonke. Ingxube ye-propane efanele "impofu" kancane - 15,5:1 (umoya kuya kuphethiloli) uma iqhathaniswa no-14,7:1 kaphethiloli, futhi lokhu kuyabhekwa lapho kwakhiwa ama-evaporator, amadivaysi okulinganisa noma amasistimu omjovo. Ngenxa yokuthi kokubili i-propane ne-methane amagesi, izinjini azidingi ukucebisa izingxube phakathi nokuqala okubandayo noma ukusheshisa.
I-ignition overtake angle ibalwa ngejika elihlukile kunezinjini zikaphethiloli - nge-rpm ephansi, ukudlula ukuthungela kufanele kube phezulu ngenxa yokusha kancane kwe-methane ne-propane, kodwa ngesivinini esikhulu, izinjini zikaphethiloli zidinga ukwanda okwengeziwe. ingxube (izinga lokushiswa kukaphethiloli liyancipha ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokusabela kwangaphambi komlilo - okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwe-peroxides). Yingakho amasistimu okulawula ukuthungela kagesi ezinjini zegesi ane-algorithm ehluke ngokuphelele.
I-Methane ne-propane iphinde ikhulise izidingo zama-electrode e-spark plug kagesi aphezulu - ingxube "eyomile" "inzima" ukuyibhoboza kunenhlansi ngoba iyi-electrolyte ekwazi ukuhamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, ibanga eliphakathi kwama-electrode ama-spark plugs afanele izinjini ezinjalo ngokuvamile lihlukile, i-voltage iphakeme, futhi ngokuvamile indaba yama-spark plugs iyinkimbinkimbi futhi icashile kunezinjini zikaphethiloli. Ama-Lambda probes asetshenziswa ezinjinini zegesi zanamuhla kakhulu ukuze kufakwe umthamo ophelele wengxube ngokwekhwalithi. Ukuba nezinhlelo zokuthungela emajika amabili ahlukene kubaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni ezinezinhlelo ze-bivalent (yegesi yemvelo kanye nophethiloli), njengoba inethiwekhi egqagqene yamaphoyinti okugcwalisa igesi yemvelo ngokuvamile idinga ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kukaphethiloli.
Isilinganiso esiphezulu sokuminyanisa segesi yemvelo singaba ngu-16:1, kanti isilinganiso esifanelekile sikaphethiloli womoya ngu-16,5:1. sizolahlekelwa cishe u-15% wamandla ayo angaba khona. Uma usebenzisa igesi yemvelo, inani le-carbon monoxide (CO) nama-hydrocarbons (HC) emagesini aphumayo lehla ngo-90%, nama-nitrogen oxides (NOx) cishe ngo-70% uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphuma kwenjini evamile kaphethiloli. Isikhathi sokushintsha uwoyela ezinjinini zegesi ngokuvamile siphindwe kabili.
Udizili kagesi
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izinhlelo zokuletha uphethiloli ngakubili sezithandwa kakhulu. Ngiyashesha ukuqaphela ukuthi asikhulumi ngezinjini "ezi-bivalent" ezishintshana ngophethiloli noma uphethiloli futhi ezinama-spark plugs, kepha mayelana nezinhlelo ezikhethekile zegesi kadizili, lapho ingxenye kaphethiloli kadizili ithathelwa indawo yigesi yemvelo ehlinzekwa ngogesi ohlukile. Lobu buchwepheshe bususelwa ezinjinini ezijwayelekile zikadizili.
Isimiso sokusebenza sisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi i-methane ine-self-ignition lokushisa ngaphezu kwama-degrees angu-600 - i.e. ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elingu-400-500 degrees ekupheleni komjikelezo wokucindezela injini ye-diesel. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxube ye-methane-yomoya ayizishi yodwa uma icindezelwa kumasilinda, kanti uphethiloli wedizili ojovwe, ovutha cishe ngamadigri angama-350, usetshenziswa njengohlobo lwe-spark plug. Uhlelo lungasebenza ngokuphelele ku-methane, kodwa kulokhu kuzodingeka ukuthi kufakwe isistimu kagesi kanye ne-spark plug. Imvamisa iphesenti le-methane liyakhuphuka ngomthwalo, uma ingenzi lutho imoto ihamba ngodizili, futhi uma ilayisha kakhulu isilinganiso se-methane/diesel sifinyelela ku-9/1. Lezi zilinganiso zingabuye zishintshwe ngokuya ngohlelo lokuqala.
Ezinye izinkampani zikhiqiza izinjini zikadizili nalezi ezibizwa. "I-Micropilot" yamandla amasistimu, lapho indima yesistimu yedizili ikhawulelwe ekujovweni kwenani elincane likaphethiloli elidingekayo kuphela ukuthungela i-methane. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinjini azikwazi ukusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kudizili futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zezimboni, izimoto, amabhasi nemikhumbi, lapho ukufakwa kabusha kwemishini ebizayo kuvunyelwe ngokwezomnotho - ngemuva kokugqoka kwayo, lokhu kuholela ekongeni okukhulu, impilo yenjini. ukwanda kakhulu, futhi ukukhishwa kwamagesi ayingozi kuncipha kakhulu. Imishini ye-Micropilot ingasebenza kukho kokubili igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi necindezelwe.
Izinhlobo zezinhlelo ezisetshenziselwa ukufakwa okwengeziwe
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokuphakelwa kwegesi zamandla kagesi zikhula njalo. Empeleni, izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-propane ne-methane, lawa ahlanganiswa nezinhlelo zengcindezi yasemkhathini, izinhlelo zokujova isigaba segesi nezinhlelo zokujova isigaba samanzi. Ngokombono wobuchwepheshe, amasistimu we-propane-butane injection angahlukaniswa abe izizukulwane eziningana:
Isizukulwane sokuqala yizinhlelo ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi, lapho igesi ixubene ku-mixer elula. Lezi zivame ukuhlonyiswa ngezinjini ezindala ze-carburetor.
Isizukulwane sesibili umjovo onomlomo owodwa, i-analog lambda probe kanye ne-catalyst yezindlela ezintathu.
Isizukulwane sesithathu siwumjovo onesilinda esisodwa noma ngaphezulu (owodwa ngesilinda), onokulawula kwe-microprocessor kanye nokuba khona kwakho kokubili uhlelo lokuzifundela kanye netafula lekhodi lokuzihlola.
Isizukulwane sesine singumjovo olandelanayo (oyisilinda) kuye ngendawo yepiston, nenani lezimbobo elilingana nenani lamasilinda, kanye nempendulo ngokusebenzisa i-lambda probe.
Isizukulwane sesihlanu - umjovo olandelanayo wamaphuzu amaningi onempendulo nokuxhumana nge-microprocessor ukulawula umjovo kaphethiloli.
Ezinhlelweni zesimanjemanje, ikhompyutha "yegesi" isebenzisa ngokugcwele idatha evela ku-microprocessor eyinhloko ukulawula imingcele yenjini kaphethiloli, kuhlanganise nesikhathi sokujova. Ukudluliswa kwedatha nokulawula nakho kuxhumene ngokugcwele nohlelo olukhulu lukaphethiloli, olugwema isidingo sokwenza amamephu omjovo wegesi e-XNUMXD emodeli ngayinye yemoto - isisetshenziswa esihlakaniphile sivele sifunde izinhlelo ezisuka ku-petrol processor. futhi uzivumelanisa nomjovo wegesi.
